Founding Myths

Founding Myths Page 46

by Ray Raphael

  Frothingham, Richard, 14, 199–200

  Gadsden, Christopher, 207

  Gage, Margaret Kemble, 18

  Gage, Thomas, 18, 47–48, 80–81, 87, 93, 95

  Galloway, Joseph, 336n25

  Gálvez, Bernardo de, 305, 312

  Gates, Horatio, 374–75n14

  George, David, 221

  George III, King, 221, 243–44, 257, 313

  George Washington’s War (Leckie), 237, 372n27

  Georgetown, South Carolina, 135–36

  Georgia delegation to Federal Convention: Great Compromise debates, 362n14; slavery debates and three-fifths compromise, 152–53

  Germain, Lord George, 247

  Gerry, Elbridge, 18–19, 146, 147, 390n5

  Gibraltar, 250, 251, 253, 254–55, 256

  The Gift of Black Folk (Du Bois), 214

  Gill, John, 46

  Gipson, William, 230

  global context of the American Revolution, 249–56, 302, 315; the “Atlantic world,” 260–61, 315, 385n46; Britain’s many fronts, 246–47, 249–56, 302, 315, 326, 384n42; France’s role, 244–45, 247, 249–56, 261; historians’ attention to, 256–61, 382n30; Spain and, 250–51; textbooks, 258–61, 315, 384n42, 384n44; West Indies, 244–45, 247, 251, 254–55, 260

  Glorious Revolution of 1688 (England), 40, 291

  Gnadenhutten mission massacre, 267

  Goodrich, Charles, 91, 117, 159, 199, 234

  Google (search engine), 318, 397n12, 398n13

  Gordon, Mark, 209

  Gordon, William, 284–85, 288, 391n12; and John Adams, 391n12; and Samuel Adams, 45, 335n24, 336n25; and Boston Tea Party, 335n24; and Bunker Hill, 197–98; and Declaration of Independence, 130, 131; and Massachusetts Revolution, 90; and Paul Revere’s ride, 12; on post-Yorktown War and global context, 257, 382n30; on Tories and brutality of Revolution in the South, 232; and Valley Forge winter, 114, 354n39

  Gore, Albert, 363n21

  Grasse, Admiral de, 254–55

  Great Barrington, Massachusetts, 83, 94

  Great Britain and the Revolutionary War: global war on many fronts, 246–47, 249–56, 302, 315, 326, 384n42; and Indian Nations, 184, 265–66, 271; peace treaties, 245–46, 255–56; post-Yorktown, 243–49; slaves who fled to British army, 205, 210–13, 216–21, 373n3, 376n21. See also British brutality; Yorktown, British defeat at

  Great Compromise debates, 144–50, 361n7, 362n14, 362n17, 363n20

  Great Lakes region, Indians of, 270–71

  Great Minds of History: Interviews with Roger Mudd, 162–63

  Green Dragon Tavern, 46

  Greene, Nathanael, 110–11, 158, 229, 232, 245–46

  Greenleaf, Joseph, 46

  Guitteau, William Backus, 274

  Hakim, Joy: and the Declaration’s promise of equality, 137; on final battle at Yorktown, 243; and Henry’s “liberty or death” speech, 186–87, 370n24; A History of US, 22, 137, 186–87, 329n5, 331n28, 360n44; and Paul Revere’s ride, 22, 331n28; on western expansion, 276

  Hale, Salma, 91, 116–17, 199, 291

  Hall, Moses, 231

  Hallahan, William, 34

  Hamilton, Alexander, 40; Burr-Hamilton duel, 365n8; as Founding Father, 157, 158, 161; Great Compromise, 145, 147

  Hamilton, Henry, 274

  Hancock, John, 157, 282; and Samuel Adams, 31–32; and Paul Revere’s ride, 11, 13, 14, 18, 89

  Hannah, Mary, 62

  Hanover County, Virginia, 182

  Hanover volunteers, 182

  “Hard Winter,” 107–13, 117–18, 266, 353n26. See also Valley Forge, winter at

  Harmar, Josiah, 271

  Harrison, Benjamin, 363n21

  Hartford, Connecticut, 108

  Hays, John Casper, 344n33

  Hays, John L., 61, 344n33

  Hays, Mary. See McCauley, Mary Ludwig Hays; Pitcher, Molly

  Hays, William, 344n33

  Hemings, Sally, 123

  Henry, Patrick, 41, 126, 157, 159, 175–87, 288–89; anti-Indian sentiments, 183–84; expansionist interests, 183–84; “liberty or death” speech, 4, 131, 175–81, 186–87, 296, 314; response to charge of treason, 184–86; slave ownership, 368n14, 369–70n16; Stamp Act speech, 184–85; and Wirt, 177–81, 184–86, 289, 370n24

  heritage and history, 309–10

  Herrick, Martin, 20

  Heywood’s tavern, 82

  Hildreth, Richard, 199, 235, 293–94, 355n49

  Hill, George Canning, 372n25

  historians and the American Revolution, 284–97; abolitionist, 374n14; academic/scholarly, 294–95, 330n6; Samuel Adams, 27, 33, 41–44; the “Atlantic world,” 260–61, 315, 385n46; and Battle of Bunker Hill, 197–200, 372n25, 372n27, 373n28; black, 212–15, 376nn20–21; black patriots myth, 210–15, 374n14, 375–76n19; on blacks’ roles, 374n14; and British brutality, 232–39; and Burke’s Annual Register, 285–86; Declaration of Independence, 123–25, 130, 132, 289–90; on the Founders, 160–71, 289–90; global context/global war of empire, 256–61, 382n30; heroic biographies, 286–90; and the Internet, 68–69, 317–19, 397nn12–13; Jim Crow-era, 211–12, 375–76n19; language and founding myths, 302–4; Massachusetts Revolution, 89–92; Molly Pitcher story, 64–70, 344n33, 346n48; narrative fallacies, 300–302; of the 1960s, 236; overpromoting the agency of key individuals, 300, 305–8, 367n21, 394n5; Paul Revere’s ride, 13–15, 17–21, 22; popular, 284–97; post-Yorktown war, 256–61, 382n30; Progressive era, 22, 92, 144, 236, 375–76n19; slavery, 210–15, 374n14, 375n19, 376nn20–21; Valley Forge winter, 114–19. See also history textbooks

  history education and curricula, 305–8, 319–26; Common Core Standards, 306–7, 319–23, 398n16; document-based learning and DBQs, 319–23, 398n16, 399n19; focus on battles, 305–6; forces of inertia and impediments to change in, 315–19; learning the art of “historical thinking,” 323–26; National Council for Social Studies (2002 conference), 259–60, 274, 377n31, 383n39. See also history textbooks

  A History of Our Country, for Higher Grades (1923 textbook), 21, 273

  History of the American Revolution (Ramsay), 232–33, 284

  History of the Negro Race in America, from 1619 to 1880 (Williams), 212–13

  History of the Revolution in South Carolina (Ramsay), 232

  History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (Warren), 284–85

  The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America (Gordon), 284

  A History of the United States and Its People, for the Use of Schools (1888 textbook), 21

  History of the United States of America (Goodrich), 91

  A History of US (Hakim), 22, 186–87, 329n5, 331n28, 360n44

  history textbooks: Samuel Adams, 34, 41–44, 314–15; Boston Massacre, 34; British surrender at Yorktown and war’s end, 243, 258–61, 383n35; brutality of the Revolution in the South, 238–39; Bunker Hill, 200–201; comparing 2001–2004/2011–2014 texts, 311–12; Declaration of Independence, 137, 313, 320; document-based learning, 319–23, 398n16, 399n19; Federal Convention, 144; global context of the Revolution, 258–61, 315, 384n42, 384n44; Henry’s “liberty or death” speech, 186–87, 314, 320; and history education, 290, 305–8, 316–17, 319–26; Indians and Indian resistance, 271, 272–78, 311–12, 387n18, 387n23, 389n36; Jefferson, 137; Massachusetts Revolution, 90–92, 396n6; Molly Pitche
r story, 51–53, 67–69, 312, 340n7; Paine, 138–39; Paul Revere’s ride, 21–24, 312–13, 331n28, 332n32, 333n35; “shot heard ‘round the world,” 76–77; slavery and myths of patriotic slaves, 212, 216–19, 377n31, 378n45; Valley Forge winter, 99, 116–17, 118–19; women and the Revolution, 312, 317, 321–22. See also history education and curricula

  Hong Kong, 254

  Hooper, William, 282

  Hudson Valley, 247

  Hull, Isaac, 20

  Humphreys, David, 198

  Hunt, Conover, 66

  Hunt, Freeman, 14

  Huntington, Ebenezer, 110

  Hutchinson, Thomas, 31–32, 34–35, 37, 45, 48, 334n9

  Independent Gazetteer, 283

  India, British forces in, 251–56, 384n42

  Indians and the American Revolution, 264–71; American aggression against, 238, 265–69, 271, 272–75, 388n23; Cherokee war for independence (in the South), 267–69; Clark’s campaign, 271–72, 273–75, 278, 386n17; colonists’ views of, 183–84, 267; divisions between nations, 265, 269; and enslavement, 268–69; Henry and, 183–84; pan-Indian Confederacy, 269–71, 276; post-War, 266, 269–71, 275–78; pro-British, 184, 265–66; resistance by, 184, 265–71, 276–77; Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, 265–66, 272–75, 388n23, 389n36; textbooks, 271, 272–78, 311–12, 387n18, 387n23, 389n36; and westward expansion, 183–84, 264–65, 269–78

  Internet, 68–69, 317–19, 397nn12–13; and Molly Pitcher legend, 68–69, 317–18, 347n54; Samuel Adams quotations, 336n25

  “Intolerable Acts,” 78

  “Invalid Regiment,” 54

  Irelan, John Robert, 143

  Iroquois Indians, 238, 265–66, 272–75, 386n6, 388n23

  Jackson, Andrew, 363n21

  Jameson, John Franklin, 92, 376n19

  Jay, John, 141–42

  Jefferson, Thomas, 122, 123–39, 157, 158, 296; and Adams, 133–34, 142, 168, 365n8; and Declaration of Independence, 122, 123–39, 313, 356n8, 358n24, 359n32, 397n12; on the Federal Convention, 142; Lincoln and, 130–31, 134–37, 359n40; notions of equality, 130, 134–37, 359nn40–41, 394n2; slave ownership, 134–37, 359n41, 373n3; and slavery institution, 359n41, 393–94n2; and Virginia Declaration of Rights, 125–29, 313, 356n8. See also Declaration of Independence

  Jim Crow era, 211–12, 375–76n19

  John Adams (McCullough), 167

  Journal of American History, 64

  Journal of Negro History, 213

  Kammen, Michael, 343n26

  Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 136

  Kennedy, David M., 384n42

  Kennedy, John F., 179–80, 368n9

  Ketchum, Richard, 373n28

  King, Boston, 221, 378n45

  King, Rufus, 153, 363n20

  King’s Mountain, 229, 231, 234–35, 237–38

  Kirkland, Robert, 390n5

  Kirkland, Samuel, 265

  Knox, Henry, 158

  Korea, 259

  Lafayette, James Armistead, 221

  Lafayette, Marquis de, 111, 221

  Land Ordinance of 1785, 275–77, 388n31. See also westward expansion

  Landis, John B., 64, 65

  Langguth, A. J., 27, 244, 372n27

  language and founding myths, 302–4; “leaders,” 302–3; “patriots,” 330n7; “revolution,” 40, 291–92, 348n10

  Larkin, John, 19

  Laurens, Henry, 249

  Laurens, John, 207, 249

  League of Armed Neutrality, 252

  League of Six Nations, 265

  Leckie, Robert, 237–38, 372n27

  Lee, Charles, 18–19, 126

  Lee, Henry “Lighthorse Harry,” 159

  Lee, Richard Henry, 169, 390n5

  Lesher, John, 103

  Leutze, Emanuel, xii, 3

  Lexington, Battle of, 74, 75–98; and Massachusetts Revolution, 79–94; and “shot heard ‘round the world,” 4, 75–77, 84, 87, 94–95, 249, 301

  Lexington, Massachusetts, 394n3; militia, 19, 95–96; and Paul Revere’s ride, 11–12, 14–15, 16, 18–25

  Libby, Orin, 286

  Liberty! (companion volume to PBS series), 27, 105, 123–24, 221, 237

  “liberty or death” speech of Patrick Henry, 4, 131, 175–81, 186–87, 296; and feared slave uprisings, 181–84; textbooks, 186–87, 314, 320; Wirt’s rendition, 177–81, 289, 314, 367n2, 370n24

  Liberty riot, 31, 32–33, 38–39

  The Library of American Biography (Sparks, ed.), 290

  Life of George Washington (Ramsay), 115–16

  The Life of George Washington, 1804–1807 (Marshall), 284–85

  Life of Washington (Weems), 116, 287–88

  Lincoln, Abraham, 4, 130–31, 134–37, 297; debates with Douglas, 130, 134; and Jefferson’s role in Declaration of Independence, 130–31, 134–37, 359n40

  Lincoln-Douglas debates, 130, 134

  Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (Goodrich), 159

  Livingston, Philip, 282

  Locke, John, 124–25, 355n3

  Long Room Club, 46, 47

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth: and abolitionism, 331n20; and Paul Revere’s ride, 4, 9–11, 15–25, 331n28, 395n2

  Loring, Jonathan, 19

  Lossing, Benjamin, 15, 292, 294, 331n19; and Molly Pitcher story, 54, 343n26; on slaves and patriotism, 210; on Valley Forge winter, 117–18; Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, 15, 210, 292

  Loyal Nine, 34, 45–46

  Loyalists, 236–39. See also brutality of the Revolution in the South; Tories

  Ludlum, David, 107–9

  Ludwig, Mary. See McCauley, Mary Ludwig Hays; Pitcher, Molly

  Lynn, Massachusetts, 20, 59

  Lyon, E. B., 22

  Macmillan’s “Famous Americans Series,” 52–53

  Madison, James, 300–301; and drafting of the Constitution, 300, 303, 394n5; Federal Convention notes, 144, 155, 361n5, 363n20; as Founding Father, 157, 158, 300, 303

  “Maid of Saragossa,” 56–57, 63

  Maier, Pauline: on Samuel Adams, 36–38, 337n30; and local declarations of independence, 128, 137, 169, 314

  Malden, Massachusetts, 20, 129

  Marblehead, Massachusetts, 321–22

  Marion, Francis (the “Swamp Fox”), 159, 232, 238, 286, 289

  Marshall, John, 284–85, 392n19; and Bunker Hill, 198; and Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, 132, 358n23; on Paul Revere’s ride, 12–13; and post-Yorktown War, 257; U.S. Supreme Court, 284–85; and Valley Forge winter, 114

  Marston’s tavern, 46, 339n58

  Martin, Joseph Plumb: and Army’s hardships at Morristown, 109–10; and Army’s hardships at Valley Forge, 103–4, 106–7; on siege of Fort Mifflin, 193; on women at Monmouth, 55, 65, 341n16

  Martin, Luther, 146, 147, 151–52

  Maryland: Continental Congress delegation, 169; Federal Convention and slavery debate, 153; local declaration of independence, 356n14

  Mason, F. Van Wyck, 99

  Mason, George: Federal Convention debates, 152, 363n25; and navigation laws, 363n25; slave ownership and three-fifths compromise, 152; Virginia Declaration of Rights, 124, 126–28, 130–31, 313, 359n40

  Massachusetts: Federal Convention delegation and Great Compromise debates, 362n14; “independency” movement, 37–38, 85; local declarations of independence, 125–26, 128, 313–14. See also Massachusetts Revol
ution of 1774

  Massachusetts Charter (1691), 85

  Massachusetts Committee of Safety, 18–19, 182–83, 197–99, 349n34

  Massachusetts Government Act, 78–80, 83, 90–91, 94, 396n6

  Massachusetts Historical Society, 13–14

  Massachusetts House of Representatives, 32, 47

  Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 11–12, 43, 75–76, 84–89, 95, 97, 391n12, 394n3, 396n6

  Massachusetts Revolution of 1774, 79–98, 296, 301; Samuel Adams and, 85, 89, 91–92, 350n42; colonies’ support for, 79, 347n9; democracy and collective decision making, 92–93, 96, 351n54; historical neglect of, 89–92; local declarations of independence, 125–29, 130, 137, 169, 313–14; and mobilization before Battle of Lexington, 79–85; responses to Coercive Acts, 79–85, 90–91, 94, 396n6; textbooks, 90–92, 396n6

  Matlack, Timothy, 108

  McCalla, John, 62–63, 344n33

  McCauley, Mary Ludwig Hays, 51, 61–70, 317–18, 344n33, 345n42, 346n48. See also Pitcher, Molly

  McCrady, Edward, 229

  McCullough, David, 161, 166–70

  McGillivray, Alexander, 270, 389n32

  McKean, Thomas, 282, 390n5

  Medford, Massachusetts, 20; militia, 20

  Menotomy, Massachusetts, 19; militia, 20

  Merchants and Traders, 45

  Miami Indians, 270–71

  Miles, Wesley, 63

  militarism in American culture, 158, 289, 296

  Military Journal of the American Revolution (Thacher), 341n15

  Miller, John, 41–42

  Minorca, 250, 251, 254

  minute men, 75–77, 84, 87, 89, 95–97, 351n54

  Minutemen National Historical Park, 75

  Missouri Compromise, 394n2

  Mohawk Indians, 265–66

  Molineaux, William, 44

  Moll Pitcher, or the Fortune Teller of Lynn (melodrama), 59

  Molly Pitcher, the Heroine of Monmouth, 50, 60

  Monmouth, Battle of: black soldiers, 374n14; camp followers, 51, 53–56, 60, 66, 69–70, 341n14; Molly Pitcher and, 49–68, 317–18, 341n14, 342nn20–21, 344n33; women at, 49–68, 317–18, 341n14, 342nn20–21, 343n29, 344n33

  Montgomery, D. H., 275, 386n17

  Montgomery, Richard, 119, 158

  Morris, Gouverneur: Federal Convention debates, 145–46, 148–49, 153; Great Compromise, 145–46, 148–49; slave importation debate, 153

 

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