The Modern Mind

by Peter Watson

  40. Mayr, Op. cit., page 715. Everdell, Op. cit., page 160.

  41. Ibid., page 734.

  42. Everdell, Op. cit., page 166.

  43. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986, though I have used the Penguin paperback edition: London, 1988, page 30.

  44. Ibid., page 40.

  45. Ibid.

  46. Everdell, Op. cit., page 167.

  47. Ibid.

  48. Ibid., page 167; Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 30–31.

  49. Joel Davis, Alternate Realities, New York: Plenum, 1997, pages 215–219.

  50. Everdell, Op. cit., page 171.

  51. Ibid., page 166. Everdell, Op. cit., page 175.

  52. Davis, Op. cit., page 218.

  53. John Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 1881–1906, volume 1, London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, pages 159ff

  54. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim; Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War One, New York: Vintage, 1953, passim.

  55. Richardson, Op. cit., pages 159ff

  56. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim.

  57. Richardson, Op. cit., page 172.

  58. Everdell, Op. cit., page 155.

  59. John Berger, The Success and Failure of Picasso, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965, reprinted New York: Pantheon, 1980, page 67. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, London: Thames & Hudson, 1980 and 1991, pages 21 and 24.

  CHAPTER 2: HALFWAY HOUSE

  1. William R. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., pages 147–148.

  2. Hilde Spiel, Vienna’s Golden Autumn 1866–1938, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, pages 55ff.

  3. Johnston, Op. cit., pages 77 and 120. See also: Spiel, Op. cit., page 55, and George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, The Life of a Non-Hero, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 166.

  4. Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, page 45.

  5. Johnston, Op. cit., page 77.

  6. Ibid., page 169 and, for therapeutic nihilism, page 223.

  7. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 45.

  8. Franz Kuna, ‘A Geography of Modernism: Vienna and Prague 1890–1928,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930, London: Penguin, 1976, page 126.

  9. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 12–14.

  10. Kuna, Op. cit., page 126.

  11. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 62–63.

  12. Schorske, Op. cit., page 14.

  13. Kuna, Op. cit., page 127.

  14. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 114ff

  15. Schorske, Op. cit., page 17.

  16. Ibid., page 18.

  17. Ibid., page 19.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Cf. T. S. Eliot in Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, discussed in chapter 26.

  20. Schorske, Op. cit., page 21.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Kuna, Op. cit., page 128.

  23. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 92, where the authors also point out that Bruckner gave piano lessons to Ludwig Boltzmann and that Mahler ‘would bring his psychological problems to Dr. Freud.’

  24. Johnston, Op. cit., page 291.

  25. Ibid., page 296.

  26. Ibid., page 294.

  27. Ibid., page 299.

  28. William S. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 190. See also Johnston, Op. cit., pages 299–300.

  29. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 135.

  30. Johnston, Op. cit., pages 300–301.

  31. Ibid., page 301.

  32. Everdell, Op. cit., page 187.

  33. Ibid., page 191.

  34. Johnston, Op. cit., page 302.

  35. Ibid., pages 302–305.

  36. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 71ff.

  37. Johnston, Op. cit., page 159.

  38. Ibid., pages 72–73; see also Johnston, Op. cit., pages 159–160.

  39. Johnston, Op. cit., page 233.

  40. Ibid., pages 233–234.

  41. Ibid., page 234.

  42. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 96.

  43. Schorske, Op. cit., page 79.

  44. Ibid.; see also Johnston, Op. cit., page 150.

  45. Ibid.; see also Schorske, Op cit., pages 83ff.

  46. Schorske, Op. cit., page 339.

  47. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 100.

  48. Ibid., page 94; see also Johnston, Op cit., page 144.

  49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 220.

  50. Ibid., pages 227–232.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Johnston, Op. cit., page 144.

  53. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 133.

  54. John T. Blackmore, Ernst Mach: His Work, Life and Influence, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, page 6.

  55. Ibid., pages 182–184.

  56. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 134.

  57. Ibid. See also: Johnston, Op. cit., page 183.

  58. Blackmore, Op cit., pages 87ff

  59. Johnston, Op. cit., page 184; Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 134.

  60. Johnston, Op. cit., page 186; Blackmore, Op. cit., pages 232ff and 247ff.

  CHAPTER 3: DARWIN’S HEART OF DARKNESS

  1. John Ruskin, Modem Painters: 5 Volumes, Orpington, Kent: George Allen, 1844–1888.

  2. Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, New York: The Free Press, 1997, page 221.

  3. Ibid., page 222.

  4. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West, Washington D.C. and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 296.

  5. Friedrich Nietzsche, Will to Power, New York: Random House, 1968, page 30.

  6. Herman, Op. cit., page 99.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Ibid., pages 99–100.

  9. Ibid., page 102.

  10. Ibid., pages 102–103.

  11. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Boston: Beacon Press, 1944, page 5.

  12. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860–1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pages 109–118; see also Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 51–66.

  13. Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 152–153.

  14. Ibid., page 41.

  15. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 132.

  16. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 289–290. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 133.

  17. Hawkins, Op. cit., pages 126–127.

  18. Ibid., page 178.

  19. Ibid., page 152.

  20. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 292.

  21. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 193.

  22. Ibid., page 196.

  23. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 291–292.

  24. Hawkins, Op. at., page 185.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid., page 219.

  27. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 338.

  28. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 364. Herman, Op. cit., page 125.

  29. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 62.

  30. Ibid., page 201.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 330; see also Hawkins, Op. cit., page 217.

  33. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 219.

  34. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 332.

  35. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 218.

  36. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 225.

  37. Ibid., page 242.

  38. Johnston, Op. cit., page 357.

  39. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., pages 60–61.

  40. Ibid., page 61.

  41. Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.

  42. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna, Op. cit., page 164.

  43. Ibid., pages 166–167.

  44. Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.

  45. Anthony Giddens, Introduction to: Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London and New York: Routledge, 1942 (reprint 1986)
, page vii.

  46. Ibid., page viii.

  47. Donald G. Macrae, Weber, London: The Woburn Press, 1974, pages 30–32. See also: Hartmut Lehmann and Guenther Roth, Weber’s Prolestant Ethic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, especially pages 73ff and 195ff.

  48. Ibid., page 58.

  49. J. E. T. Eldndge (editor). Max Weber: The Interpretation of Social Reality, London: Michael Joseph, 1970, page 9.

  50. Giddens, Op. cit., page ix.

  51. Ibid., page 35.

  52. Ibid., page xi.

  53. Ibid.

  54. Eldridge, Op. cit., pages 168–169.

  55. Giddens, Op. cit., page xii. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 166.

  56. Ibid., pages xii—xiii.

  57. Ibid., page xvii.

  58. Lehmann and Roth, Op. cit., pages 327ff. See also: Giddens, Op. cit., page xviii.

  59. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 281.

  60. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 307. In Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History, London: Collins Harvill, 1988, Ernest Gellner takes Weber’s analysis further, arguing that the internalisation of norms makes Protestant societies more trusting, aiding economic activity (page 106). ‘The stress on scripturalism is conducive to a high level of literacy’ which means, he says, that high culture eventually becomes the majority culture. This promotes egalitarianism, and the modern anonymous society, simultaneously innovative and involving standardised measures and norms, promoting social order so characteristic of modernity (page 107).

  61. Redmond O’Hanlon, Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, Edinburgh: Salamander Press, 1984, page 17.

  62. D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Joseph Conrad: Beyond Culture and Background, London: Macmillan, 1990, pages 15ff.

  63. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 126–127. See also: Kingsley Widner, ‘Joseph Conrad’, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, 1988, Volume 34, pages 43–82.

  64. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 17ff.

  65. Ibid., pages 20–21.

  66. Widner, Op. cit., pages 43–82.

  67. Ibid.

  68. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1902; Penguin, 1995.

  69. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., pages 88–91.

  70. Conrad, Op. cit., page 20.

  71. Ibid., page 112.

  72. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 168; see also: R. W. Stalman, The Art of Joseph Conrad: A Critical Symposium, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1960.

  73. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., page 26.

  74. Richard Curie, Joseph Conrad: A Study, London: Kegan Paul, French, Trübner, 1914.

  75. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 85.

  76. Ibid., page 63.

  77. Gary Adelman, Heart of Darkness: Search for the Unconscious, New York: Twayne, 1987, page 59.

  CHAPTER 4: LES DEMOISELLES DE MODERNISME

  1. Kurt Wilhelm, Richard Strauss: An Intimate Portrait, London: Thames & Hudson, 1989, pages 99–100. See also: Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 142–149, for this and other reactions.

  2. See Malcolm Bradbury and James Mcfarlane, (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., pages 97–101.

  3. George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., pages 15 and 27.

  4. Ibid., page 150.

  5. Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss, London: J. M. Dent, 1976, page 144.

  6. Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 100.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Ibid., page 102.

  9. Ibid., page 103.

  10. Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 120; Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Op. cit., page 152.

  11. Wilhelm, Op. cit., pages 120–121.

  12. Kennedy, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., page 161.

  13. Marek, Op. cit., page 183.

  14. Ibid., page 185.

  15. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 45. See also: Bryan Gilliam (editor), Richard Strauss and His World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, pages 31 Iff, ‘Strauss and the Viennese Critics.’

  16. Marek, Op. cit., page 182.

  17. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 149.

  18. Marek, Op. cit., page 186.

  19. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 150.

  20. Marek, Op. cit., page 316.

  21. Hans H. Stuckenschmidt, Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work, London: John Calder, 1977, page 42.

  22. Harold C. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, London: Davis-Poynter, 1970, page 516.

  23. Ibid., page 517.

  24. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 275.

  25. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.

  26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 266.

  27. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 88.

  28. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520; see also: Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 141; and Schorske, Op. cit., page 351.

  29. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.

  30. Ibid., page 518.

  31. Everdell, Op. cit., page 269; see also: Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., pages 88 and 123–124.

  32. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 94; see also: Schonberg, Op. cit., page 400.

  33. Everdell, Op. cit., page 277.

  34. Ibid., page 279.

  35. Paul Griffiths, A Concise History of Modern Music, London: Thames & Hudson, 1978, revised 1994, page 26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 278.

  36. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle, Op. cit., page 349.

  37. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.

  38. Everdell, Op. cit., pages 277–278.

  39. Ibid., page 279.

  40. Ibid., pages 280–281.

  41. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.

  42. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520.

  43. Schorske, Op. cit., page 354.

  44. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 34.

  45. Joan Allen Smith, Schoenberg and his Circle, New York: Macmillan, 1986, page 68.

  46. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 521.

  47. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 43. Everdell, Op. cit., page 282.

  48. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 107.

  49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 360.

  50. See for example: James R. Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company, London: Phaidon, 1974, pages 8ff.

  51. John Russell, The World of Matisse, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1989, page 74.

  52. Jack Flam, Matisse on Art (revised edition), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, page 35.

  53. Pierre Cabanne, Pablo Picasso: His Life and Times, New York: William Morrow, 1977, page 110.

  54. André Malraux, Picasso’s Mask, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, pages 10–11.

  55. Lael Westenbaker, The World of Picasso, 1881–1973, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1980, pages 125ff.

  56. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 24.

  57. Dora Vallier, ‘Braque, la peinture et nous,’ Paris: Cahiers d’Art, No. 1, 1954, pages 13–14.

  58. Ibid., page 14.

  59. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 27 and 29.

  60. Arianna Stassinopoulos, Picasso: Creator and Destroyer, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988, pages 96–97.

  61. ‘Testimony Against Gertrude Stein,’ Transition, February 1935, No. 23, pages 13–14.

  62. Everdell, Op. cit., page 311.

  63. Ibid., page 314.

  64. Ibid., page 313.

  65. Peg Weiss, Kandinsky in Munich, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, pages 58–59.

  66. Ibid., pages 5–6.

  67. K. Lindsay and P. Vergo (editors), W. Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art (two vols), New York: G. K. Hall, 1982; reprinted in one volume, 1994, pages 371–372.

  68. Weiss, Op. cit., pages 28, 34 and 40.

  69. Lindsay and Vergo (editors), Op. cit., page 364, quoted in Everdell, Op. cit., page 307.

  70. Quoted in Hughes, Op. cit., page 301.

  71. Weiss, Op. cit., page 91.

  72. Algot Ruhe and Nancy Margaret Paul, Henri Bergson: An Account of His Life and
Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1914, page 2.

  73. Jacques Chevallier, Henri Bergson, London: Ridier, 1928, pages 39–41.

  74. Leszek Kolakowski, Bergson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, page 73.

  75. Chevallier, Op. cit., page 60.

  76. Philippe Soulez (completed by Frédéric Worms), Bergson: Biographie, Paris: Flammarion, 1997. pages 93–94.

  77. New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume II, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 324.

  78. Jacques Chevallier, Bergson, Paris: Plon, 1926.

  79. Soulez, Op. cit., pages 132–133.

  80. Kolakowski, Op. cit., pages 88–91.

  81. Soulez, Op. cit., pages 133–134.

  82. Ibid., pages 142–143.

  83. Ibid.

  84. Ibid., pages 251 ff.

  85. New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 1048.

  86. Ibid., volume IX, pages 991–995.

  87. J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, London: Macmillan, 1890; revised 1900.

  88. René Bazin, Pius X, London: Sands & Co., 1928, pages II ff.

  89. The Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, London: Caxton, 1911, page 415.

  90. Ibid., page 416. For an account of other reactions to Pascendi, see: A. N. Wilson, God’s Funeral, London: John Murray, 1999, pages 349ff.

  91. Quotes are from: John King Fairbank, China: A New History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994, page 52.

  92. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 53.

  93. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, The Cambridge History of China, Volume II, Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, pages 361–362; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 218.

  94. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 224.

  95. O. Edmund Clubb, Twentieth-Century China, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1964, pages 25ff.

  96. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 232.

  97. Ibid., page 240.

  98. Ibid., page 243.

  99. Jerome B. Grieder, Intellectuals and the State in Modem China, New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1981, pages 35ff; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 243.

  CHAPTER 5: THE PRAGMATIC MIND OF AMERICA

  1. Edward Bradby (editor), The University Outside Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pages 285ff

  2. Ibid., passim.

  3. Professor Robert Johnston, personal communication.