The Modern Mind

by Peter Watson

  36. Arnold Whittall, Music Since the First World War, Op. cit., page 111.

  37. Ibid., page 3.

  38. Dancers on a Plane: John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Jasper Johns, Liverpool: The Tate Gallery, 1990, Introduction by Richard Francis, page 9.

  39. Whittall, Op. cit., page 208.

  40. Sally Banes, Writing Dancing in the Age of Postmodernism, Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press, published by the University Presses of New England, 1994, page 103.

  41. Banes, Op. cit., page 104.

  42. Ibid., page 110.

  43. Richard Francis, Op. cit., page 11.

  44. Banes, Op. cit., page 115.

  45. Ibid., page 117.

  46. Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation, London: Vintage, 1994, page 10.

  47. Ibid., pages 13–14. In another celebrated essay, ‘Notes on Camp’, published in the same year, 1964, in The New York Review of Books, Susan Sontag addressed a certain sensibility which, she said, was wholly aesthetic, in contrast to high culture, which was basically moralistic (Sontag, Op. cit., page 287). ‘It incarnates a victory of “style” over “content”, “aesthetics” over “morality”, of irony over tragedy.’ It was not the same as homosexual taste, she said, but there was an overlap. ‘The experiences of Camp are based on the great discovery that the sensibility of high culture has no monopoly on refinement. Camp asserts that good taste is not simply good taste; that there exists, indeed, a good taste of bad taste.’ (Ibid., page 291.) This too would form an ingredient of the postmodern sensibility.

  CHAPTER 30: EQUALITY, FREEDOM AND JUSTICE IN THE GREAT SOCIETY

  1. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, London: André Deutsch, 1976, pages 210— 217.

  2. Friedrich von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960.

  3. John Gray, Hayek on Liberty, London: Routledge, 1984, page 61.

  4. Hayek, Op. cit., page 349; and Gray, Op. cit., page 71.

  5. Hayek, Op. cit., pages 385 and 387; Gray, Op. cit., page 72.

  6. Hayek, Op. cit., page 385. See also: Roland Kley, Hayek’s Social and Political Thought, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1994, pages 199–204.

  7. Gray, Op. cit., page 73.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Milton Friedman, with the assistance of Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.

  10. For the difference between this work and Friedman’s later books, see: Eamon Butler, Milton Friedman: A Guide to His Economic Thought, London: Gardner/Maurice Temple Smith, 1985, pages 197ff.

  11. Friedman, Op. cit., page 156.

  12. Ibid., pages 100ff.

  13. Ibid., page 85.

  14. Ibid., pages 190ff.

  15. Michael Harrington, The Other America, New York: Macmillan, 1962.

  16. Though neither Harrington nor Jacobs (see below) are mentioned in Johnson’s memoirs, even though he has a chapter on the war on poverty. See: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives on the Presidency, 1963–1969, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.

  17. See for example: Arthur Marwick, The Sixties, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, page 260.

  18. Harrington, Op. cit., page 1.

  19. Ibid., pages 82ff.

  20. Kearns, Op. cit., pages 188–189.

  21. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962.

  22. Ibid., pages 97ff.

  23. Ibid., pages 55ff.

  24. Ibid., pages 94–95.

  25. Ibid., pages 128–129.

  26. Ibid., chapter 14, pages 257ff.

  27. Ibid., page 378.

  28. Ibid., pages 291ff.

  29. Ibid., pages 241ff.

  30. David L. Lewis, Martin Luther King: A Critical Biography, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1970, pages 187–191.

  31. Marwick, Op. cit., pages 215–216; see also: Coretta King, My Life with Martin Luther King Jr, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970, pages 239–241. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

  32. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 227–229.

  33. Ibid., page 229.

  34. This list, and the next one, have been assembled from several sources but in particular: Phillip Waller and John Rowett (editors), Chronology of the Twentieth Century, London: Helicon, 1995.

  35. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, London: Monthly Review Press, 1965, Penguin 1970; originally published as: L’An Cinq de la Revolution Algérienne, Paris, Maspuro, 1959; and Black Skin, White Masks, New York: The Grove Press, 1967.

  36. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1965, translator Constance Farrington.

  37. Ibid., page 221.

  38. Ibid., pages 228ff.

  39. Eventually published as: J. C. Carothers, The Mind of Man in Africa, London: Tom Stacey, 1972.

  40. Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice, London: Jonathan Cape, 1968, pages 101–103.

  41. Ibid., page 207.

  42. Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, New York: Random House, 1969.

  43. Ibid., page 51.

  44. Ibid., page 14.

  45. Ibid., page 184.

  46. Ibid., page 201.

  47. Jones, Op. cit., page 529.

  48. D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, Op. cit., page 312.

  49. Ibid., pages 302–304.

  50. Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1971, pages 90–98.

  51. Ibid., page 273–282.

  52. Juliet Mitchell, Women’s Estate, Penguin: 1971.

  53. Ibid., page 75.

  54. Ibid., page 59.

  55. Ibid., page 62.

  56. Ibid. Juliet Mitchell later went on to explore this subject more fully in Psychoanalysis and Feminism, London: Allen Lane, 1974.

  57. Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, Op. cit.

  58. Ibid., pages 314ff.

  59. Ibid., pages 336ff.

  60. Ibid., page 356.

  61. Heidenry, What Wild Ecstasy, Op. cit., pages 110–111. See also: Andrea Dworkin, ‘My Life as a Writer’, Introduction to Life and Death, Glencoe: Free Press, 1997, pages 3–38.

  62. Heidenry, Op. cit., page 113.

  63. Ibid., pages 186–187.

  64. Ibid., page 188.

  65. Marwick, Op. cit., page 114.

  66. Kearns, Op. cit., pages 286ff.

  67. Robert A. Caro, The Years of LBJ: The Path to Power, London: Collins, 1983, pages 336–337 for background.

  68. J. W. B. Douglas, All Our Future, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968.

  69. Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin and R. C. Lewontin, Not in Our Genes, New York: Pantheon, 1984, Penguin, 1984, page 19.

  70. Christopher Jencks et al., Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effects of Family and Schooling in America, New York: Basic Books, 1972.

  71. Ibid., page 8.

  72. Ibid., page 315.

  73. Ibid., page 84.

  74. Ibid., page 265.

  75. Ivan Illich, De-Schooling Society, London: Marion Boyars, 1978.

  76. Ibid., page 91.

  77. Norman Mailer, An American Dream, London: André Deutsch, 1965, Flamingo Paperback, 1994.

  78. See: Peter Manso, Mailer: His Life and Times, New York: Viking, 1985, page 316, for overlaps with real life.

  79. Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.

  80. See: Manso, Op. cit., pages 455fr for background.

  81. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, Op. cit., page 555.

  82. Ibid., page 557.

  83. Ibid.

  84. See: Jiang Qing, ‘Reforming the Fine Arts’, in Michael Schoenhals (editor), China’s Cultural Revolution 1966–1969, New York and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1996, page 198.

  85. Even unwanted hairstyles were banned. See: ‘Vigorously and Speedily Eradicate Bizarre Hairstyles, a Big-Character Poster by the Guangzhou hairdressing trade,’ in Schoenhals (editor), Op. cit., pages 21off See also Johnson, Op. cit., pages 558— 559.
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  86. Johnson, Op. cit., page 560.

  87. Yu Xiaoming, ‘Go on Red! Stop on Green!’ in Schoenhals (editor), Op. cit., page 331.

  88. Zhores and Roy Medvedev, A Question of Madness, New York: Knopf, 1971; London: Macmillan, 1971. For a discussion of Lysenkoism in Communist China, together with an outline of the structure of science and technology, and the impact of scholars who had trained abroad, see: Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman (editors), Science and Technology in Post-Mao China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University Press, 1989, especially chapters 2, 3, 4, 8 and 10.

  89. Medvedev and Medvedev, Op. cit., page 30.

  90. Ibid., page 51.

  91. Ibid., pages 54 and 132.

  92. Ibid., page 78.

  93. Ibid., pages 198ff.

  94. Alexandr Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, New York: Praeger, 1963, translated by Max Hayward and Ronald Hingley. Cancer Ward, London: The Bodley Head, 2 vols, 1968–1969, translated by Nicholas Bethell and David Burg.

  95. Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, New York: W. W. Norton, 1984, page 61.

  96. Ibid., page 87.

  97. Ibid., pages 415–418.

  98. Ibid., pages 428–445.

  99. Ibid., page 518.

  100. Ibid., pages 702–703.

  101. David Burg and George Feiffer, Solzhenitsyn, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1972, page 315.

  102. Scammell, Op. cit., pages 510–511, 554–555 and 628–629.

  103. Ibid., page 831.

  104. Ibid., pages 874–877.

  105. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956, abridged edition, London: Collins Harvill, 1986. The maps appear after page xviii.

  106. Ibid., page 166.

  107. Ibid., page 196.

  108. Ibid., page 60.

  109. Ibid., page 87.

  110. Ibid., pages 403ff.

  111. For the ‘machinations’ regarding publication in the west, see Burg and Feiffer, Op. cit., page 316n.

  112. Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays in Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.

  113. Ibid., page 125.

  114. Ibid., pages 122ff.

  115. Ibid., pages 131ff.

  116. Ibid., page 132.

  117. He seems not have attached as much importance to the idea as others have. See: Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin: A Life, London: Chatto & Windus, 1998, page 280.

  118. Raymond Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society, New York: Praeger, 1968, Penguin, 1972. Herbert Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation, Boston: Beacon, 1969, Penguin, 1972.

  119. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968, pages 77ff. Eric McLuhan and Frank Zingone, Essential McLuhan, Ontario, Canada: House of Anansi, 1995, Routledge paperback, London, 1997, pages 239–240.

  120. Ibid., page 242.

  121. Ibid., page 243.

  122. Ibid., pages 161ff.

  123. Marshall McLuhan, Op. cit., pages 22ff

  124. Ibid., page 165.

  125. McLuhan and Zingone, Op. cit., pages 258— 259.

  126. Marshall McLuhan, Op. cit., pages 308ff.

  127. McLuhan and Zingone, Op. cit., page 261.

  128. Guy Debord, La Société du spectacle, Paris: Buchet-Chastel, 1967; The Society of the Spectacle, New York: Zone Books, 1995, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. For the ‘one-way relationship,’ see pages 19–29; for the criticism of Boorstin, see page 140; for the criticism of capitalism, see page 151.

  129. The main ideas are sketched at: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972, pages 11–22.

  130. Ibid., page 19.

  131. Ibid., pages 60ff.

  132. Ibid., pages 371ff.

  133. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Oxford: Blackwell, 1974.

  134. Ibid., page 150.

  135. See especially: ibid., chapter 8, pages 232ff.

  136. B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, London: Jonathan Cape, 1972,

  137. Ibid., page 32.

  138. Ibid., pages 42–43.

  139. Ibid., pages 200ff.

  CHAPTER 31: LALONGUE DURÉE

  1. Anthony Hallam, A Revolution in the Earth Sciences, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1973, pages 63–65. Simon Lamb, Earth Story: The Shaping of Our World, London: BBC, 1998. Robert Muir Wood, The Dark Side of the Earth, London: Allen & Unwin, 1985, pages 165–166.

  2. David R. Oldroyd, Thinking about the Earth, Op. cit., page 271.

  3. Robert Muir Wood, Op. cit., page 167.

  4. Muir Wood, Op. cit., see chart on page 166; see also: D. H. and M. P. Tarling, Continental Drift, London: Bell, 1971, Penguin 1972, page 77 for a vivid graphic.

  5. Muir Wood, Op. cit., pages 141–142.

  6. Tarling, Op. cit., pages 28ff Muir Wood, Op. cit., map on page 149.

  7. Muir Wood, Op. cit., pages 172–175, and map on page 176.

  8. C. W. Ceram, The First Americans, Op. cit., pages 289–290.

  9. Basil Davidson, Old Africa Rediscovered, Op. cit. See above, chapter 26. See also: Basil Davidson, The Search for Africa: A History in the Making, London: James Currey, 1994.

  10. Davidson, Old Africa Rediscovered, Op. cit., page 50.

  11. Ibid., pages 187–189.

  12. Ibid., pages 212–213.

  13. Ibid., pages 216ff.

  14. See also: Anthony Kirk-Greene, The Emergence of African History at British Universities, Oxford: World View, 1995.

  15. Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The ‘Annales’ School 1929–1989, London: Polity Press, 1990, chapter 2.

  16. Ibid., page 17; see also: Françoise Dosse, New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994, pages 42ff, translated by Peter Convoy Jr.

  17. Marc Bloch, La Société Féodale: Le Class et le gouvernement des Hommes, Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1940, especially pages 240ff.

  18. Burke, Op. cit., pages 27ff.

  19. Ibid page 29.

  20. Dosse, Op. cit., pages 88ff.

  21. Burke, Op. cit., page 33.

  22. See: Dosse, Op. cit., page 92 for Braudel’s links to Lévi-Strauss.

  23. Burke, Op. cit., pages 35–36.

  24. Dosse, Op. cit., page 96 for Braudel and ‘class struggle’ in the Mediterranean.

  25. Burke, Op. cit., page 35.

  26. Dosse, Op. cit., page 100.

  27. Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life, London: Collins, 1981. Burke, Op. cit., page 45.

  28. Fernand Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, pages 68, 97 and 208. Translated by Miriam Kochan.

  29. Burke, Op. cit., page 46.

  30. See, for example, ‘How shops came to rule the world,’ in Civilisation and Capitalism, volume 2, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, The Wheels of Commerce, London: Collins, 1982, pages 68ff.

  31. Burke, Op. cit., pages 48ff.

  32. Ibid., page 61.

  33. Dosse, Op. cit., page 157 for a critique of Ladurie. Burke, Op. cit., page 81.

  34. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French village 1294–1324, London: Scolar Press, 1979. Translated by Barbara Bry.

  35. I bid., page 39. See also: Burke, Op. cit., page 82.

  36. Harvey J. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians: An Introductory Analysis, London: Polity Press, 1984, pages 167–168.

  37. Ibid., page 86.

  38. See: ‘Rent and Capital Formation in Feudal Society,’ in R. H. Hilton, The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975, pages 174ff.

  39. See: R. H. Hilton, A Medieval Society: The West Midlands at the end of the Thirteenth Century, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966, page 108, for quarrels between peasants and their lords over even sheep dung.

  40. Kaye, Op. cit., pages 91–92.

  41. See, for example: Christopher Hill, Change and Continu
ity in Seventeenth Century England, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975, pages 205fr

  42. Christopher Hill, The English Revolution 1640, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1955, page 6. See also Kaye, Op. cit., page 106.

  43. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Classes, London: Gollancz, 1963, especially Part 2: The Curse of Adam, and page 12 for the ‘Condescension’ reference.

  44. Ibid., pages 807ff. See also Kaye, Op. cit., pages 173ff

  45. Colin Renfrew, Before Civilisation: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe, London: Jonathan Cape, 1973; Pimlico paperback, 1999.

  46. Ibid., pages 32ff.

  47. Ibid., page 93.

  48. Ibid., page 133.

  49. Ibid., pages 161 and 170.

  50. Ibid., page 222.

  51. Ibid., page 273.

  CHAPTER 32: HEAVEN AND EARTH

  1. If that makes it sound easy, see Young, Silcock et al., Journey to the Sea of Tranquility. Op. cit., pages 306–320 for the exciting preamble.

  2. Peter Fairley, Man on the Moon, London: Mayflower, 1969, pages 33–34. Peter Fairley was ITN’s science correspondent at the time. His account is by far the most vivid I have read. It is the primary source for this section. But see also Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 321.

  3. Paul Johnson, Op. cit., page 629.

  4. John M. Mansfield, Man on the Moon, London: Constable, 1969, pages 80ff.

  5. Fairley, Op. cit., page 73.

  6. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 71ff. Fairley, Op. cit., page 74.

  7. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 81–83.

  8. Ibid., page 99.

  9. Ibid., pages 101–102.

  10. A space task force was set up at Langley. See: Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 120–122. See also: Fairley, Op. cit., page 104.

  11. Though there were lurid accounts as well. See: Young, Silcock, et al. Op. cit., page 167. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 101.

  12. Fairley, Op. cit., page 139.

  13. Ibid., pages 141, 142 and 152.

  14. Ibid., pages 152–153.

  15. Young, Silcock et al., Op. cit., page 275; and Fairley, Op. cit., page 177–178.

  16. There were certain medical problems the crew faced. See: P. J. Bocker, G. C. Freud and G. K. C. Pardoe, Project Apollo: The Way to the Moon, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, page 190. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 190.