“have no ideas”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1195, to Luigi Marliano, March 25 [1521], 171.
left for Antwerp: Ibid., vol. 8, 198. Also see “Antwerp,” in Encyclopedia of the Renaissance; “Antwerp,” in Europe: 1450–1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World.
the commotion over Luther: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, 402.
Luther’s teachings: See Friedenthal, Luther, 259.
“No one’s danger”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 68, December 29, 1520, 188–191.
“Rumor constantly tells us”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 350, December 5, 1520, 408–411.
Luther quickly drafted a pamphlet: Ibid., vol. 44, “An Instruction to Penitents Concerning the Forbidden Books of Dr. M. Luther,” 223–229; “Let nothing on earth,” 227. See also Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, 472.
Johann von Staupitz: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 372, January 4, 1521, 437.
“If Christ loves you”: Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 108–109.
he kept four presses busy: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 405, Matthew Philip to Stephan Roth, February 26, 1521, 472.
The latter: Luther’s Works, vol. 32, “Defense and Explanation of All the Articles,” 7–99; “God did not choose”: 9.
Answer to the Hyperchristian: Ibid., vol. 39, 143–224; “must and should cause quarreling,” 133.
Joachim I: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, 442; Duke Bogislav: 451–452.
felt disgust at their “verbosity”: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 408, to Conrad Pelican [end of February], 1521, 477–478.
“There is racing and jousting”: Quoted in Friedenthal, Luther, 270.
intently studied Charles V: Ibid., 263.
“The court is so utterly parlous”: Ibid., 270.
Charles’s top priority: Ibid., 270–271.
the Flugschriften pouring into Worms: Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 618–619; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 300–305.
“To the Champions”: See Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, 460.
“The whole of Germany”: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 394, to Cardinal de’ Medici [February 8], 1521, 454–461.
“Heretics,” he wrote: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 401, to Johann Eck, February 17, 1421, 466–468.
Lasting three hours: For Aleander’s own description of his talk, see ibid., vol. 1, no. 397, to Cardinal de’ Medici [February 14], 1521, 462–464. See also Brecht, Martin Luther, 440.
It caused a storm: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 407, Aleander to Cardinal de’ Medici, February 27, 1521, 473–477. See also Brecht, Martin Luther, 442.
“to obtain information”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 412, Emperor Charles V to Luther, March 6, 1521, 482–483; no. 413, “Safe-Conduct of Charles V. for Luther,” March 6, 1521, 483–484.
the horrified Aleander thought: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 424, Aleander to Cardinal de’ Medici [March 15 and 16], 1521, 496.
the document was not signed: Boehmer, Road to Reformation, 390.
On March 16: Ibid.
CHAPTER 26: JUDGMENT AT WORMS
another furious broadside: Marius, Martin Luther, 283.
“Good heavens!”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 414, March 7, 1521, 485.
The Answer to the Book: Marius, Martin Luther, 283–285; Boehmer, Road to Reformation, 395–397.
a series of woodcuts: Brecht, Martin Luther, 432; Hillerbrand, Reformation, 96–97.
The town fathers: Brecht, Martin Luther, 448; Boehmer, Road to Reformation, 400.
“My dear brother”: Quoted in Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 273.
crossed the Elbe and headed south: On Luther’s journey to Worms, see Schwiebert, Luther, 496–501; Todd, Luther, 196–197; Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 650–653; Brecht, Martin Luther, 448–451.
ordinary people came out: Marius, Martin Luther, 288.
As the party approached Weimar: Brecht, Martin Luther, 448; Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 650–651.
As Erfurt neared: Brecht, Martin Luther, 448–449; Boehmer, Road to Reformation, 401–402.
Luther was asked to preach: Luther’s Works, vol. 51, “Sermon Preached at Erfurt on the Journey to Worms,” 60–66; “I will tell the truth,” 65–66.
“I am coming, my Spalatin”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 71, 198.
a great crowd: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 447, Aleander to the Vice-Chancellor de’ Medici, April 16, 1521, 521–522; no. 449, Guy Warbeck to Duke John of Saxony, April 16, 1521, 523.
Philip of Hesse: Boehmer, Road to Reformation, 405–406.
Ulrich von Pappenheim: The following account draws in part on Luther’s Works, vol. 32, “Luther at the Diet of Worms,” 105–131, which contains reports by Luther and his supporters as well as by Aleander.
led out through the garden: Friedenthal, Luther, 274; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 278–279.
one of the great moments: Bainton, Here I Stand, 141.
Their first impression: Friedenthal, Luther, 275.
“That fellow”: Quoted in Bainton, Here I Stand, 141.
had summoned him for two reasons: Luther’s Works, vol. 32, 106.
he had written all of the books: Ibid., vol. 32, 107.
“I thought His Imperial Majesty”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 73, to Lucas Cranach, April 28, 1521, 201–203.
Eck again addressed him: Ibid., vol. 32, 107.
“I shall not in all eternity”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 72, April 17, 1521, 200.
“Do you wish to defend”: Luther’s speech, ibid., vol. 32, 108–112.
Eck stepped forward: His response to Luther, ibid., vol. 32, 126–130.
“horned”: In Latin, cornutum; on its meaning, see Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 117–118.
“Since then”: Luther’s Works, vol. 32, 112.
those words do not appear: Ibid., vol. 32, 113; Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 666; Friedenthal, Luther, 269. Bainton, seeking to justify the title of his biography (Here I Stand), writes (144) that “the words, though not recorded on the spot, may nevertheless be genuine, because the listeners at the moment may have been too moved to write.”
As he passed out of the hall: Friedenthal, Luther, 278–279; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 292; Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 453, Aleander to Cardinal de’ Medici [April 18 and 19], 1521, 529–530.
Just as the birth of modern France: See Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 655.
wrote Thomas Carlyle: On Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1845, 1965), 176–177.
drawn entirely from Werner’s imagination: See Schwiebert, Luther, 501.
As one historian has noted: MacCulloch, Reformation, 127.
This differed fundamentally: Hajo Holborn, in History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (130–131) writes that Luther’s religion “was more than the culmination of the historical trend toward a more personalistic piety, and remained separated by a deep gulf from Renaissance individualism.” It was “a tremendous step to find the essence of religion entirely in the personal conscience, to admit, at least in principle, no other authority than personal faith, and to expect the individual to apply this faith in a creative manner to the solution of all the problems of life.” But Luther “was a world apart from any modern conception under which man has within himself the capacity to reach for the stars.” He was “absolutely convinced that the Word of God was clear. He was, therefore, not prepared to tolerate unorthodox people.”
“I did wrong”: Quoted in Friedenthal, Luther, 279.
“The movement is now”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 437, to Vice-Chancellor de’ Medici, April 5, 1521, 509.
he had it read: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 453, Aleander to Vice-Chancellor Cardinal de’ Medici [April 18 and 19], 1521, 528–531; Luther’s Works, vol. 32, 114–115; Brandi, Emperor Charles V, 131.
they turned “pale as death”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no.
453, 530.
hit by a new wave of fly sheets: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 463, Gaspar Contarini to Matthew Dandolo, April 26, 1521, 539; no. 464, Marino Caracciolo and Jerome Aleander to Vice-Chancellor Cardinal de’ Medici [April 27], 1521, 540. See also Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 670–671; Brecht, Martin Luther, 463–464; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 293.
The Bundschuh, the sturdy leather shoe: Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 103–106; Bainton, Here I Stand, 146; Friedenthal, Luther, 282.
Adding to the alarm: Todd, Luther, 195; Brecht, Martin Luther, 447.
“The Emperor has not”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 444, Aleander to Vice-Chancellor de’ Medici, April [15], 1521, 516.
Albrecht of Mainz: Ibid., vol. 1, 540.
a commission was appointed: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 464, Caracciolo and Aleander to Vice-Chancellor Cardinal de’ Medici [April 27], 1521, 539–547; Bainton, Here I Stand, 146; Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 673–688.
“He declined all that”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 464, 545, 546.
As he would put it: Ibid., vol. 1, no. 471, Luther to Count Albert of Mansfeld, May 3, 1521, 558.
“Thus we parted”: Ibid., 558.
he was informed: Fife, Revolt of Martin Luther, 689; Brecht, Martin Luther, 470–471.
toasted some slices of bread: The papal nuncios took note of this detail in their dispatch, Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 464, 547.
Luther wrote to Lucas Cranach: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 73, April 28, 1521, 201–203.
completed the draft of a letter: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 465, to Emperor Charles V, April 28, 1521, 547–551.
“This letter was never given”: Ibid., 547.
Luther and his party: Luther describes these events in a letter he wrote to Spalatin some ten days after the event, Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 80, May 14, 1521, 222–228. See also Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 119–120; Todd, Luther, 208–209; Brecht, Martin Luther, 472.
two of his most precious possessions: Brecht, Martin Luther, 472.
at about eleven in the evening: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, 219, 227.
CHAPTER 27: THE MARTYR’S CROWN
The news of Luther’s disappearance: Friedenthal, Luther, 287; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 295–296.
“raise a rebellion”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, no. 475, Aleander to Vice-Chancellor Cardinal de’ Medici [May 8], 1521, 564.
“I know not whether”: Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 120; Panofsky, Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer, 151; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 188.
“perhaps is in safe keeping”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1203, May 14, 1521, 211–212.
The Lamentations of Peter: Bainton, Erasmus of Christendom, 168.
“There is not a drinking-party”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1225, to Pierre Barbier, August 13, 1521, 280.
open letter of admonishment: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1196 [middle of March 1521], 175–194; “Ever since you moved,” 176.
wrote a long appeal to Jonas: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1202, May 10, 1521, 201–211; “I wonder very much,” 202; “in a savage torrent,” 203; follow the example of Christ, 204; Skilled physicians, 205; “my own work,” 210; “be disastrous to every man,” 210.
what to do about the comma Johanneum: Andrew J. Brown, introduction, part 2, “Excursus: Codex 61 (Montfortianus) and 1 John 5, 7–8,” Opera Omnia Desiderii Erasmi, 6(4): 27–111. See also Grantley McDonald, “Erasmus and the Johannine Comma,” Bible Translator, 67(1): 42–55, 2016; J. K. Elliott, “‘Novum Testamentum editum est’: The Five-Hundredth Anniversary of Erasmus’s New Testament,” Bible Translator, 67(1): 24–26, 2016.
“no cause for making malicious accusations”: Opera Omnia Desiderii Erasmi, 9(2): 258–259, translated at Opera Omnia Desiderii Erasmi 6(4): 32–33.
a steady flow of gifts: Jean Hoyoux, “Les moyens d’existence d’Érasme,” Bibliothèque d’humanisme et Renaissance, Travaux & Documents, vol. 5 (Paris: Librarie E. Droz, 1944), 7–59.
“a regular grandee”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1205, to William Warham, May 24, 1521, 215; see also notes 4 and 9 on page 417.
“pills and enemas”: Ibid., vol. 8, 269.
Pieter Wichmans: Ibid., 223.
“to grow young again”: Ibid., 269.
works of Augustine: Erasmus describes this project in a letter (“To the Reader”) accompanying Vives’s edition of City of God, ibid., vol. 9 [August 1522], 168–173.
a letter to his friend Richard Pace: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1218, July 5, 1521, 257–259.
centuries, in fact: See Bainton, Erasmus of Christendom, 167.
the delegates in fetid Worms: Friedenthal, Luther, 288–289.
A priest from the imperial court: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 1, 560.
the Edict of Worms would: An abridged version is in Hillerbrand, Reformation, 95–100. The full version is available at crivoice.org/creededictworms.html.
a declaration of war: Friedenthal, in Luther (291), calls the edict “the first and most thorough restrictive edict and censorship measure of the dawning age of modern times.”
inaugurated a period: Writing in 2005, Eisenstein (Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, 178) refers to “the long war between the Roman church and the printing press,” which lasted for four centuries after it began “and has not completely ended.”
quoted from Ovid’s Art of Love: Friedenthal, Luther, 290.
“Here you have”: Quoted in Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 298–299.
The great confrontation: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, 438–439; Friedenthal, Luther, 287; Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, 51–52; Marius, Martin Luther, 337.
frequently rode into Brussels: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, 368, and vol. 8, 268–269.
catch “many hares in one field”: Ibid., vol. 8, 294.
Erasmus was present: Ibid.
a bonfire had been scheduled: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, 29–30.
Wolsey had sent the king: Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 192–193.
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum: See Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, 110–113.
Erasmus was also suspected: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, 181–182, 394–395.
the Assertio set out: Henry VIII, Assertio Septem Sacramentorum or Defence of the Seven Sacraments; “brags so clearly,” 276; Henry also condemned, 298–300; “first of all sacraments,” 364–366; “indissolvable bond,” 368; “impertinent calumnies,” 368; venomous serpent, a “detestable trumpeter,” 188; “hellish wolf,” 456; “this one little monk,” 462; “more harmful than,” 462.
as soon as it was printed: Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, 111–117; Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, 327.
“I greatly long”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1227, August 23, 1521, 282.
similarly pressed by Jean Glapion: Ibid., vol. 9, 50.
“All the other labors”: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1213, June 18, 1521, 247.
“Luther’s party are crazier”: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1241, October 14, 1521, 317.
Writing to Pierre Barbier: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1225, August 13, 1521, 271–281.
signed a secret treaty: Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, 88–89; Tyler, Emperor Charles the Fifth, 52–53.
“The whole Christian world”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1238, to Nicolaas Everaerts, [October] 1521, 312.
a letter to Guillaume Budé: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1233, [September] 1521, 294–299.
moving beyond the suffocating paternalism: See J. K. Sowards, “Erasmus and the Education of Women,” Sixteenth Century Journal, 13(4): 77–89, Winter 1982.
a man for all hours: Erasmus had first applied this phrase to More in 1511 in his preface to the Praise of Folly; see Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 2, 163. Robert Whittington, in his play Vulgarius, called More “a man for all seasons”—a phrase made famous by the 1
960 play and the 1966 movie titled A Man for All Seasons. See Richard S. Sylvester, “The ‘Man for All Seasons’ Again: Robert Whittington’s Verses to Sir Thomas More,” Huntington Library Quarterly, 26(2): 147, February 1963; Whittington’s phrase, Sylvester notes, “probably echoes Erasmus’ phrasing in the preface to the Praise of Folly.”
Erasmus returned from serene Anderlecht: Ibid., vol. 8, 443.
“He seemed to be”: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1342, to Marcus Laurinus, February 1, 1523, 370.
Departing on October 28, 1521: Ibid., vol. 8, 319.
CHAPTER 28: OUTLAW
At the Wartburg: On Luther’s stay there, see Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1–25; Friedenthal, Luther, 280–286; Heinrich Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 1–50; Bainton, Here I Stand, 149–152; Schwiebert, Luther, 513–531; Marius, Martin Luther, 299–316; Mullett, Martin Luther, 131–135; Todd, Luther, 209–227; Roper, Martin Luther, 183–205.
Its centerpiece: Günter Schachardt, “The Wartburg—World’s Heritage” (Regensburg: Schnell und Stein, 2001), 4. The Wartburg today is a popular tourist attraction, visited by fans of Wagner, Catholic admirers of Elizabeth, Lutherans eager to see the reformer’s hideout, and sightseers drawn by the dramatic setting.
“a strange prisoner”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 79, to John Agricola, May 12, 1521, 221.
“many evil and astute demons”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 101, to George Spalatin, November 1, 1521, 324.
sent a note to Melanchthon: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 77, May 12, 1521, 215–217.
To his friend Nikolaus von Amsdorf: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 78, May 12, 1521, 218–220; the German is at Luthers Werke, Briefwechsel, vol. 2, 334.
“in the land of the birds”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, 236.
“I am sitting here”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 80, May 14, 1521, 222–228.
“I cannot believe”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 81, May 26, 1521, 228–236.
Luther brooded obsessively: These thoughts are recorded in The Misuse of the Mass, which Luther wrote that fall. Ibid., vol. 36, 134.
Dedicating his commentary: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 83, June 1521, 248–252.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Friend: A Series of Essays, 3rd ed. (London: William Pickering, 1837), vol. 1, 184. “I can scarcely conceive a more delightful volume than might be made from Luther’s letters, especially from those that were written from the Warteburg [sic],” Coleridge wrote.
Fatal Discord Page 111
