able to borrow books: Friedenthal, Luther, 297.
to switch from Latin to German: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, 229, 237ff.
Christians should not “treat the Jews”: Brooks Schramm and Kirsi I. Stjerna, eds., Martin Luther, the Bible, and the Jewish People: A Reader, 74–75.
Responding with a profane blast: This appears in Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows, Luther’s Works, vol. 44, 276.
“He thinks that everything”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 506, September 19, 1521, 56–59.
“It is impossible that I endure”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 85, July 13, 1521, 256–263.
Some scholars, however: See, for instance, Friedenthal, Luther (299), who writes that Luther’s self-accusations “have very misguidedly been used to draw conclusions about ‘sensual excesses’ and sins, and indeed they lend themselves to this interpretation if they are taken out of their context.” On the other hand, Brecht, in Shaping and Defining (2), writes that “sexual desires bothered him,” and Todd, in Luther: A Life (213), similarly observes that “sexual tension had begun to be a threat.”
“Be a sinner and sin boldly”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 91, August 1, 1521, 282.
“You are now well supplied”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 85, July 13, 1521, 262.
some powerful new laxatives: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 90, to George Spalatin, July 31, 1521, 276.
to go on a hunting expedition: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 503, to George Spalatin, August 15, 1521, 53–54.
On Confession: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 18–21.
the arrival of two sets of theses: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 501, to Philipp Melanchthon, August 1, 1521, 47–51.
The second set of theses: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 503, to Spalatin, 52–54; Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 92, to Philipp Melanchthon, August 3, 1521, 283–289.
“Since he is rich in the Word”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 506, to Spalatin, September 19, 1521, 56–59.
the Reformation was indeed moving ahead: On events in Wittenberg, see Gordon Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 79–110; Roper, Martin Luther, 206–228; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 25–45; Friedenthal, Luther, 314–327; Marius, Martin Luther, 317–330; Bainton, Here I Stand, 152–156; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 311–316.
“brothers at one in Christ”: Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 311–312.
Karlstadt had been away: Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 87; Marius, Martin Luther, 318–319; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 26–27.
Three priests: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 21–22.
Bartholomew Bernhardi: “Bernhardi, Bartholomeus von Feldkirchen,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation.
Melanchthon wrote a defense: Clyde Leonard Manschreck, Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer, 72.
The clergy at the Castle Church: Bainton, Here I Stand, 157.
Gabriel Zwilling: Marius, Martin Luther, 319–320; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 24–25: “a second prophet,” 24.
a group of mendicants: Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 25.
the Masses on October 13: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 511, Albert Burer to Beatus Rhenanus, October 19, 1521, 62–63.
the elector’s position: Bainton, Here I Stand, 158; Marius, Martin Luther, 320.
Justus Jonas was assigned to preach: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 516, “anonymous letter” [December 4, 1521], 75–78.
One Sunday he was so ill: Ibid., 77.
half of the Wittenberg Augustinians: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, 337.
“What a mess we are in”: Quoted in Bainton, Here I Stand, 157.
“at last my behind”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 99, October 7, 1521, 316.
The Misuse of the Mass: Ibid., vol. 36, 133–230; “that is, on the most abominable,” 178; “are used for nothing,” 178; “an unbelieving people,” 154; “a new sea-monster,” 159; “be eradicated,” 158; “by so much as a single letter,” 140; “an addition of the devil,” 142; the “Scriptures cannot err,” 137; “is a spiritual priesthood,” 138; “willed the awakening,” 229.
“I have decided to attack”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 103, November 11, 1521, 328.
Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows: Ibid., vol. 44, 251–400; sounding like “pipe organs,” 324–325; attracted by the granaries, 358; turned men into “idlers,” 335; If a monk sees someone, 329; love only their own kind, 333; “Almost everything about it,” 369; “how many uncleannesses,” 343; “inward and intrinsic tyrant,” 339; A man under the influence, 340; yet it was precisely here, 345.
held one person responsible: Ibid., vol. 44, 306–307; letter to Eustochium, 346; celibacy should be regarded, 262.
“I want the whole idea”: Ibid., vol. 44, 328.
emotional prefatory letter: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 104, November 21, 1521, 329–336.
The collection’s nearly nine thousand items: Friedenthal, Luther, 300; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 21.
prepared a stinging protest: See Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 99, to George Spalatin, October 7, 1521, 315–317.
“I have hardly ever read”: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 103, to George Spalatin, November 11, 1521, 325–328.
decided to write to Albrecht directly: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 106, December 1, 1521, 339–343.
rode down from the Wartburg: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 29; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 36.
CHAPTER 29: WAS NOWHERE SAFE?
Erasmus had a stroke of luck: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, 371–374.
“pestilent rheum”: Ibid., vol. 9, 46.
“thumbed everywhere”: Ibid., vol. 8, 331.
he took up Matthew: The preface, dedicated to Charles V, ibid., vol. 9, no. 1255, January 13, 1522, 6–11; the paraphrase itself is in vol. 45, 84–139.
“Since the evangelists wrote down”: Ibid., vol. 9, 11.
to press “his slanderous views”: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1260, from Jakob Ziegler, February 16, 1522, 23–36.
Stunica was intent on exposing: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1277, from Juan de Vergara, April 24, 1522, 69–73.
to “burn in a coat of pitch”: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 2 (in the Vergara-López Zuñiga correspondence), January 9, 1522, 341; see also the endnote to that passage, 457.
found an egregious example: Ibid., vol. 9, 398–399.
“Luther’s party”: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1259, February 12 [1522], 22–23.
“All Luther’s party”: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1276, April 23, 1522, 68–69.
preparing a new volume: The Colloquies, ibid., vols. 39 and 40. For background on them, see the introduction by Craig R. Thompson in vol. 39, xvii–xlix; Smith, Erasmus, 286–319; Phillips, Erasmus and the Northern Renaissance, 76–89; Halkin, Erasmus, 182–206; Augustijn, Erasmus, 161–171.
with at least thirty reprints: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 39, xxiv.
declaring in his Table Talk: Luthers Werke, Tischreden, vol. 1, no. 817, 397; Tischreden, vol. 4, no. 4899, 573.
In “Inns”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 39, 370–375.
proposes various preventive measures: Ibid., vol. 40, 852–854.
deal with marriage, courtship, and women: Ibid., vol. 39, 256.
it is up to the wives: Ibid., vol. 39, 318.
“A Marriage in Name Only”: Ibid., vol. 40, 842–854.
“The Abbott and the Learned Lady”: Ibid., vol. 39, 501–505.
true and false piety: Ibid., vol. 39, xxix.
“The Shipwreck”: Ibid., vol. 39, 352–360.
“The Godly Feast”: Ibid., vol. 39, 175–207; “St Socrates,” 194.
as a butcher in the colloquy “A Fish Diet” remarks: Ibid., vol. 40, 707–708, 687.
On Ash Wednesday: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 127; MacCulloch, Reformation, 135; G. R. Potter, Zwingli, 74–75; Ulrich Gäbler, Huldrych Zwingli: His Life and Work, 53–54.
Froschauer maintained: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 128.
“How dare a man”: Ibid.,
130.
Zwingli would be its father: On Zwingli’s life and thinking, see Potter, Zwingli; Gäbler, Huldrych Zwingli; Hillerbrand, Reformation, 104–169; Walker, History of the Christian Church, 441–447; Ozment, Age of Reform, 318–328; MacCulloch, Reformation, 133–135, 141–147; Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations, 169–181.
began as an Erasmian: Gottfried W. Locher, “Zwingli and Erasmus,” Erasmus in English, 10: 2–11, 1979–1980; “Zwingli, Huldrych,” in Contemporaries of Erasmus; Potter, Zwingli, 64–65, 71; Gäbler, Huldrych Zwingli, 39–40; Smith, Erasmus, 372–373.
an Erasmian-style pacifist: Gäbler, Huldrych Zwingli, 40.
an effusive thank-you note: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 3, no. 401, April 29 [1516], 271–272.
“This is the best way”: Ibid., vol. 3, no. 404 [May 8, 1516], 281.
Zwingli was among the first: Potter, Zwingli, 39.
In a letter of self-defense: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 115–117; Ozment, Age of Reform, 321–322.
decided to start at the beginning: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 118–119; Potter, Zwingli, 60.
would undergo a dramatic change: Potter, Zwingli, 69–70; Lindberg, European Reformations, 177.
“The Song of Pestilence”: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 120–123.
Zwingli began reading Luther: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 123–127; Potter, Zwingli, 62–64, 71; Gäbler, Huldrych Zwingli, 45–47; Lindberg, European Reformations, 175.
invite skepticism about that claim: See, for instance, Euan Cameron, The European Reformation, 181–182. Cameron writes that “if Zwingli really did develop the distinctively ‘Reformation’ message of salvation by free forgiveness, apprehended through faith, simultaneously but entirely independently of Luther, it was the most breathtaking coincidence of the sixteenth century.” MacCulloch (Reformation, 134) concurs. On the other hand, Ozment (Age of Reform, 322–323) observes that prior to 1520 Zwingli identified more with Erasmus than with Luther and that he “seems not even to have read Luther seriously” before that year. And Lindberg (European Reformations, 175) writes that “there is little evidence of deep theological influence from Luther.”
the maid admitted: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 127.
On the Choice and Freedom of Food: An excerpt is in Hillerbrand, Reformation, 129–131; “In a word”: Lindberg, European Reformations, 169. See also Potter, Zwingli, 76–77.
the town council admonished: Hillerbrand, Reformation, 131.
“astonishing uproar”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, no. 1293, to Bonifacius Amerbach, June 24, 1522, 110–111; the dinner is described in note 8.
Wilhelm Reublin: Ibid.
De Esu Carnium: Ibid., vol. 73, 64–101; Christ taught, 66; Paul said, 93; Why, then, 76; As for the holy days, 70–72; priestly celibacy, 73–74; Long ago, 74. See also Augustijn, Erasmus, 147–150; Rummel, Erasmus and His Catholic Critics, vol. 1, 181–184.
a great success: See Universal Short Title Catalogue (ustc.ac.uk).
one of his three most disliked works: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 39, xlviii.
CHAPTER 30: SATAN FALLS UPON THE FLOCK
a gang of students: Luther’s Works, vol. 45, 55; Roper, Martin Luther, 202–203; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 30–31.
“Everything . . . pleases me very much”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 107, 350–352.
pressed him to take on a project: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 46.
some eighteen editions: M. Reu, Luther’s German Bible, 73; Eric W. Gritsch, “Luther as Bible Translator,” in Donald K. McKim, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther, 62; Friedenthal, Luther, 305.
strongly discouraged the production of vernacular Bibles: In 1485, for instance, Archbishop Berthold of Mainz prohibited the publication of German Bibles; see Gritsch, “Luther as Bible Translator,” in McKim, The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther, 62.
“I wish every town”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 109, to John Lang, 356.
one titled Karsthans: Ibid., vol. 45, 57–58. See also Friedenthal, Luther, 315; Todd, Luther, 226.
the homes of some clergymen: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 2.
A Sincere Admonition: Luther’s Works, vol. 45, 57–74; “no insurrection,” 63; “Have I not,” 67; “all the swarming vermin,” 68; “let them call,” 70.
“My dear doctor”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 519, December 21, 1521, 80–81.
“I shall translate”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 111, January 13, 1522, 363.
the German language was highly fragmented: Ruth H. Sanders, German: Biography of a Language, 137–138, 147.
“people thirty miles apart”: Quoted in Reu, Luther’s German Bible, 138.
the type of Volksbuch: Mullett, Martin Luther, 149.
had a number of reference works at hand: Reu, Luther’s German Bible, 149–151, 158; Marius, Martin Luther, 348–353; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 45; Friedenthal, Luther, 304.
developed a procedure: Bainton, Here I Stand, 255.
At Matthew 5:16: For these examples and others, see Stephan Füssel, The Book of Books: The Luther Bible of 1534, 54–55; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 49–50. (The forms and spellings of some of these terms changed over the various editions of Luther’s Bible.)
Luther instead used Gemeinde: Mullett, Martin Luther, 150; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 48.
Matthew 3:2: The passage appears in Luthers Werke, Die Deutsche Bibel, vol. 7, 20; Luther refers to Erasmus’s annotation on this passage in his note on page 624. See also Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 267. In later editions, Luther would revert back to the traditional tut Busse.
at Luke 1:28: Luther discusses this passage in “On Translating: An Open Letter,” published in 1530, at Luther’s Works, vol. 35, 191–192. See also Mullett, Martin Luther, 150.
he sharpened the sense: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 50.
prepare a defense: “On Translating: An Open Letter” (1530), Luther’s Works, vol. 35, 181–202; “papal asses,” 187; “tremendous fuss,” 182; “even less than,” 183; He knew very well, 188; “We do not have,” 189; “with the main point,” 195; “this raging and raving,” 197; allein “will stay,” 198.
Karlstadt moved to take charge: On the events in Wittenberg, see Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 97–100; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 311–313; Sider, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, 153–173; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 34; Marius, Martin Luther, 322; Bainton, Here I Stand, 159–161; Roper, Martin Luther, 206–214; Todd, Luther, 231–233.
the “whole town”: Bainton, Here I Stand, 159–160. Karlstadt’s sermon is in Ronald J. Sider, ed. Karlstadt’s Battle with Luther: Documents in a Liberal-Radical Debate, 5–15.
a wave of jubilation: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 38.
“that many poor”: Sider, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, 160–161.
three wild-eyed men: On the Zwickau Prophets, see Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 520, Melanchthon to Frederick, December 27, 1521, 81–82; Friedenthal, Martin Luther, 318–320; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 34–36; Marius, Martin Luther, 323–324; Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 137–138.
“Melanchthon continually clings”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 522, Felix Ulscenius to Wolfgang Capito, January 1, 1522, 82–83.
“They preach strange things”: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 520, December 27, 1522, 81–82.
“I do not approve”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 112, January 13, 1522, 364–372.
Zwickau was a cradle: On events in this town, see Tom Scott, Thomas Müntzer: Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation, 17–18; Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, 234–237; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 34–35; Marius, Martin Luther, 323; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 52–58.
Thomas Müntzer: On Müntzer’s early life, see Scott, Thomas Müntzer, 1–28; Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 157–168.
would describe Müntzer: Friedrich Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, 56, 66.
&n
bsp; senior Augustinian friars: Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 59.
led a group of friars in destroying: Roper, Martin Luther, 214.
moved to solidify his control: Sider, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, 160; Friedenthal, Luther, 320; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 38.
In his sermons: Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 61; Manschreck, Melanchthon, 76; Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 103–104. Karlstadt’s 1522 tract, “On the Removal of Images and That There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians,” is in E. J. Furcha, ed. and trans., The Essential Carlstadt, 100–128; passages like Exodus, 102; “God hates,” 103; “churches in which images,” 116.
“Better one heart-felt prayer”: Quoted in Bainton, Here I Stand, 161.
The Praiseworthy Order: Ibid., 160; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 38–39; Marius, Martin Luther, 326; Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 314–315; Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 101–102; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 60–61.
George sent a fierce directive: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 525, February 10, 1522, 86–89.
issued an order: Bainton, Here I Stand, 162; Sider, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, 171.
sent Luther an urgent message: Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 140.
sent Frederick a brief note, Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 116, February 22, 1522, 386–388.
the elector rushed a letter: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 528 [end of February 1522], 90–93.
would later write an account: An excerpt is in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 141–143. See also Mullett, Martin Luther, 139–140.
“I have received the gospel”: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 117, March 5, 1522, 388–393.
Luther drafted a statement: Ibid., vol. 48, no. 118, March 7 or 8, 1522, 393–399.
all that had occurred: See Friedenthal, Luther, 324–325; Todd, Luther, 231. According to Schwiebert, Luther (604), enrollment at the university dropped from 552 in 1520 to around 200 in 1522.
CHAPTER 31: THE POPE OF WITTENBERG
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