He needed to find the right words: On Luther’s sermons, see Todd, Luther, 236–341; Friedenthal, Luther, 325–327; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 57–61; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 69–78; Mullett, Martin Luther, 141–143; Marius, Martin Luther, 330–335. The sermons themselves are in Luther’s Works, vol. 51, 69–100.
“The summons of death”: Luther’s Works, vol. 51, 70; “And here, dear friends,” 71; People should not insist, 71–72; “I would not have gone,” 72; he could have been consulted, 74.
A student who was present reported: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 541, Albert Burer to Beatus Rhenanus, March 27, 1522, 115.
“a mere mockery”: Luther’s Works, vol. 51, 76; “Had I desired,” 77; “I simply taught,” 77; If a monk wanted to leave, 79–81; people had grown so angry, 91; “I will go without urging,” 89.
“There is great gladness”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 534, March 15, 1522, 102–103.
“Gabriel” was: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 539, Luther to Wenzel (Wenceslas) Link, March 19, 1522, 112.
Not so with Karlstadt: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 547, Luther to Spalatin, April 21, 1522, 121; Marius, Martin Luther, 334; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 65; Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 107.
made a scapegoat: Marius writes in Martin Luther (334) that Karlstadt, “became a scapegoat for what was in fact a large and fervent popular movement, led not only by Karlstadt but by the city council.”
Luther had sent him a letter: Luther’s Works, vol. 48, no. 113, January 27, 1522, 372–379.
his close friendship with Erasmus: “Capito, Wolfgang Faber,” in Contemporaries of Erasmus.
was even more captivated: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 534, Jerome Schurff to Elector Frederick, March 15, 103.
Luther’s putting a brake: Luther’s Works, vol. 49, 46, note 5; Marius, Martin Luther, 333; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 78–79; Mullett, Martin Luther, 142–143; Roper, Martin Luther, 225–228. By “siding with the authorities,” Roper writes, Luther “cut himself off from what was going on in the rest of the empire.” The ideals of brotherhood and compromise “were alien to him”; the result was a dangerous narrowing of vision. The notion of “communal Reformation” would surface elsewhere.
there was much indignation: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 538, Hans von der Planitz to Elector Frederick, March 18, 1522, 111–112. Planitz, Frederick’s representative at the diet, wrote that “it would not be a bad plan” for Luther “to keep himself quiet and hidden a little while longer, either at Wittenberg or elsewhere, until things take another turn.”
“I must warn your Grace”: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 540, Duke George to Elector Frederick [March 21, 1522], 114–115.
Jacob Probst: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 102.
“The whole Rhine is bloody”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 536, Luther to Hartmuth von Cronberg [mid-March 1522], 109.
“They are planning to burn me”: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 551, Luther to Johann von Staupitz, June 27, 1522, 130.
He mocked Duke George: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 536, 106–107.
If the princes continued to listen: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 539, Luther to Wenzel (Wenceslas) Link, March 19, 1522, 113.
“so that people may see”: Luther’s Works, vol. 49, no. 123, Luther to George Spalatin, June 7, 1522, 9.
“for the sake of the belly”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 542, Luther to Johann Lang, March 28, 1522, 116.
“How I dread preaching”: Luther’s Works, vol. 45, “The Estate of Marriage,” 17; “Away with this foolishness,” 24.
was Johannes Bugenhagen: Walter M. Ruccius, John Bugenhagen Pomeranus (Philadelphia: United Lutheran Publication House, n.d.), available at https://archive.org/details/johnbugenhagenpo00rucc; his experience with The Babylonian Captivity is at 20–21. See also Friedenthal, Luther, 330.
this man “alone sees the truth”: Quoted in Pettegree, Brand Luther, 177.
“Next to Philipp”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 556 [September 20, 1522], 141.
“to give us simple terms”: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 544, March 30, 1522, 118–119.
hoped to have the translation ready: Pettegree, Brand Luther, 185–188.
“Everywhere people are thirsting”: Luthers Werke, Briefwechsel, vol. 2, no. 580, 5–6; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 91.
decided to go on a preaching tour: Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 68–70; Marius, Martin Luther, 344–345; Todd, Luther, 242–243; Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 90.
In a letter informing the former firebrand: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 546, April 17, 1522, 120–121.
Epistolae ad Diversos: The preface is in Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, no. 1206, May 27 [1521], 215–221. See also Marius, Martin Luther, 336.
“Christ I recognize”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 8, to Luigi Marliano, March 25 [1521], 171.
In a letter to William Warham: Ibid., vol. 8, no. 1228, August 23, 1521, 286.
To Spalatin, Luther complained: Luthers Werke, Briefwechsel, vol. 2, no. 490, May 15, 1522, 527.
a letter to an anonymous addressee: Luther’s Works, vol. 49, no. 122, May 28, 1522, 6–8.
the appearance that summer: Erwin Doernberg, Henry VIII and Luther: An Account of Their Personal Relations, 26ff; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 85–87; Marius, Luther, 339; Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 192–193.
“Since with malice aforethought”: Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 193; Doernberg, Henry VIII and Luther, 28; Luther in England (London: E. Palmer and Son, 1841), 57.
set off a furor: Marius, Martin Luther, 340–341.
Seeking to justify his harsh language: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 533, “to an unnamed correspondent,” August 28, 1522, 132–134.
Henry turned to his own court: Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 193.
three presses: Pettegree, Brand Luther, 188.
one introducing the volume: Dillenberger, Martin Luther: Selections, 14–19.
audacious statements: See Mullett, Martin Luther, 146.
had his own scriptural preferences: On the contrast between Erasmus and Luther with regard to the New Testament, see Marius, Martin Luther, 358–359.
a preface to the Epistle to the Romans: Dillenberger, Martin Luther: Selections, 19–34.
A folio of 222: Reu, Luther’s German Bible, 162.
two months’ salary: Füssel, Book of Books, 56.
Lotther printed some three thousand copies: Pettegree, Brand Luther, 186–187.
helped forge a common basis: MacGregor, Germany, 107–111. “By the end of the sixteenth century,” MacGregor writes, “written German throughout the Holy Roman Empire was the German of the Luther bible.” Luther “didn’t just catch the way ordinary German people spoke, he also shaped the way they would speak.” See also Sanders, German, 118; Friedenthal, Luther, 310; Gritsch, “Luther as Bible Translator,” in McKim, The Cambridge Companion to Luther, 71.
“created the German language”: For the comments by Heine, Goethe, and Herder, see Jonathan Sheehan, The Enlightenment Bible: Translation, Scholarship, Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 175.
Nietzsche: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1966), 184.
Even Johannes Cochlaeus: Quoted in Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, vol. 6, Modern Christianity: The German Reformation (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895), 350.
CHAPTER 32: THE NEW GOSPEL SPREADS
Adam Petri: Guggisberg, Basel in the Sixteenth Century, 21; Pettegree, Brand Luther, 188–189; Peter G. Bietenholz, “Printing and the Basle Reformation, 1517–1565,” in Jean-François Gilmont, ed., The Reformation and the Book, 244–249.
came to be dominated by him: James Westfall Thompson, ed., The Frankfort Book Fair, 34.
publishing history of the Enchiridion: See Universal Short Title Catalogue (http://ustc.ac.uk).
absorbed in editing Augustin
e: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, no. 1309 [August 1522], 168–173.
a letter from Duke George: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1298, July 9, 1522, 119–120.
Erasmus in his reply: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1313, September 3, 1522, 178–183.
Erasmus remained wary: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1259, to Willibald Pirckheimer, February 12 [1522], 22–23.
Erasmus sent back a friendly demurral: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1314, September [3], 1522, 183–186. Zwingli’s letter has not survived.
to that of clerical celibacy: Potter, Zwingli, 78–79; Lindberg, European Reformations, 172–173.
Apologeticus Archeteles: Potter, Zwingli, 81–86; Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, 183–185.
“there was much”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, no. 1315, September 8, 1522, 186–187.
Johannes Oecolampadius: Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 3–22; “Oecolampadius, Johannes,” in Contemporaries of Erasmus; “Oecolampadius, Johannes,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation.
Erasmus was struck: Erasmus would later make an unflattering (though veiled) reference to Oecolampadius’s appearance in a colloquy; see Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 40, 872.
began corresponding with Zwingli: Rupp, Patterns of Reformation, 21.
began lecturing at the university: Guggisberg, Basel in the Sixteenth Century, 23.
The election of Adrian: Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 45–47.
Erasmus’s ties to Adrian: See the introductory note, Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, no. 1304, to Adrian VI, August 1, 1522, 144.
In his cover letter: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1310, [September] 1522, 173–175.
Erasmus heard rumors: See the introductory note, ibid., vol. 9, no. 1324, December 1, 1522, 203.
decided to send Adrian another appeal: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1329, December 22, 1522, 218–220.
In fact, Adrian had gotten: On Adrian VI, see Friedenthal, Luther, 348–358; Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 34–126.
a fifty-ship flotilla: Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 59–62.
with great trepidation: Friedenthal, Luther, 351–352.
radiated monkish self-denial: Ibid., 354; Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 65.
urged to hold his coronation: Pastor, History of the Popes, 65–68.
In his inaugural speech: Ibid., 92–100.
dispensed with the swollen staffs: Ibid., 71–77; Friedenthal, Luther, 354.
“Everyone trembles”: Quoted in Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 94.
the plague was claiming: Ibid., 100–106.
an even graver threat: Ibid., 155–156.
he burst into tears: Ibid., 170.
new Imperial Diet: Ibid., 127–128.
The final version: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, no. 1324, December 1, 1522, 203–209. Another draft is in vol. 9, 1324A, 209–212.
Nuremberg was one: See Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century; “Nuremberg,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation; “Nuremberg,” in Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World; Harold J. Grimm, Lazarus Spengler: A Lay Leader of the Reformation, 7–14; Fedja Anzelewsky, Dürer: His Art and Life (New York: Alpine Fine Arts Collection, 1980), 9–14.
held three times a year: Strauss, Nuremberg, 141. On the city’s crafts, see 134–142.
its effective governance: Ibid., 57ff. On Nuremberg’s many regulations and inspections, see 99ff, 144–145; on its policy toward pigs, 192.
the Sodalitas Staupitziana: Grimm, Lazarus Spengler, 32–34; “Staupitz, Johann von,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation; Strauss, Nuremberg, 160–161; Steven Ozment, The Reformation in the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland, 74–79.
Andreas Osiander: “Osiander, Andreas,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation; Strauss, Nuremberg, 164.
The Meistersinger: Strauss, Nuremberg, 264–269; Grimm, Lazarus Spengler, 23–24.
Hans Sachs: Strauss, Nuremberg, 267–269; Friedenthal, Luther, 333–334; “Sachs, Hans,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation.
when the nuncio Chieregati arrived: Friedenthal, Luther, 357.
During the initial weeks: Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 128–129; Grimm, Lazarus Spengler, 60–63.
received from Adrian a brief: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 558, November 25, 1522, 141–148; Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. 9, 129–138.
“many abominations”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, 146; “to actors and stable-boys,” 148.
he added several warnings: Grimm, Lazarus Spengler, 62.
protesters filled its streets: Strauss, Nuremberg, 166.
a letter from Willibald Pirckheimer: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, no. 1344, February 17, 1523, 402–408.
rejected Chieregati’s demands: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 574, Estates of the Empire to Chieregati, February 5, 1523, 168–171; Grimm, Lazarus Spengler, 62.
summoned to the Rathaus: Strauss, Nuremberg, 165.
Chieregati wrote: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 566, Chieregati to the Marquis of Mantua, January 10, 1523, 159–160.
especially its cities: Strauss, Nuremberg, 164–165; Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Reformation, 41–74; Cameron, European Reformation, 210–263; Ozment, Age of Reform, 192; Ozment, Reformation in the Cities, 13, 165.
literacy rates were higher: Cameron, European Reformation, 227; C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation in Germany, 100.
In Strasbourg: Cameron, European Reformation, 216–218, 231; “Zell, Matthias,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation; Miriam Usher Chrisman, Strasbourg and the Reform: A Study in the Process of Change, 98–107.
preachers fanned out: Lindsay, History of the Reformation, vol. 1, 305–310; Friedenthal, Luther, 329; R. W. Scribner and C. Scott Dixon, The German Reformation, 20–22, 39.
working a dramatic change: See Todd, Luther, 249–250.
his Breve aureum: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, 203.
In his reply: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1352 [March 22, 1523], 434–441.
“my own executioner”: Ibid, vol. 9, 418.
CHAPTER 33: TRUE CHRISTIAN WARFARE
the man at the center of it all: Friedenthal, Luther, 374; Marius, Martin Luther, 393.
three other printers: Pettegree, Book in the Renaissance, 191.
he complained to Spalatin: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 586, May 27, 1523, 183.
Henry VIII: Ibid., vol. 2, no 568, January 20, 1523, 160–163.
sent Luther an angry note: Ibid., vol. 2, no. 562, December 30, 1522, 153–154. Luther’s reply is at no. 565, January 3, 1523, 158–159.
took aim at his books: Marius, Martin Luther, 364; Luther’s Works, vol. 45, 84.
Temporal Authority: Luther’s Works, vol. 45, 81–129; “The soul is not,” 111; As for the “tyrants,” 112; Heresy “can never be,” 114; “has been or will be,” 115; “Men will not,” 116; “and not in God’s name!” 117.
a dispute in Leisnig: Ibid., vol. 39, That a Christian Assembly or Congregation Has the Right and Power to Judge All Teaching and to Call, Appoint, and Dismiss Teachers, Established and Proven by Scripture, 305–314; “Spiritual tyrants,” 308; “they still could not,” 311–312.
A revealing snapshot: See Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-Career, 291–292.
In his preface: Luther’s Works, vol. 35, “Preface to the Old Testament,” 235–251; “for he is the man,” 247; “that even the Jews,” 249.
“to make Moses speak”: Luthers Werke, Tischreden, vol. 2, no. 2771a, 648; Roland H. Bainton, The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, 62.
That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew: Luther’s Works, vol. 45, 199–229; He denounced the popes, 200; By forbidding the Jews to labor, 229; “dolts and blockheads,” 200; “We must receive them,” 229; “many of them will become,” 200. See also Mullett, Martin Luther, 154–157.
a letter to Bernard: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 588 [May 152
3], 185–187.
a group of nuns: On the Nimbschen nuns, see Schwiebert, Luther, 583–586; Friedenthal, Luther, 375–376, 435–436; Brecht, Shaping and Defining, 100–101.
“Nine fugitive nuns”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 583, April 10, 1523, 179–181. See also no. 584, Nikolaus Amsdorf to Spalatin, April 11, 1523, 181–182.
She had been born: Friedenthal, Luther, 435.
“The monks and nuns”: Luther’s Correspondence, vol. 2, no. 591, June 20, 1523, 190–191.
Oecolampadius’s lectures on Isaiah: Magne Saebo, ed., Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, vol. 2, From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008), 408–412.
“Another piece of nonsense”: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, December 9, 1522, 214.
the brutal treatment of Sigismund Steinschneider: Ibid., vol. 73, “Notes on the Letter About Abstinence,” 104–134; “it was thought,” 105.
in his preface: Ibid., vol. 9, no. 1334, to Jean de Carondelet, January 5, 1523, 245–274; “Once,” he wrote, 257; all kinds of abstract propositions, 258; “What arrogance,” 252. See also John C. Olin, “Erasmus and His Edition of St. Hilary,” Erasmus in English, 9: 8–11, 1978.
the Sorbonne would censure it: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 9, 245.
More was undergoing a dramatic change: Richard Marius, Thomas More: A Biography, 280–290; Ackroyd, Life of Thomas More, 227–231.
“free to practice”: Thomas More, Utopia, 119.
to respond to Luther: Response to Luther, in The Complete Works of St. Thomas More, ed. John M. Headley, vol. 5, part 1, 1–711; a “mad friarlet,” 683. See also Ackroyd, Life of Thomas More, 230.
Erasmus sent a servant to England: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 10, 79–80.
a letter from his friend Cuthbert Tunstall: Ibid., vol. 10, no. 1367, June 5, 1523, 24–28.
he felt that he had to proceed: Ibid., vol. 10, no. 1369 [end of June 1523], 30–34.
“the princes all urge me”: Ibid., vol. 10, no. 1383, August 29 [1523], 78–80.
with his old acquaintance Ulrich von Hutten: See the introduction to Randolph J. Klawiter, ed., The Polemics of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Ulrich von Hutten, 3–34. This work contains Hutten’s Expostulatio against Erasmus. See also Bainton, Erasmus of Christendom, 174–178; Smith, Erasmus, 332–335; Augustijn, Erasmus, 128–129.
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