Haunted by Atrocity
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Jones, J. B., 28
Jones, Joseph, 23
Jones, Virgil Carrington, 137
Journal of Southern History, 125, 128
Kantor, MacKinlay: summary of career, 131
motivation for Andersonville, 131–32
Andersonville, 131–37
connection between Civil War prisons and Holocaust, 132–36
wins Pulitzer Prize, 133
influenced by Hesseltine, 134
description of John Winder and Henry Wirz, 134–35
Andersonville as reflection of Cold War, 135–36
criticized by Hesseltine, 135–36
influence of, 137–43, 145, 148–49, 157, 164–65
desire to learn from history, 142–43
ahistorical nature of novel, 142
Kean, Robert Garlick Hill: 9, 35–36
Kelley, William, 51
Kennedy, K. G., 75
Kirkpatrick, W. S., 138
Knauss, William, 94, 98
Koerting, Gayla, 35
Korean War, 130, 173, 175–76
Ku Klux Klan, 40
Ladies Memorial Association, 97, 101
Lancaster, Ulysses S., 138–39
Lee, Fitzhugh, 88
Lee, Robert E., 32, 176
Levitt, Saul: The Andersonville Trial, 131, 139–42
inspired by Nuremberg, 140–42
on Wirz’s responsibility for Anderson-ville, 140–42
on modern bureaucracy, 140—42
ahistorical nature of play, 142
desire to learn from history, 142–43
influence of, 149, 151, 157
Libby Prison: conditions at, 11, 16–17
reputation defended, 42, 47
postwar symbol of atrocity, 59, 63, 93
commercial potential of, 76–82
Libby Prison War Museum, 76–80
history of, 127, 137
and Civil War Centennial, 148
Life and Death in Rebel Prisons (Kellogg), 39
Lincoln, Abraham: politics of prisoner exchange, 1, 5–11, 125
blamed for prisoner suffering, 15–20, 60–61, 122, 180
responsibility for prisoner suffering, 27
emotion of assassination, 31
reelection, 42
reputation
defended, 44, 53
Long Remember (Kantor), 131
Lonn, Ella, 126
Lost Cause, 54, 67–70, 74, 81, 84, 99, 107, 110, 114, 119, 153, 156, 180
Loudoun Times Mirror, 77
Lowe, Bobby L., 150–51
Lowenthal, David, 152–53
Loyal Legion, 90, 92
Luthin, Reinhard, 127
Macon Daily Telegraph, 22
Maddox, Lester, 154
Madry, J. G., 167–68
Malone, Dumas, 137
Mangum, Adolphus, 100
Manigault, Louis, 23
Martin, Harold, 145
Martyria (Hamlin), 39
Maxwell, William, 126
McAdams, Benton, 159
McCain, John, 176
McClellan, George, 42
McConnell, Carla, 174
McConnell, Stuart, 44
McGuire, Hunter, 100
McKinley, William, 83, 86, 96–97
McPherson, James M., 156–57
Memorial Day (at Andersonville): as emancipationist commemoration, 50–51, 75–76, 82, 88, 104–5, 109, 118
and racial violence, 75–76, 104–5, 118
tradition declines, 105, 110, 118–19
tradition revives, 169–71, 176
emphasis on patriotic memory, 170–71
inspired by Vietnam War, 170–71. See also Emancipationist memory
Memory: definition of, 2–3
changing nature of, 2–3, 91–92, 111, 176–77, 179, 183
as related to history, 3, 71–72, 81, 90–96, 99–101, 106, 108, 115–16, 166
illusory nature of, 24–30, 65–66, 69–70, 73–74, 142–43, 162–79, 182–83
as identity, 52–56, 79–82, 176–77, 182–83
commercial potential of, 58, 131–56, 159–63, 165–67, 177
as inspiration for tourism, 76–82, 138–39, 144–56, 177
idealized for consumption, 79–80, 131–56, 159–79
public vs. personal, 95–96, 109–10, 176–77
generational nature of, 118–20
ahistorical nature of, 142–44, 164–79
and heritage, 152–56, 181. See also Civil War prisons (memory of); Divisive memory (northern); Divisive memory (southern); Emancipationist memory; Monuments (at Confederate prison sites); Monuments (at Union prison sites); Objective memory (of Civil War prisons); Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
Meredith, Roy, 137–38
Meyer, Steve, 160
Miller, Francis T., 94
Miller, Zell, 151, 176
Mitchell Group, 174
Mitchell, Margaret, 116–17
Mitchell, Reid, 157
Montgomery (Confederate prison site), 16
Monuments (at Confederate prison sites): as symbols of reconciliation, 84–89
as symbols of nationalism, 84–89
New Jersey (Andersonville), 84–85
Pennsylvania (Andersonville), 85–86
Wisconsin (Anderson-ville), 87
Connecticut (Andersonville), 87
New York (Andersonville), 87, 112
Illinois (Andersonville), 87
Maine (Salisbury), 87–88
Iowa (Andersonville), 90, 106
perpetuates divisive northern memory, 89–96
Andersonville Prison guards (Americus), 97
Minnesota (Andersonville), 112
Tennessee (Andersonville), 112
Clara Barton (Andersonville), 113
Sun Dial (Andersonville), 113
8 State (Andersonville), 113
Georgia (Andersonville), 169–70
Bataan Death March (Andersonville), 170
Stalag XVII-B (Andersonville), 170
Monuments (at Union prison sites): perpetuates divisive southern memory, 72–73, 98–99, 117
Oak Woods Cemetery, Chicago, 72–73, 117
Camp Chase, 98–99, 117
Alton, 98–99
Point Lookout, 98–99
Elmira, 98–99
Fort Delaware, 98–99
1937 Elmira, 117
Johnson’s Island, 117
Moore, A. B., 145
Moore, James M., 39
Moore, Joseph R. H., 128
Morgan, Sarah, 22
Mullite Company, 150–51
My Lai Massacre, 158
Nam-POWs, 173
Nash, George, 98
Nast, Thomas, 38, 45–46, 164
National Park Service (NPS): management of Andersonville National Historic Site, 166–67, 171–79
emphasis on patriotic memory, 171–79
creation of National POW Museum, 172–79
universal interpretation of modern war, 173–79
planning for 2016 traveling exhibition, 177
ahistorical nature of, 177–79. See also National Prisoner of War (POW) Museum; Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
National Prisoner of War (POW) Museum: contemporary interest in, 2
creation of, 172–74
funding for, 173
symbol of patriotic memory, 172–79, 181
construction and design, 174–75
universal depiction of prisoner experience, 174–79
dedication of, 175–76
ignores emancipationist memory, 175, 178
shrine to all American POWs, 176–77
emotional power of, 176–79
boosts attendance at Andersonville National Historic Site, 177
ahistorical nature of, 177–79
as propaganda, 178–79. See also Andersonville National Historic Site; Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
Near Andersonville (Homer), 49–50
Nebraska History, 137
Newell, Charles, 88
New York Herald, 20, 24
New York Times, 32
Northrop, Lucius, 29
Novick, Peter, 124
Nuremberg trials, 129, 140–41, 158
Objective memory (of Civil War prisons)
emergence of, 80–81, 94–95, 111 118–20, 181
inspired by World War I, 118–19
dominance of, 119–43
blame equalized, 120–25, 127, 136, 142–43
and William Hesseltine, 121–26
ignores emancipationist memory, 122, 125–26, 143, 145, 153–56
and professional historians, 126–27, 156–59
and amateur historians, 127–28, 159–60
inspired by World War II, 128–37
reinterprets atrocity, 128–37
desire to learn from history, 129–43
on universal nature of modern war, 129–43, 156–59
commercial potential of, 131–56, 159–63, 181
appeal to moderate southerners, 138–39
illusory nature of, 142–43, 162–63
and Civil War Centennial, 144–50
inspired by Cold War, 144–45, 148–49
theme of consensus, 144–51, 159–60, 181
impact on Anderson-ville, 150–56
inspired by Vietnam War, 158—59
challenged by recent scholarship, 162—63
inspires patriotic memory, 164–79. See also Hesseltine, Willimam; Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons)
Oglesby (recipient of Andrews’s letter), 103
Ould, Robert, 8
Parmenter, Abram, 32, 36
Parole of prisoners: mechanics of, 5
controversy over, 7–8
Patriotic memory (of Civil War prisons): origins of, 165–67, 181
inspired by nationalism, 165–79
based on objective memory, 168–70, 181
inspired by Vietnam War, 167–71, 176
reinforced by Georgia monument, 168–70
and Memorial Day, 169–71
supported by National Park Service, 171–79
symbolized by National POW Museum, 172–79
universal interpretation of modern war, 173–79
ahistorical nature of, 175, 178–79, 182
ignores emancipationist memory, 175, 178
illusory nature of, 175–79, 182–83
emotional power of, 176–79
dominance of, 177–79, 182
corruption of objective memory, 178–79. See also Memorial Day (at Andersonville); National Park Service (NPS); National Prisoner of War (POW) Museum; Objective memory (of Civil War prisons)
Patterson, John, 68
Peninsular Campaign, 6
Pennington, John, 147–48
Persian Gulf War, 174
Peterson, Pete, 173
Point Lookout: conditions at, 15–16, 21
postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 67–68, 71, 73, 114. See also under Monuments (at Union prison sites)
Powell, Colin, 175
Prisoner diaries, 14–20
Prisoner memoirs: published during war, 20–21
during Reconstruction, 39–42
post-Reconstruction, 58–72, 90–93, 96, 100–101, 113–14
exaggerated nature of, 58, 67–70, 113–114, 125
popularity of, 58
theme of heroism, 61–63, 66–67, 90–93
theme of escape, 61, 63–64, 66–68
theme of redemptive suffering, 61, 64–67, 90–93
use of Christian archetypes, 64
reinterpreted objectively, 137–38, 160–61
Prisoners of war (held captive in Confederate prisons): Luther Jackson, 16
George Com-stock, 16–17
Samuel Fiske (Dunn Browne), 17
Newell Burch, 17
J. Osborn Coburn, 17
Thomas Galwey, 17
John Sawyer Patch, 17
Henry W. Tisdale, 17
Charlie Mosher, 18
Charles Ross, 18
Charles Lee, 18
Francis Shaw, 18
Amos Stearns, 18
George Read, 18–19
William Tritt, 19
M. J. Umsted, 19
Alfred Ely, 20–21
J. J. Geer, 21
Joseph Ferguson, 39–40
William Burson, 40
Alfred Richardson, 40
Warren Goss, 40–41
Josiah Brownell, 41
J. F. Brock, 41
Sergeant Oats, 59, 64
Willard Glazier, 59
John McElroy, 59–61, 63, 123, 137–38
Herman Braun, 60–61, 65, 123
Asa Isham, 62
Henry Davidson, 62
Henry Furniss, 62
Benjamin Booth, 62, 64, 160
Alonzo Cooper, 62
Jesse Hawes, 62
James Compton, 63
H. Clay Trumbull, 63
Madison Drake, 63
John V. Hadley, 63, 160
Lessel Long, 63
William B. McCreery, 63–64
John Urban, 64
W. T. Zeigler, 65
William Bricker, 90
William Allen, 90
John Worrell Northrop, 90
John Read, 90–91, 95
Ezra Ripple, 91–93, 95
George Putnam, 92, 95
Thomas Sturgis, 92–95, 101, 108
James Madison Page, 96–97
Samuel B. Trafford, 113
Peterson Cherry, 113–14, 118
Joe Shewmon, 149
Thomas Boaz, 187n42
Charles Mattocks, 187n42
Augustus C. Hamlin, 191n35
Robert Kellogg, 191n35
William B. Woolverton, 193n7
William W. Day, 193n8
S. S. Boggs, 193n8
Thomas H. Mann, 193n8
William Clifton, 197n20
James N. Miller, 197n20
W. F. Lyon, 197n20
C. M. Prutsman, 197n20
A. L. Spencer, 200n9
Daniel A. Langworthy, 200n9
Walter R. Robbins, 200n9
C. M. Destler 200n9
Albert Harry Shatzell, 202n58
Prisoners of war (held captive in Union prisons): William Speer, 15
James E. Hall, 15
Bartlett Yancey Malone, 15
Joseph Purvis, 15
Robert Bingham, 15–16
L. Leon, 16
Joseph Kern, 16
John Dooley, 16
Calhoun Clemson, 22
Thomas J. Green, 22
Decimus Barziza, 41–42
A. M. Keiley, 41–42
W. A. Wash, 41–42
James T. Wells, 68
Charles Loehr, 68
Thomas Spotswood, 71–72
Henry Morton Stanley, 80–81
John King, 100–101
H. W. Graber, 114
David E. Johnston, 114
George A. Lawrence, 188n58
Charlie Pierce, 194n33
J. G. Blanchard 194n33
Marcus B. Toney, 198 n41
William A. Fletcher, 198n41
Alexander Hunter, 198n41
Randolph H. McKim, 198n41
John N. Opie, 198n41
L. W. Hopkins, 198n41
I. Hermann, 198n41
Wayland F. Dunaway, 198n41
Berry Benson, 204n17
Prisoners of war (POW): in American Revolution, 1
in War of 1812, 1, 11
unique suffering in Civil War, 1–2, 11, 14–20
unpreparedness for, 4–5,
as political issue, 5–11
mortality statistics, 11, 14, 123–24
disease ravages, 14–15
conditions experienced by, 14–20
perceived responsibility for suffering of, 15–20,
suffering in Union prisons, 15–16
suffering in Confederate prisons, 16–18
frustration of wit
h government abandonment, 15–20, 25–26
racism of, 19, propaganda value of, 26
vulnerability of, 29–30
contemporary survivor organizations, 169–79
desire for appreciation, 176–77
in recent conflicts, 182
Prisoner of War Commemorative Coin, 173
Prison guards, 15–19, 97
Randall, James G., 156–57
Rauch, Basil, 137
Reconciliation: obstructed by divisive prison memories, 37, 41–42, 44–46, 57–67, 70–71, 95–99, 110–11, 180
challenged by Hill-Blaine debate, 51–52
illusory nature of, 72–73, 98–99, 110
encouraged by prison tourism, 76–80
emerging support for, 79–89
inspired by Spanish-American War, 83–89
inspired by monument dedications, 84–89, 112–13
racism of, 84, 89
and nationalism, 88–89, 145
challenged by monument dedications, 89–90, 98–99, 107–10
essentially complete, 177–78, 181
Reconstruction: dominated by divisive northern memory, 36–46, 56–58, 90, 124–25, 127, 137
and divisive southern memory, 46–49
and emancipationist memory, 49–51
end of, 51–52
contested nature of, 52–55
Reconstruction Acts, 38
Republican Party: supported by divisive northern memory, 37–39, 42–46, 53, 56–58, 66, 81, 127
blamed for prison controversy, 60–61
Richards, H. M. M., 113
Ritner, J. B., 21
Rock Island: postwar symbol of atrocity, 41, 67
history of, 159
Root, George, 23
Royster, Charles, 1
Runge, Carl, 173
Russell, Richard B., 165
Rutherford, Mildred L., 115–17, 119, 155
Salisbury Prison: creation of, 11
postwar symbol of atrocity, 38, 40, 62, 100
national cemetery established, 39
reputation defended, 47, 68
symbol of reconciliation, 87–89, 95, 97, 99. See also Monuments (at Confederate prison sites)
Sanchez, Alfredo, 172
Sanders, Charles, Jr., 162
Sanger, E. L., 41
Savage, Kirk, 84
Schade, Louis, 47–48
Seddon, James, 29, 35
September 11, 177
Seven Pines, 134
Seymour, Horatio, 42
Shaara, Michael, 131 Shanks, J. P. C., 44–45
Shaw, Lynn, 154
Sheppard, Peggy, 105, 152–53, 177
Sherman, Ernest, 90, 106
Sherman, William T., 26, 57, 67, 146
Shiloh, 6, 16
Sibley, Celestine, 139, 145
Smith, Barbara, 170
Smith, Cooper, 147
Smithpeters, Jeff, 132
Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), 101, 114–15, 153–54, 168
Southern History Association, 100
Southern Historical Society Papers (SHSP), 52, 67–72, 80, 100, 102, 106–7, 114