The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics

by Andrew Small

  32. Sudha Mahalingam, “Kolkata-Kunming rally begins”, The Hindu, 23 Feb. 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/kolkatakunming-rally-begins/article4446805.ece, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  33. Puyam Rakesh Singh, “Opening northeast for BCIM corridor large challenge for India”, Global Times, 28 Oct. 2013, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/820856.shtm, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  34. Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai and Rahul Prakesh, “Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: an Update”, Observer Research Foundation, Occasional Paper #42, May 2013, pp. 10–21, http://www.observerindia.com/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/occasionalpaper/attachments/Occasional42_1369136836914.pdf, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  35. Li Keqiang, “Seize the New Opportunities in China-India Strategic Cooperation”, Indian Review of Global Affairs, 22 May 2013, http://www.irgamag.com/resources/interviews-documents/item/2851-seize-the-new-opportunities-in-china-india-strategic-cooperation, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  36. “India, Japan to build industrial corridor”, Times of India, 13 Dec. 2006, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006–12–13/india/27787427_1_industrial-corridor-freight-corridor-japan-india-policy-dialogue, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  37. “Six Thunder jets escort Premier Li Keqiang’s plane in Pakistan”, SinaEnglish, 23 Mar. 2013, http://english.sina.com/china/p/2013/0522/592832.html,last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  38. Sumera Khan, “Enter the dragon: China offers help to end Pakistan’s energy woes”, Express Tribune, 23 May 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/553246/enter-the-dragon-china-offers-help-to-end-pakistans-energy-woes/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Shabhaz Rana, “Building on ties: new premier indicates plans to link Gwadar with China”, Express Tribune, 6 Jun. 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/559370/building-on-ties-new-premier-indicates-plan-to-link-gwadar-with-china/ last accessed 12 Feb. 2014.

  41. Quoted in “PM’s address to the nation: Nawaz Sharif dreams to make Pakistan an ‘Asian Tiger’”, Express Tribune, 19 Aug. 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/592284/pms-address-to-the-nation-nawaz-sharif-dreams-to-make-pakistan-an-asian-tiger/, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  42. “China says its nuclear reactor gets first foreign contract”, Times of India, 20 Apr. 2013, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013–04–20/china/38692640_1_china-national-nuclear-corporation-reactor-earlier-nuclear-power-plants, last accessed 27 Nov. 2013.

  43. “Chinese engineers escape bomb attack in Clifton”, Dawn, 22 May. 2013, http://dawn.com/news/1012910/chinese-engineers-escape-bomb-attack-in-clifton, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  44. Ibid.

  45. “Facing down the Taliban on the Himalayas’ killer mountain”, 5 Jan. 2014, The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/05/taliban-himalayas-mountain-nanga-parbat-climbers, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

  46. Farooq Ahmed Khan, “Taliban say their Jundul Hafsa unit carried out killings”, Dawn, 24 Jun. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1020309/otaliban-say-their-jundul-hafsa-unit-carried-out-killings-ojundullah-also-claims-responsibility-terroris, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014; Zarar Khan, “Taliban kill 10 Foreign climbers, Pakistani guide”, USA Today, 23 Jun. 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/06/23/pakistan-mountain-climbers-shot/2449809/, last accessed at 20 Nov. 2013.

  47. Jamal Shahid, “Chinese mountaineer narrates dramatic escape”, Dawn, 29 Jun. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1021528/chinese-mountaineer-narrates-dramatic-escape, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

  48. Haq Nawaz Khan and Tim Craig, “Taliban kills foreign climbers in Pakistan”, Washington Post, 23 Jun. 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/taliban-kills-foreign-climbers/2013/06/23/a811ea4c-dbef-11e2-a484-7b7f79cd66a1_story.html, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  49. “China condemns violent attack in Pakistan-administered Kashmir”, People’s Daily, 24 Jun. 2013, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/8295751.html, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  50. Salman Masood and Declan Walsh, “Militants kill 10 climbers in Himalyas of Pakistan”, New York Times, 23 Jun. 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/asia/gunmen-kill-climbers-in-northern-pakistan.html?_r=0, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  51. “Nanga Parbat investigators shot dead in Chilas”, Express Tribune, 7 Aug. 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/587534/terror-in-gilgit-baltistan-nangaparbat-investigators-shot-dead-in-chilas/, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  52. Salam Masood, “Pakistani Taliban kill 22 Shiites in bus attack”, New York Times, 16 Aug. 2012; Farman Ali, “Sectarian Violence: Jundallah claims responsibility for Kohistan bus attack”, Express Tribune, 28 Feb. 2012.

  53. Tom Hussain, “Karachi, Besham choice home bases for Afghan Taliban”, The News, 17 Sept. 2011, http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=68140&Cat=2, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013; Rina Saeed Khan, “Why I hate Chilas”, Dawn, http://www.dawn.com/news/1022046/why-i-hate-chilas/1, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

  54. “Nawaz Sharif fails to speak English”, YouTube.com, uploaded Jul. 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lWVvmnzbyk, last accessed 21 Jul. 2013.

  55. “Kashagar-Gwadar project a “game changer” for whole region: Sharif ”, Dawn, 7 Jul. 2013, http://dawn.com/news/1023486/kashgar-gwadar-project-a-game-changer-for-whole-region-sharif, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  56. “Ahsan Iqbal discusses trade, energy with Chinese minister”, Dawn, 26 Jun. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1020852/ahsan-iqbal-discusses-tradeenergy-with-chinese-minister, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  57. “Speeding up development: Nawaz to induct ‘China cell’ into PM’s office”, Express Tribune, 8 Jul. 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/573934/speed-ing-up-development-nawaz-to-induct-china-cell-into-pms-office/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  58. Ibid.

  59. Rana Jawad, “Chinese firms ready to invest billions of dollars in Pakistan”, The News, 5 Jul. 2013, http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13–23889-Chinese-firms-ready-to-invest-billions-of-dollars-in-Pakistan, last accessed 6 Jul. 2013.

  60. Author interviews, Beijing, Feb. 2014.

  61. Lieven, Anatol, Pakistan: A Hard Country, New York: Public Affairs, 2011, p. 245.

  62. Ibid.

  63. Author interview in Washington, DC, Jun. 2013.

  64. Ibid.

  65. Feisal H. Naqvi, “An unholy alliance”, Express Tribune, 25 Feb. 2013, http:// tribune.com.pk/story/512400/an-unholy-alliance/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  66. “Pakistan’s Punjab Government allocates funds for JuD centre”, The Hindu, 18 Jun. 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/pakistans-punjab-government-allocates-funds-for-jud-centre/arti-cle4826052.ece, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014; “Why Pakistan is desperate for Lashkar-e-Taiba’s friendship”, First Post, 21 Jun. 2013, http://www.first-post.com/world/why-pakistan-is-desperate-for-lashkar-e-taibas-friend-ship-893349.html, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  67. “Nawaz Sharif calls for Taliban talks”, Dawn, 21 May. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1012539/nawaz-sharif-calls-for-taliban-talks, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  68. Interviews in Islamabad, May 2013.

  69. “Thar coal: MoU to set up 6,000MW power plants”, Express Tribune, 16 Aug. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1058719/karachi-operation-to-continue-until-objectives-met-sharif, last accessed 3 Feb. 2014.

  70. Mehreen Zahra-Malik, “China commits $6.5 billion for Pakistani nuclear project”, Reuters, 24 Dec. 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/24/us-pakistan-china-nuclear-idUSBRE9BN06220131224, last accessed 27 Dec. 2013.

  71. “Karachi operation to continue until objectives met: Sharif ”, Dawn, 26 Nov. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1058719/pm-in-karachi-inaugurates-coastal-power-project, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

  72. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

  73. Lucy Hornby and Ed Crooks, “China set to supply components to US nuclear power plants”, Financial Times, 30 Oct. 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e8a83158–4164–11e3–9073–00144feabdc0.html#axzz2orTTeMHv, last accessed 23 Jan
. 2014.

  74. Author interviews in Beijing, May 2011.

  75. A.H. Nayyar, Pervez Hoodbhoy and Zia Mian, “Nuclear Karachi”, Dawn, 16 Dec. 2013, http://www.dawn.com/news/1074169/nuclear-karachi, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

  76. Sikander Shaheen, “Kayani off to China to buttress defence ties”, Nation, 5 Jan. 2012, http://www.nation.com.pk/national/05-Jan-2012/kayani-off-to-china-to-buttress-defence-ties, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  77. “As ties with U.S. sour Islamabad turns to Beijing”, Express Tribune, 28 Apr. 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/158245/as-ties-with-us-sour-islamabad-turns-to-beijing/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  78. Author interviews in Beijing, Mar. 2012, and Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

  79. Katherine Houreld, “U.S., Pakistan ties fully repaired: Pakistan foreign minister”, Reuters, 28 Nov. 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/28/us-pakistan-usa-idUSBRE8AR0R320121128, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  80. “Kayani in China: Army chief discusses LoC, Afghanistan issues”, Express Tribune, 29 Oct. 2013, http://tribune.com.pk/story/623957/kayani-in-china-army-chief-discusses-loc-afghanistan-issues/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  81. Sikander Shaheen, “Kayani meets top Chinese leadership”, The Nation, 29 Oct. 2013, http://www.nation.com.pk/national/29-Oct-2013/kayani-meetstop-chinese-leadership, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  82. Benjamin Kang Lim and Ben Blanchard, “China suspects Tiananmen crash a suicide attack”, Reuters, 29 Oct. 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/29/us-china-tiananmen-idUSBRE99S02R20131029, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  83. Jeremy Page, “China says Tiananmen crash was terrorism”, Wall Street Journal, 30 Oct. 2013, hhttp://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303618904579167181737377834, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  84. “China names Islamic group as ‘supporter’ of Tiananmen attack”, AFP, 1 Nov. 2013, http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/19638547/china-names-islamic-group-as-supporter-of-tiananmen-attack/, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  85. Zhang Yunbi, “Cooperation needed in terror fight”, China Daily, 4 Nov. 2013, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2013–11/04/content_17079272.htm, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  86. Andrew Jacobs, “Tiananmen attack linked to police raid on a mosque in Xinjiang”, New York Times, 7 Nov. 2013, http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/tiananmen-attack-linked-to-police-raid-on-a-mosque-in-xinjiang/?smid=tw-share&_r=0, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  87. “Islamist group calls Tiananmen attack ‘jihadi operation’: SITE”, Reuters, 23 Nov. 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/23/us-china-attack-claim-idUSBRE9AM0B520131123, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  88. “China cites East Turkistan Islamic Movement terrorist threat”, Xinhua, 1 Nov. 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013–11/01/c_132852165.htm, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

  89. The other unsettled issue, with Bhutan, is effectively a subsidiary of the India border problem.

  90. See James Mulvenon, Chairman Hu and the PLA’s ‘New Historic Missions’, China Leadership Monitor, no. 27.

  91. Author interviews in Beijing, Feb 2014.

  NOTE ON SOURCING

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  2. Aijazuddin, F.S., From A Head, Through A Head, To A Head: The Secret Channel between the U.S. and China through Pakistan, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  3. Ispahani, Mahnaz Z., Roads and Rivals: The Political Uses of Access in The Borderlands of Asia, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.

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  6. Singh, Swaran, China-Pakistan Strategic Cooperation: India Perspectives, New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 2007.

  7. Du Youkang, A Model of State-to-State Relations: Retrospects and Prospects of the China-Pakistan Ties since 1951, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2012.

  8. Garver, John W., Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.

  9. Khan, Riaz Mohammad, “Pakistan-China Relations: An Overview”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 64, No. 4, October 2011.

  10. Ye Hailin, “China-Pakistan Relationship: All-Weathers, But Maybe Not All-Dimensional”, in Zetterlund, Kristina (ed.), Pakistan—Consequences of Deteriorating Security in Afghanistan, Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, 2009.

  11. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xingiang’s Uighurs’, Asian Survey, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  12. Fazlur Rehman, “Pakistan-China Economic Relations Opportunities and Challenges”, Institute of Strategic Studies, 2006, http://www.issi.org.pk/old-site/ss_Detail.php?datald=390, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  13. See a number of the articles at: http://raffaellopantucci.com

  14. Cheng Xiaohe, “China’s Aid toward Pakistan in the India-Pakistan War II”, Diplomacy Commentary, No. 3, 2012.

  15. Hu Shisheng, “Afghan Reconstruction: Regional Challenges”, CICIR Institute of South, South East Asian and Oceania Studies, 2012, http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_xdgjgx-e2012z1004.aspx, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  16. Wang Jisi, “Marching Westwards: The Rebalancing of China’s Geostrategy”, International and Strategic Studies Report, Centre for International and Strategic Studies, Peking University, No. 73, 7 Oct. 2012.

  17. Corera, Gordon, Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity, and The Rise and Fall of the A.Q. Khan Network, London: C. Hurst & Co., 2006.

  18. Perkovich, George, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999.

  19. Starr, S. Frederick (ed.), Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.

  20. Rashid, Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, New York: Penguin Group, 2003.

  21. Khan, Feroz H., Eating Grass: The Making of The Pakistani Bomb, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.

  22. Bass, Gary, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide, New York: Knopf, 2013.

  23. Andrew Small, “Afghanistan-Pakistan: Bringing China (back) in”, GMF Transatlantic Take, 23 Oct. 2009, http://blog.gmfus.org/2009/10/23/afghanistan-pakistan-bringing-china-back-in/, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  24. Andrew Small, “China’s Caution on Afghanistan-Pakistan”, Washington Quarterly, Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2010, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0163660X.2010.492343#.UvUMkHddX8k, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  25. Andrew Small, “Why is China Talking to the Taliban?”, Foreign Policy, 21 Jun. 2013, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/06/20/why_is_china_talking_to_the_taliban, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

  26. Andrew Small, “China’s Afghan Moment”, Foreign Policy, 3 Oct. 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/chinas_afghan_moment, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

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