by Barry Rubin
71. Hollyday, Anti-Americanism in the German Novel, 33•
72. Karl Muller, Des Lebens Wandlungen, cited in Hollyday, Anti-Americanism in the German Novel 1841 1861, 39.
73. Baker, America Perceived, 40-44.
74. Conrad, Imagining America, 67.
75. Wilde, "Woman of No Importance," http://www.4literature.net/Oscar _Wilde/Woman_of No_Importance/3.html.
76. James F. Muirhead, Land of Contrasts (London).
77. Anthony Trollope, North America, http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/ bo oks/geo/geo graphy/northamericavolumei/chap9.html.
78. Marryat, A Diary in America, Series 1, Vol. 3, Chp. XLVIII, http://www .athelstane.co.uk/marryat/diaramer/diary/diarY48.htm.
79. Dickens, American Notes, 137.
8o. Ibid., 127-128. At the time there was a popular myth that, when frightened, the ostrich put its head into the ground and thought no one could see it.
81. Dickens, Dickens' Digest, 350-351.
Chapter 3
1. Siegfried, America Comes of Age, 19o.
2. Pelling, America and the British Left, 161.
3. Paul de Rousiers, La Vie Americaine (Paris: Diderot, 1892), 2, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 188-189.
4. Fairlie, Spoiled Child of the Western World, 50-52.
5. Kroes, "Great Satan versus the Evil Empire," 38.
6. Lawrence, Plumed Serpent, 73-74.
7. McPherson, Antietam: Crossroads of Freedom, 57.
8. On Marx, see chapter 5.
9. Jordan and Pratt, Europe and the Civil War, 225.
io. Ibid., 251.
H. July 17 and August 15, 1862; quoted in McPherson, Antietam: Crossroads of Freedom, 58.
12. Ibid., 143.
13. Ibid., 144.
14. Jordan and Pratt, Europe and the Civil War, 139.
15. American Park Network (APN) web site, http://www.americanparknetwork .com/parkinfo/sl/history/liberty.htnil.
16. Mead, "Why Do They Hate Us? Two Books Take Aim at French AntiAmericanism," http://www.foreignaffairs.org/2oo303o1fareviewessaylo345/ walter-russell -mead/why-do-they-hate-us-two-books-take-aim-at-french-anti -americanism.html.
17. Ory, "From Baudelaire to Duhamel," 46.
i8. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Sorman, "United States: Model or Bete Noire?" 214.
21. Roger, Reves et cauchemars Americains, 28, 96.
22. Mead, "Why Do they Hate Us? Two Books Take Aim at French AntiAmericanism," http://www.foreignaffairs.org/2oo303o1fareviewessaylo345/ walter -russell -mead/why- do - they-hate - us- two- books- take- aim- at-french -anti -americanism.html.
23. Zeldin, "Pathology of Anti-Americanism," 36.
24. Clark, Less Than Kin, 126.
25. As quoted in Baker, America Perceived, 16o.
26. Ibid., 16o-i6i.
27. Ibid., 161-162.
28. Ceasar, Reconstructing America, 164-165.
29. Cross, Emergence of Liberal Catholicism in America, 194.
30. Ibid., 192-194.
31. Pelling, America and the British Left, 3.
32. Sorman, "United States: Model or Bete Noire?" 214.
33• Arnold, Civilization in the United States, 172-173.
34. Stearn, Broken Image, 148-149.
35. Spengler, Decline of the West, Vol. 2, 475.
36. Jones, Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, 269.
37. Ibid., 270.
38. Arnold, Civilization of the United States, 171.
39. In the novel, Lucien Leuwen. Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 84-85.
40. Hamsun, Cultural Life of Modern America, 18.
41. Ibid., 8.
42. Ibid., 106.
43. Commager, America in Perspective, 312.
44• Wilde, "Impressions of America," http://www.december200l.com/oscar wilde/impressionsofamerica.html.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. James, American Scene, 67.
49. Ibid., 77.
50. Ibid., 2-3.
51. Ibid., 25.
52. Schama, "Unloved American," http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/ ?03o31ofa-fact.
53• F. Gaillardet, L'Aristocratie en Amerique, 3, 348, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 153-154.
54. Valery, Regards sur le monde actuel (Paris, 1960), 914, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 202.
55. Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 202.
56. See Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York, 2000), which contains scores of positive statements by European leaders on Roosevelt, perhaps because they saw him as someone with views-though not personal behavior-similar to their own.
57. E. de Mandat-Grancey, En visite chez l'Oncle Sam (1891), 68, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 145.
58. Emile Barbier, Voyage an pays des dollars (Paris, 1893), 336-337, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 188-189.
59• A. Ruz, La Question Cubaine (Paris, 1898), 46, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 192-193; author's interview with Philippe Roger, January 20, 2003.
60. Brogan, "From England," 3-4•
61. Fairlie, Spoiled Child of the Western World, 54•
62. Ian Jack, "This Land Is Their Land," http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/ story/o,12o84,9o895o,oo.html.
63. Zeldin, "Pathology of Anti-Americanism," 37.
64. Wells, Future of America, 210, 257-258.
65. J.-L. Chastanet, L'Oncle Shylock on l'imperialisme americain a la conquete du monde (1927), 9-10.
66. Judt, Past Imperfect, 190-192.
67. Gasset, Revolt of the Masses (New York, 1932), 151-152.
68. On this issue regarding Germany, see chapter 5.
69. Strauss, Menace in the West, 193-194.
70. Louis Aragon, La Revolution surrealiste, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 439.
71. Strauss, Menace in the West, 192.
72. Ibid., 190.
73. Romier, Who Will Be Master: Europe or America? (London, 1931), quoted in ibid., 202.
74. Ibid., loo.
75. Ibid., 202.
76. Ibid., 206-207.
77. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 113.
78. E. Barbier, Voyage an pays des dollars (Paris, 1893), 126-128, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 250-251.
79. Ory, "From Baudelaire to Duhamel," 46.
80. Strauss, Menace in the West, 208.
81. Cited in ibid., 3.
82. Morand, New York, 301.
83. Ibid., 305-306.
84. Duhamel, Scenes de la Vie Future, 52.
85. Ibid., 54, 8o.
86. Ibid., 58-59.
87. Ibid., 69, 72, 245.
88. Ibid., 37.
89. Ibid., 48.
9o. Miller, Airconditioned Nightmare, 156-157.
91. Ibid., 20.
92. Ibid., 24.
Chapter 4
1. Barghoorn, Soviet Image of the United States, 3-5.
2. Dostoyevsky, Devils (The Possessed), 147-148, 247-248, 253-254, 270.
3. Barghoorn, Soviet Image of the United States, 3-5.
4. Marx, "Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America," http://www .marxists. org/history/international/iwma/documents/1864/lincoln-letter.h tm.
5. Ibid.
6. Marx and Aveling, Working-Class Movement in America, 12-14.
7. Ibid., 86-87, 154-165.
8. Gorky, City of the Yellow Devil, 8-io.
9. Ibid., 17.
io. Ibid., 135.
ii. Ibid., 88-89.
12. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 23 (1929 ed.), 292, as quoted in Shub, Lenin, 391.
13. Barghoorn, Soviet Image of the United States, 15.
14. Lenin, On the United States of America, 334-335.
15. Barghoorn, Soviet Image of the United States, 17.
16. Ilin, New Russia's Primer, 16-17.
17. Ibid., 13-14.
18. Ashby, Scientist in Russia, 246-247.
19. Barghoorn, Soviet Im
age of the United States, 25-27.
20. Ilf and Petrov, Little Golden America, 84.
21. Ibid., 12, 20-21, 29-30.
22. Ibid., 108.
23. Ibid., 173.
24. Ibid., 376-377.
25. Ibid., 376-377.
26. Ibid., 29-30. Indeed, in earlier times, big-city milk and meat came from animals grazing in its streets, with a much lower quality and real health hazards.
27. Ibid., 102.
28. Ibid., 370.
29. Ibid., 380.
30. Quoted in Barghoorn, Soviet Image of the United States, 46.
31. Ibid., 121-122.
32. Letter to Sydney Hook, June 8, 1956, quoted in Wilford, CIA, The British Left, and the Cold War, 216.
33• Parks, Culture, Conflict and Coexistence, n9.
34. Ibid., 120.
35• Barghoorn, Soviet Image of the United States, 227-228.
36. Ibid., 120.
37. Ibid., 114-121.
38. Viktor Konetskii, Elpidifor Peskarev, DN, 2 (1977), cited in Maurice Friedberg, "Reading for the Masses," USIA Report, June 25, 1981, 72-73.
39. Voprosy literatury, 7, 1980, 4, cited in Friedberg, "Reading for the Masses," 71.
40. T. N. Denisova, "Sovremennyi amerikanskii roman," Sotsial `nokriticheskie traditsii (Kiev: "Naukova dumka," 1976), 143, cited in Friedberg, "Recent Soviet Criticism of American Literature (#2)," 11.
41. Burlatskii, "SshA i SSSR" (The United States and the USSR), http://www .washprofile. org/arch 0403/07.3 o%2o-%2ob urlatskiy.h tml.
42. "Soviet Propaganda Alert," October 15, 1981, 1-11.
43. Ibid.
44• Shiraev and Zubok, Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin, 23.
45. Moscow World Service, November 13, 1986, and Pravda, October 31, 1986, 6, quoted in Soviet Propaganda Alert, no. 34 (January 16, 1987): 13.
46. Soviet Propaganda Alert (October 15, 1981): i-n. See chapter 2.
47. Bucar, Truth about American Diplomats, 128.
48. Soviet Propaganda Alert (October 15, 1981): 1-11.
49. Ibid., 12.
50. Biddiss, Gobineau Selected Political Writings, 161.
51. Ibid., 162.
52. See chapter 1.
53. Ceaser, Reconstructing America, 123.
54. Ibid., 103-106.
55. Ibid., 173-175.
56. Ibid., 187.
57. Ibid., 197-201.
58. Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics, 35.
59. Ibid., 46.
60. Ceaser, Reconstructing America, 189, 192, 193.
61. Diner, America in the Eyes of the Germans, 72-73.
62. Ibid., 56.
63. Ibid., 70, 97-98.
64. Ibid., 81, 95.
65. Ibid., 81, 92-93.
66. Ibid., 87.
67. Ibid., 70-71.
68. Compton, Swastika and the Eagle, 17, 35.
69. The dinner party was described in Rauschning, Voice of Destruction, 68-71.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Bormann, Hitler's Secret Conversations 1941 1944, 155.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid., 491.
75. Ibid., 491-492.
76. Burdett, "Different Visions of Space: Italian Fascist Writers and the United States," http://www.cf.ac.uk/euros/newreadings/volumes/burdett.html.
77. Campana, "Un Colloquio con Mussolini."
78. Probably the most important difference was that the Communists could never fully acknowledge America's economic success-or, at least, claimed that it benefited only a small minority-while the more usual claim was that this technological and material "progress" had created an even more objectionable society.
Chapter 5
i. Of course, it is possible to say that use of the term "America" for the United States is in itself an example of an arrogant expropriation of the type that could produce anti-Americanism. But since it is commonly accepted, this term will be used in this book, while the names South America or Latin America will be applied for that part of the New World.
2. Fitzgerald, Political Thought of Bolivar, ii8.
3. Smith, Talons of the Eagle, 96.
4. Ibid.
5. Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States 1790-1960, io9.
6. Text in Toscano and Hiester, Anti-Yankee Feelings in Latin America, 17.
7. Text, ibid., 21.
8. Galeano, Las Venas Abiertas de America Latina, io.
9. For more information on Mexican-U.S. relations, see John S. D. Eisenhower, So Far from God: The U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848 (Norman, Oklahoma, 2000). For more information on Diaz, see Paul H. Garner, Porfirio Diaz (Cambridge, UK, 2001).
io. Grayson, "Anti-Americanism in Mexico," 35.
11. Smith, Talons of the Eagle, 111-112.
12. Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States 1790-1960, 157-158.
13. Toscano and Hiester, Anti-Yankee Feelings in Latin America, 53, 55.
14. Ibid., 55.
15. Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States 1790-1960, 194-195.
i6. Dario, "To Roosevelt," http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/nicaragua/ 19 o 4-Dar %C 3 %AD o - e n gli sh . html .
17. Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States 1790-1960, 195.
i8. Ibid., 155-156.
19. Rangel, Latin-Americans, 36-38.
20. Text in Toscano and Hiester, Anti-Yankee Feelings in Latin America, 163.
21. Neruda, "United Fruit Company," http://subbacultcha.angelcities.com/ unitedfruit.html.
22. Text in Toscano and Hiester, Anti-Yankee Feelings in Latin America, 165.
23. Rangel, Latin-Americans, 80-90.
24. Text in Toscano and Hiester, 43-45, 165.
25. Fuentes, "Prologue," Ariel, 16.
26. Rodb, Ariel, 31, 58.
27. Ibid., 51, 56, 58, 80.
28. Ibid., 81.
29. Ibid., 95-98.
30. Ibid., 59.
31. Ibid., 79.
32. Ruben Dario had used the Caliban image for America in the 189os. Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States 179o 1960, 194-195.
33• Rodb, Ariel, 31, 58.
34• Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States 1790-1960, 154.
35. Rippy, "Introduction," Manuel Ugarte, Destiny of a Continent, xii.
36. Ugarte, Destiny of a Continent, 9.
37. Reid, Spanish American Images of the United States i79o-1960, 233.
38. Ugarte, Destiny of a Continent, 11-12.
39. Ibid., i6.
40. Ibid., 139-140.
41. Ibid., 141.
42. Text, Toscano and Hiester, Anti-Yankee Feelings in Latin America, 95-96.
43• Smith, Talons of the Eagle, io9-iio.
44. From 1945 to 1951.
45• Arevalo, Shark and the Sardines, 9-10, 13.
46. Ibid., 17-43.
47. Although this title could be awarded to the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and several Middle Eastern dictatorships, it was a far more important issue for Cuba from the time of the revolution onward.
48. Goodsell, Fidel Castro's Personal Revolution in Cuba: 1959-1973, http://www .fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1962castro.html.
49. Ibid.
50. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare (New York, 1961), 119.
51. Falcoff, Culture of Its Own, 56-57.
52. Rangel, Latin-Americans, 58-59.
53• Galeano, Las Venas Abiertas de America Latina, 8, 224-255.
54. Paz, Tiempo Nublado, 159.
55. Yergin and Stanislaw, Commanding Heights, 232-244.
56. Rangel, Latin-Americans, 44.
57. Galeano, Las Venas Abiertas de America Latina 3, 215.
58. Rangel, Latin-Americans, 87.
59. Ibid., 44.
60. Ibid., 44-46.
61. Ibid., 114.
62. Ibid., 58-59.
63. Washington Post, July 7, 1980, A-i and A-12, quoted in Grayson, "AntiAmericanism in Mexico," 41.
&nbs
p; 64. Washington Post, December 28, 1981, A-21, described by Grayson, "AntiAmericanism in Mexico," 31-32.
65. Gaston Garcia Cantu, "El Dilema del presente," Excelsior, July 13, 1987, 1, quoted in Pastor and Castaneda, Limits to Friendship, 123.
66. Pastor and Castafieda, Limits to Friendship, 29-30, 57, 76.
67. Ibid., 6o.
68. New York Times poll, "Mexico Survey," October 28-November 4, 1986. Partial results of the poll were published in the New York Times, November 1617, 1986, cited in Pastor and Castaneda, Limits to Friendship, 16-17, 59.
69. Pastor and Castafieda, Limits to Friendship, 140.
70. Ibid., 145-148.
71. Ibid., 192.
72. "Perceptions of US Are Nuanced among Those Who Know Us Best," U.S. Information Agency, Office of Research and Media Affairs, August 5, 1996.
73. Office of Research, U.S. Information Agency, "World Publics Have Mainly Positive Image of U.S. But Recognize Various Bilateral Tensions," Office of Research, U.S. Information Agency (January 29, 1993); Office of Research and Media Reaction, U.S. Information Agency "America as Global Actor: The U.S. Image Around the World," Office of Research and Media Reaction, U.S. Information Agency (January 1995), 25-30.
74. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 359.
Chapter 6
1. Toynbee, America and the World Revolution, 208-209.
2. Obviously there are exceptions, like the Philippines, for example, but they were very limited ones.
3. Buchwald, "Why We Dislike Americans."
4. Pinter, "Degree Speech to the University of Florence," http://alt.venus.co .uk/weed/current/pinter3.htm.
5. Barzini, Americans Are Alone in the World, 84-85, 205.
6. Wagner, "America and Western Europe," 25.
7. Kenneth Tynan, "Letter to a Young Man," Encounter 9, no. 4 (October 1957), 19-23, cited in Wilford, CIA, the British Left and the Cold War, 273.
8. Laski, American Democracy: A Commentary and an Interpretation (London, 1949). The authors wish to thank Hugh Wilford for his help. For an ac count of the relationship between Britain and the American South, see Wilford, "The South and the British Left, 1930-1960."
9. Quoted in Brome, J. B. Priestley, 209.
10. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 376.
11. Greene, Quiet American, 31, 140.
12. Wheatcroft, "Dickens to Le Carre," http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/ f-news/1o55651/posts.
13. For a complete account of this struggle within the Labour Party, see Wilford, "South and the British Left, 1930-1960," 163-186.
14. Haseler, Anti-Americanism, 8.
