by Barry Rubin
15. Morgan, Anti-Americans, 216.
16. Revel, L'Obsession anti-Americaine, 19.
17. Zeldin, "Foreword," Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism, xi.
18. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 24-25.
19. Revel, L'Obsession anti-Americaine, 19.
20. Ibid., 98.
21. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 40-41.
22. Ibid.
23. Winock, "Cold War," 73.
24. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 43•
25. Albert Beguin, "Reflexions sur l'Amerique, l'Europe, la neutralite," Esprit (June 1951), 886, quoted in Kuisel, Seducing the French, 115.
26. "Les Hammes de Budapest," Esprit (December 1956), quoted in Judt, Past Imperfect, 196.
27. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 116.
28. Ibid., 45.
29. Lacorne and Rupnik, "France Bewitched by America," 19.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, L'Amerique Juive 37, (n.d.), cited in Roger, Reves et cauchemars americains, 41.
33. August Leclerc, "Flegme Yankee," Le Reveil du Nord, May 6, 1944, 1, quoted in Roger, Reves et cauchemars americains, 41.
34. Thompson, "Prologue to Conflict," 16.
35. Roger, Reves et cauchemars americains, 289-290.
36. Ibid., 294-295.
37. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 146.
38. Ibid., 148.
39• Bohlen, Witness to History 1929-1969, 510-511.
40. Judt, Past Imperfect, 202.
41. Rupnik and Humbertjean, "Images of the United States in Public Opinion," 79
42. Deutsch, Macridis, Edinger, and Merritt, France, Germany and the West Alliance, 71.
43. De Beauvior, America Day by Day, 43.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 308.
46. Ibid., 386.
47. Siegfried, America at Mid-Century, 6-7.
48. Ibid., 6-7.
49. Ibid., 352-356.
50. Sartre, Situations III, 81-82.
51. Ibid., 82-84.
52. Lacorne and Rupnik, "Intro: France Bewitched by America," 21.
53• Winock, "Cold War," 70.
54. Granjon, "Sartre, Beauvoir, Aron," 122.
55. Ibid., 117.
56. Roger, Reves et cauchemars Americains, 57.
57. Judt, Past Imperfect, 201.
58. Revel, L'Obsession anti-Americaine, 193.
59• Schama, "Unloved American," http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/ ?03o31ofa-fact.
6o. Kahn, Big Drink, 20-27.
61. Kuisel, Seducing the French, 55-63.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., 104.
64. Ibid., 64.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., 65.
67. Strauss, Menace in the West, 272-273.
68. Lacorne and Rupnik, "Intro: France Bewitched by America," 23.
69. Ibid.
70. Rapin, "An Interview with the Linguist Claude Hagege," http://www.france .diplomatie.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/FRANCO/HAGEG/hageg.html.
71. R. Debray, Modeste Contribution aux discourse et ceremonies officielles du dixieme anniversaire (Paris: Maspero, 1978), 51-52, cited in Roger, L'Ennemi Americain, 523.
72. Revel, L'Obsession anti-Americaine, 202.
73. For more information about Vedrine and his views, see Hubert Vedrine with Dominique Motsi, France in an Age of Globalization (Washington, D.C., 2001).
74. Lacorne and Rupnik, "Intro: France Bewitched by America," 18-i9.
75. Kuisler, Seducing the French, 219-220.
76. Author's interviews in Paris, January 16-20, 2003.
77. Author's interview with Philippe Roger, January 20, 2003.
78. Aron, Opium of the Intellectuals, 228-229.
79. Revel, L'Obsession Anti-Americaine, 30.
80. Strauss, Menace in the West, 255.
8i. Rapin, "Interview with the Linguist Claude Hagege," http://www.france .diplomatie.fr/label-france/ENGLISH/FRANCO/HAGEG/hageg.htnil.
82. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 385.
83. Baudrillard, America, 23.
84. Wheatcroft, "Dickens to Le Carre," http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/ f-news/io5565i/posts.
85. Andrew Irving and David Scott, "British Public's Perceptions of Relationship between the U.K. and U.S. and Selected Political Issues," Office of Research, United States Information Agency, May 1988, i-xi.
86. Ibid., 30.
87. Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 389.
88. Moorehead, Bertrand Russell, 523. See Hollander, Anti-Americanism, 374375, for a similar statement.
Chapter 7
i. At-'Awad, Tishrin, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia &ID=IA134o3•
2. Rushdie, "Anti-Americanism Has Taken the World by Storm," http://www .guardian.co.uk/print/o,3858,435o59o-io892o,oo.html.
3. Ajami, "Anti-Americans," http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/the anti americans.htm.
4. Ajami, "Stranger in the Arab-Muslim World," 6o.
5. Gerges, "Tragedy of Arab-American Relations," http://www.csmonitor.com/ 20oi/o9i8/p9si-coop.html.
6. Ajami, "Stranger in the Arab-Muslim World," 59•
7. Calvert, "The World Is an Undutiful Boy! Sayyid Qutb's American Experience," 94.
8. Ibid., 97.
9. Ibid., 99.
io. Ibid., n.
ii. Abdel-Malek, America in an Arab Mirror, 14-15.
12. Ibid., i8.
13. Ibid., 91-92.
14. Ibid., 135, 137.
15. "Sayyid Qutb's America," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, May 6, 2003, http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfld=1253796.
16. Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, 128.
17. Cited in Abdel-Malek, America in an Arab Mirror, 94-95.
18. Ajami, "Stranger in the Arab-Muslim World," 56.
19. Republic of Iraq Television, September 12, 2001, translated by FBIS.
20. Rubin, Arab States and the Palestine Conflict, 216-233.
21. Podeh, "Lie That Won't Die: Collusion, 1967," http://www.meforum.org/ article/587.
22. U.S. Archives, Record Group 59, report on the meeting by U.S. Embassy in Jordan, September 4, 1969.
23. Sobel, Palestinian Impasse, 227.
24. Interview with Arafat, Le Quotidien de Paris, September 15, 1981.
25. For a discussion of Arafat's views and relations with the United States, see Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography.
26. Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, 113.
27. See Saddam Hussein, "Strategy for the Arab World," in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, 119-123.
28. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, "United States Will Not Intervene Militarfly," cited in ibid., 106-107.
29. There are parallels here to French anti-Americanism. See chapter 8.
30. Amin, "American Ideology," http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/638/focus.htm.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33• Editorial, al-Akhbar, August 19, 2002. Excerpt and translation in "Another Crisis in Egypt-U.S. Relations As Reflected in the Egyptian Media," MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 413, August 21, 2002, http://memri.org/bin/ articles. cgi?P age= archives&Area =sd&ID = SP413o2.
34. Al-Jazira, "Opposite View," October 27, 2002, http://www.aljazeera.net/ programs/op-direction/articles/2002/loho-27-1.htm.
35• Awwad, al-Ayyam, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sr &ID=SRo14o3.
36. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, December 12, 2001. Excerpt and translation in "Radical Islamist Profiles (3): Ayman Muhammad Rabi' Al-Zawahiri: The Making of an Arch Terrorist," MEMRI Inquiry and Analysis Series No. 127, March 11, 2003, http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=is&ID= IA127o3#-ednref3l; on the Egyptian Islamist view of America and Zawahiri's writings, see Barry Rubin, Islamic Fundamentalists in Egyptian Politics (New York, 2003).
37. Altallah Abd Al-Abu A
l-Subh, "Clinton's Visit to Israel and the Palestinian Authority," al-Risala, December 3, 1998 as cited in Rubin and Rubin, AntiAmerican Terrorism and the Middle East, 130.
38. Amin, "American Ideology," http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/638/focus.htm.
39. Jumhur-ye Elslami, August 17, 2002. Excerpt and translation in "Iranian Conservative Daily: `America Is the New Nazism,' " MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 417 (August 30, 2002), http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page= archives&Area=sd&ID=SP417o2. The article appeared a few days after Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei compared Bush to Hitler in a speech.
40. Habid, Okaz, http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=subjects&Area= middleeast&ID=SP5i303.
41. Jumhur-ye Elslami, August 17, 2002, excerpt and translation in MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 417, August 30, 2002, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi ?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP417o2.
42. Al-Ahram, January 13, 2003, excerpt and translation in "Egypt Rethinks Its Nuclear Program Part I: Scientific and Technological Capability vs. International Commitments," MEMRI Inquiry and Analysis Series No. 118, January 17, 2003, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=is&ID= IAii8o3.
43. See "Egypt Air Crash: The Hidden Hand behind the Disaster," al-Ahram, April 2, 2000, http://www.albalagh.net/current_affairs/egypt_crash.shtml.
44• Teimourian, interview, The World Today, Australian Broadcasting Company, http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/s686685.htm.
45• Ali al-Husseini al-Khamene'i, "Second Speech to Organization of Islamic Countries Meeting," cited in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, 128.
46. "Humaid Blasts West for Double Standard," Arab News, October 29, 2002, http://aljazeerah.info/News%2oarchives/2002%2oNews%2oarchives/ Oct%202002%2oNews/Oct%2029,%202002%2oNews.htm.
47. Abdel-Bari Atwan, interview, al-jazira television, October 12, 2003: cited in Abdallah, "Causes of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: A SocioPolitical Perspective," 69-70. See also al-Makdisi, "Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: An Interpretation of a Brief History," http://www .historycooperative.org/journals/jab/89.2/makdisi.htnil.
48. Amayreh, "Why I Hate America," http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi ?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP3o3oi.
49. For a detailed discussion of these events, see Rubin and Rubin, Arafat.
50. Ursan, Al-Usbu' al-Adabi, http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page= archives&Area =sd&ID = SP275o1.
51. Ibid.
52. Amayreh, "Why I Hate America," http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page= archives&Area=sd&ID=SP3o3o1.
53. BBC-TV, "Iraq Hails Attack on US," September 12, 2001, http://news.bbc.co .uk/i/hi/world/middle_east/154o216.stm.
54• al-Hawali, "Open Letter to President Bush," http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/ ---magamiet/Articles%2C_lectures/Open%2oletter%2oto%2oBush.htm.
55. "Prince" 6o Minutes, CBS-TV, October 28, 2001; "Saudi Arabia: The DoubleAct Wears Thin," The Economist, September 27, 2001.
56. Hafedh al-Shaykh, Akhbar al-Khalij, September 12, 2001, found in Murray Kahl, "Terror Strikes U.S.: `An Act of War,' How Will Americans Respond," September 12, 2001, http://www.chretiens-et-juifs.org/article.php ?voir%5b%5d=839&voir%5b%5d=3736#_Toc525o35372•
57. Reuters, September 11, 2001.
58. Juzo, Al-Hayat, http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area =sd&ID=SP272o1.
59. Bin Ladin was shortly thereafter expelled from Sudan and found sanctuary in Afghanistan. His manifesto originally appeared in al-Quds al-Arabi. Translation in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, 137-139.
60. Reuters, September n, 2001.
61. Ibid.
62. As described in "U.S. Ambassador to Cairo Takes on Conspiracy Theories in the Egyptian Press," MEMRI No. 423, October 1, 2002, http://www .memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page= countries&Area= egypt&ID = SP423o2.
63. Al-Usbu', September 23, 2002, excerpt and translation in "U.S. Ambassador to Cairo Takes on Conspiracy Theories in the Egyptian Press," MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 423, October 1, 2002, http://www.memri.org/bin/ articles.cgi?Page = countries&Area = egypt&ID = SP42302.
64. For example, his speech of November 7, 1979. Text in U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), November 8, 1979.
65. Hawi, Al-Safir, September 15, 2001, translated by FBIS.
66. "Eye-Witness to the Crime," Al-Ahram Al-Arabi, May 20, 2002. Excerpt and translation in "Egyptian Government Paper Accuses America of Gulf War Atrocities," MEMRI Special Dispatch Series No. 99, June 8, 2000, http: //www.memri.org/bin/articles. cgi?Page = archives&Area = sd&ID = SP99oo.
67. Nafi, "Disturbing Phenomenon in the U.S. Media," http://memri.org/bin/ articles. cgi?Page= archives&Area =sd&ID = SP292o1#_edn1.
68. Duweidar, "World in the Hands of a Devil," http://memri.org/bin/articles .cgi?Page = archives&Area =sd&ID = SP482o3.
69. Mahmoud, "May the Cannibals be Cursed!" http://memri.org/bin/articles .cgi?Page= archives&Area =sd&ID = SP55903•
70. "Najaf Massacre and the National Unity Required in Iraq," Al-Ahram, editorial, August 31, 2003. Excerpt and translation in "Egyptian Government Daily Al-Ahram: The U.S. Is Behind the Najaf Bombing," MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 562, September 1, 2003, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page =archives&Area=sd&ID=SP562o3.
71. "Poll: Muslims Call U.S. `Ruthless, Arrogant,'" CNN, February 26, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/02/26/gallup.muslims/; Andrea Stone, "Many in Islamic World Doubt Arabs Behind 9hi," USA Today, February 27, 2002, http://www.usatoday.com/news/septic/2002/02/27/usa-poll.htm.
72. Pew Global Attitudes Project, "Views of a Changing World 2003/War with Iraq Further Divides Global Publics," June 3, 2003, 29, http://people-press .org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=185.
73. Dunham, "It's Not Americans That Arabs Hate," http://www.businessweek .com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2002/nf2oo2o4l5_oro9.htm; Tessler, "Do Islamic Orientations Influence Attitudes toward Democracy in the Arab World: Evidence from the World Values Survey in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Algeria," http:/conconflicts.ssrc.org/mideast/tessler/pf/; James J. Zogby, "What Arabs Think: Values, Beliefs and Concerns: Report of Zogby International Commissioned by the Arab Thought Foundation," September 2002.
74. Nicolas Francis, Moises Naim, Abdel Monem, and Said Aly, "AntiAmericanism: What's New, What's Next?" World Economic Forum annual meeting, February 1, 2002, http:/www.weforum.org/site/knowledgenavigator .nsf/Content/Anti-Americanism:%2oWhat's%2oNew,%2oWhat's%2oNext? _2002?open&country_id=®ion_id=701002.
75. Reuters, October 3, 2002.
76. "Khomeini Comes to America," American Enterprise Institute, September 26, 2003, http://www.aei.org/events/filter.,eventID.63o/transcript.asp.
77. Nassar, "Interview with Saddam Hussein," http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi ?Page =archives&Area=sd&ID=SP437o2.
78. Al-Jazira. Excerpted and translated in "Qatar's Al-Jazirah TV Resumes Critical Tone toward US in Iraq," Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), December 12, 2003.
79. Murad, Al-Akhbar, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area= sd&ID=SP469o3.
8o. Al-Hayat Al-jadida, March 6, 2003. Excerpt and translation in "PA Youth Movement Verdict in `Field Trial': President Bush Guilty of War Crimes," MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 477, March 7, 2003, http://memri.org/bin/ articles. cgi?Page = archives&Area = sd&ID = SP477o3.
81. Tishrin, March 27, 2003.
82. Ibid., April 10, 2003.
83. Al-Fanik, "Imminent U.S. Aggression," http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi ?Page= archives&Area =sd&ID = SP48203.
84. Al-Faisal, "America the Forgiven," http://www.arabnews.com/?page=i§ion= o&article=32938&d=3&m=1o&y=2003.
Chapter 8
i. Pew Global Attitudes Project, "America's Image Further Erodes, Europeans Want Weaker Ties," http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID= 175PEW.
2. BBC, "Israeli Anger Over EU `Threat' Poll," http://news.bbc.co.uk/i/hi/ world/middle_east/3237277.stm.
3. Pew Global Attitudes Project, "Year after Iraq War," h
ttp://www.pewtrusts .com/pdf/pew-global_attitudes_year_war_o3i6o4.pdf, 7-8.
4. Ibid., 22.
5. Ali, "Tariq Ali on the `United Nations of America,' " http://www.greenleft .org.au/back/2003/527/527p22.htm.
6. Loach, "Marching Off to Peace," http://www.observer.co.uk/conunent/story/ o,6903,796615,oo.html.
7. Ash, "Peril of Too Much Power," http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ bush/ash.htm/.
8. Lenin, On the United States of America, 334-335.
9. Apres Umpire (2003), cited in Aster, "La Maladie Francaise," 3-4.
10. USIA Office of Research, "World Publics Have Mainly Positive Image of U.S. but Recognize Various Bilateral Tensions," January 29, 1993.
ii. USIA Office of Research, "Western European Public Opinion Roundup on U.S. and NATO, Spring 1993," April 19, 1993.
12. USIA Office of Research and Media Reaction, "America as Global Actor: The U.S. Image around the World," January 1995, 4-8, 25-30.
13. USIA Office of Research, "The U.S. Image 2000: Global Attitudes Towards the U.S. in the New Millennium," November 2000, 22.
14. Lloyd, "How Anti-Americanism Betrays the Left," http://observer.guardian .co.uk/worldview/story/o,11581,668425,oo.html.
15. Rushdie, "Rethinking the War on American Culture," http://www.uwm.edu/ -wash/rushdie.htm.
16. Alibhai-Brown, "America Has Descended into Madness," http://argument .independent. co. uk/regular-columnists/yasmin_alibhai_brown/story.j sp? story =415816.
17. Burchill, "Suffering under Uncle Sam," http://www.guardian.co.uk/ Columnists/Column/o,5673,368817,00.html.
18. Rushdie, "Rethinking the War on American Culture," http://www.uwm.edu/ --wash/rushdie.htm/.
i9. Magnet, "London Peace Marchers Say: Long Live the Intifada," http://www .city-journal.org/html/eon_2_17_o3jm.html.
20. Van Elteren, "America Life by Proxy: Dutch Youth and Their Sense of Place," 131.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 132
23. Ibid., 163.
24. Ibid., 143.
25. Sardar and Davies, Why Do People Hate America?, 131.
26. McKay, "Afterward: Downsizing America," 161-162.
27. Guillaume, Le Complot des maitres du pouvoir (The Plot of Our Rulers) (Paris, 1999), cited by Schutz, "Euro-skepticism and Anti-Americanism Erupt in Europe," http://www.culturekiosque.com/nouveau/books/ europeanunion.html.
