Philipp Holzmann AG (construction) [7] [10]
Philips-Valvo (electronics) [7] [10]
Phrix-Werke (cellulose) [5] [8] [10]
Polte-Werke (underground construction) [10]
Poppenbüttel-Sasel (petroleum) [5]
Rheinmetall-Borsig (munitions) [7]
Rhenania Ossag (Shell oil) [7] [10]
Rolf [10]
Rosseburg[10]
Salzgitter AG [5]
Schindler Erdöl Fabrik [10]
Siemens und Müller (underground construction) [10]
Stahlwerke Braunschweig (steel, construction) [8]
Steinol GmbH (coke and cement work) [10]
Stülckenwerft (construction) [5] [8] [10]
Thomsen und Co. (construction) [5] [8] [10]
Valentin Marine Oberbauleitung (marine construction) [8] [10]
Valvo Radioröhrenfabrik Hamburg (Valvo Röhrenwerke—electronics) [8] [10]
Vereinigte Metallwerke (munitions) [5]
Volkenreich (construction) [10]
Volkswagenwerke (munitions, armored cars) [5] [7] [8] [10]
Walther-Werke (firearms) [7] [8]
Wayss & Freytag AG (construction) [7] [10]
Wesseloh (construction) [10]
Zementfabrik Hamburg-Tiefstack (cement) [10]
Ravensbrück
AEG (electronics) [3] [5]
Ardelt Werke (munitions) [5] [10]
Chemische Fabrik Malchow [8]
Erprobungstelle d RLM [2]
Dornier-Flugzeugwerke (aircraft) [10]
Flugplatz Rechlin (airport) [8]
Gerätewerke Pommern (missile assembly) [2] [8] [10]
Havelschmelzwerk GmbH [5]
Heinkel-Werke AG (aircraft) [2] [3] [5] [10]
Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG) (munitions) [10]
IG Farben (film factory) [10]
Ikaria-Werke GmbH [10]
Kabel- und Metallwerke Neumeyer AG [10]
Luftfahrtgerätewerk [10]
Markgraf und Heger [10]
Mechanische Werkstätten GmbH (munitions) [2] [5] [10]
Metallwerke Holleischen GmbH (munitions) [10]
Munitionsfabrik Finower Industrie (munitions) [10]
Munitionsfabrik Silberwerke Treuenbrietzen Zweigwerk Röderhof (munitions) [10]
Polte-Gruneberger-Metall-Konzern (munitions) [10]
Polte-Werke (flak munitions) [10]
Siemens Bauabteilung (construction) [10]
Siemens und Halske (electronics) [2] [3] [5]
Silva-Metallwerke GmbH (munitions) [2] [8] [10]
Sprengstoff Chemie-Werke (munitions) [10]
Veltener-Maschinenbau GmbH (aircraft components) [2] [10]
Riga- Kaiserwald and Baltic KLs
AEG, Riga (electrical cable) [1] [3] [5] [10]
Baltische Ölgesellschaft (petroleum) [10]
Bazun (construction) [10]
Dallmann Hoch- und Tiefbau (construction) [10]
Dunawerke [10]
Fabrik Lenta [10]
Frankel (leatherwork) [10]
Hahn (construction) [10]
Hardt, Knittel und Welker [10]
Hebel-Schreder [10]
Hollaender [10]
Kopperschmidt und Söhne, Riga (antiaircraft munitions) [2]
Müller [10]
Licht und Kraft [10]
Ottlieb und Berger, Riga (railroad construction) [5] [10]
Philipp Holzmann (construction, synthetic benzine site) [3] [10]
Rippel, Riga (railroad construction) [5] [10]
Rubereit [10]
Sager und Worner (construction) [10]
Sägewerk Zunda (woodworking) [10]
Schichau (antiaircraft munitions, loading) [5] [10]
Vinzent Langelot (airport construction) [10]
Wolf und Dering (construction of bunkers) [10]
Sachsenhausen
AEG Kabelwerk Oberspree (electrical cables) [1] [3] [5] [8] [10]
ARADO Flugzeugwerke Rathenow (aircraft components) [8] [10]
Argus-Werke [1] [5] [10]
Auerwerke Orianberg (gas masks) [3] [5] [8] [10]
BMW [9]
Borsig-Werke [10]
Braunkohle-Benzin AG (BRABAG) (mining, synthetic fuel) [3] [10]
Daimler Benz, Genshagen [8] [10]
Deutsche Industriewerke AG (munitions) [10]
Deutsche Maschinenbau AG (DEMAG) (panzer manufacturing) [5] [8] [10]
Deutsches Rote Kreuz, Berlin [8] [10]
Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH (aircraft components) [10]
Dynamit Nobel AG (munitions) [10]
Heinemann und Busse [10]
Heinkel-Werke AG (aircraft components) [2] [3] [5] [8] [9] [10]
IG Farben [10]
Ikaria Werke GmbH [10]
Keltenborn und Stenvers [10]
Kreiselgeräte GmbH [10]
Krupp (munitions) [1] [5] [8] [10]
Luftfahrtgerätewerk [10]
Luranil-Bau GmbH [10]
Märkisches Walzwerk [10]
Metallwarenfabrik Treuenbrietzen GmbH [10]
Mitteldeutsche Stahl- und Walzwerke-Friederich-Flick KG [10]
Munitionsfabrik Gloewen (munitions) [8]
National-Krupp Registrier-Kassen GmbH [10]
Pertrix (Varta) (aircraft batteries) [1] [10]
Phrix-Werke (cellulose) [8] [10]
Rheinmetall-Borsig (locomotives) [1] [5]
Siemens-Schuckertwerke (electronics) [1] [3] [5] [8] [10]
Silva-Metallwerke GmbH (flak munitions) [10]
Spinnstoff-Fabrik Zehlendorf (textiles) [1]
Sprengstoff-Fabrik Meissner und Sohn AG (munitions) [10]
Steinwertz und Siefert [10]
Telefunken (electronics) [10]
UFA—Universum-Film-AG [10]
Veltner Maschinenbau GmbH [10]
Wagner und Csastek [10]
Zellwolle (textiles) [8]
Zeppelin Luftschiffbau GmbH (dirigibles) [2]
Stutthof
AEG Kabel, Thorn (electrical cable) [1] [3] [5] [10]
Bauer Dyck [10]
Behrend [10]
Carl Steppuhn [10]
Danziger Werft (shipyard) [10]
Deutsche Werke Gotenhafen (shipyard) [10]
Dirksen, Muggenhabl [1] [10]
Dridiger [10]
Dynamit Nobel AG (munitions) [10]
Epp, Stutthof [8]
Fast [10]
G.H.T.O. [10]
Hans Carstens, Danzig (food processing) [1] [10]
Heinrich Ott Penner, Danzig (construction) [1] [10]
Huth-Reitschule [10]
Hydrierwerk Poelitz [8]
Jost Fassfabrik (textiles) [1]
Kemna und Co. (concrete) [10]
Kieferling [10]
Marine Bauleitung (shipyard) [10]
Metzger und Co. (munitions) [10]
Milka Hoch- und Tiefbau AG (construction) [10]
Moll (construction) [10]
Müller und Co. (construction) [10]
Otto Jost (barrel makers) [10]
P. Borchardt, Danzig (construction) [1] [10]
Pinow (construction) [10]
Romer und Dehlert (mining) [10]
Schichau-Werft GmbH (submarine construction, loading) [5] [8] [10]
Thiel und Co. [10]
Thiersen (stone mining) [10]
Voss [10]
Waggonfabrik Koenigsberg [8]
Waggonfabrik Steinfurt AG [10]
Wagner [10]
Welko und Cohen (construction) [10]
Wilhelm Bötzel, Danzig [1] [10]
Zemke (construction) [10]
Sources
[1].Bundesgesetzblatt, September 9, 1977.
[2].Himmler report to Goering, February 18, 1944, (Nuremberg doc. PS-1584 (III)).
[3].Benjamin Ferencz, Less Than Slaves. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1979.
[4].Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Harper, 1961.
[5].International Red Cros
s, International Tracing Service, Catalogue of Camps and Prisons in Germany and German-Occupied Territories, vol. 1 (1949), vol. 2 (1950), and supplement (1951), compiled and indexed in Martin Weinmann (ed.), Das nationalsozialistische Lagersystem. Frankfurt a/M: Zweitausendeins, 1990.
[6].Trial of the Major War Criminals. International Military Tribunal, 1947.
[7].Hamburger Stiftung zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und Kultur, Industrie, Behörden und Konzentrationslager 1938–1945, Reaktionen 1988–1989.
[8].Karl Sommer affidavit, October 4, 1946, (Nuremberg doc. NI-1065).
[9].Joseph Billig, Les Camps de Concentration dans l’economie du Reich Hitlerien. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1973.
[10].International Red Cross, International Tracing Service (Internationaler Suchdienst), Verzeichnis der Haftstätten unter dem Reichsführer-SS, 1933–1945. Arolsen: International Red Cross, 1979.
* In October 1944, the Dora Mittelbau project was administratively separated from Buchenwald, its “parent” concentration camp, and became the separate KL Mittelbau. This camp, also widely known as “Dora” and “Nordhausen,” provided the majority of forced laborers used in the German rocket program. For simplicity’s sake, the table here uses the format adopted by the West German government in its Bundesgesetzblatt report on concentration camps, which presents the Dora Mittelbau project as a side camp of Buchenwald.
Notes and Sources
Chapter One
The Splendid Blond Beast
1.Nietzsche, Friedrich, Zur Genealogie der Moral, ch. 11, pp. 288–91, in Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari (eds.), Nietzsche Werke. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1968, vol. 6, pt. 2. For a good popular introduction to Nietzsche, see Marc Sautet (with illustrations by Patrick Boussignac), Nietzsche for Beginners. New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, 1990; discussion of “Splendid Blond Beast” at p. 153. For an interpretation of Nietzsche from a leading German intellectual magazine of the Hitler era, see Kurt Liebmann, “Nietzsche und Das Reich,” Das Reich, July 21, 1940. For a recent, penetrating critique of the malevolent aspects of Nietzsche’s work, see Philippe Foot, “Nietzsche’s Immoralism,” New York Review of Books, June 13, 1991, p. 18.
2.Irving Louis Horowitz, Genocide; State Power and Mass Murder. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, p. 73.
3.Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil; The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989.
4.For an extensive defense of German industrial leaders, see Henry Ashby Turner, German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985; on anti-Semitism issue, see pp. 252, 336–39. For a more critical view of the role of German business in what has come to be called the “prehistory of fascism,” see David Abraham, The Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 2nd edition. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1986, pp. 271–72.
5.Johannes Ludwig, Boykott, Enteignung, Mord; Die ‘Entjudung’ der deutschen Wirtschaft. Hamburg: Facta, 1989; Dieter Swatek, Unternehmenskonzentration als Ergebnis und Mittel nationalsozialistischer Wirtschaftspolitik. Berlin: Dunker & Humbolt, 1972, pp. 88–93ff.
6.Karl-Heinz Roth and Michael Schmid, Die Daimler-Benz AG, 1916–1948. Schlusseldokumente zur Konzerngeschichte. Nordlingen: Delphi (Greno), 1987; Hamburger Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts (ed.), Das Daimler-Benz-Buch. Ein Rustungskonzern im “Tausendiahrigen Reich.” Nordlingen: Echo (Greno), 1988.
7.Max Stein, Report on the Employment of Slave Work by the Siemens Concern During World War II, 1961, ms. in Benjamin Ferencz papers. Copy in author’s collection. I am grateful to Mr. Ferencz for permitting me access to this collection. For an excellent account of Jewish forced labor in Nazi Germany, see Benjamin Ferencz, Less Than Slaves. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1979; on AEG, Telefunken, and Siemens, see pp. 105–27.
8.Artem Ohandjanian, Armenien. Der verschwiegene Volkermord. Vienna: Bohlau, 1989, pp. 84–119 passim; Hovannisian, Armenian Genocide, op. cit., p. 30; Vahakn Dadrian, “The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, November 1991, pp. 549–76; Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources. Jerusalem, Israel: Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1991. For an extensive collection of archival evidence concerning the Armenian Genocide, see Rouben Adalian (ed.), The Armenian Genocide in the U.S. Archives, 1915–1918, (microfiche collection). Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey, 1991–92.
9.For a summary and bibliography, see Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1990, pp. 195–203, 443–46.
10.Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and Vietnam. An American Tragedy. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1970, pp. 19, 22.
11.Christian Streit, “The German Army and the Policies of Genocide,” in Gerhard Hirschfeld (ed.), The Policies of Genocide. London: German Historical Institute and Allen & Unwin, 1986; Foreign Languages Publishing House, Documents on Adolf Heusinger’s Crimes Against Peace, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962.
12.Roosevelt statement: Department of State Bulletin, vol. 1, 1939, p. 181, with British and German replies claiming cooperation at pp. 182–83. For German reply, see U.S. Department of State press release No. 369, September 2, 1939, 740 001 EW1939/252, box 2915, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC. By the following May, the ratcheting escalation of British and German bombing raids led the British to state formally to the U.S. that they had abandoned their previous policy of refraining from bombing strictly civilian targets and that they would “reserve to themselves the right to take any action they consider appropriate in the event of bombing by the enemy of civil populations.” See Kennedy to Secretary of State, May 10, 1940, 740.00116 EW1939/216, box 2915, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC. A good summary of this issue drawn from original sources can be found in Frits Kalshoven, Belligerent Reprisals. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1971, pp. 161–78.
For definition of war crimes found in footnote that follows, see Leon Friedman (ed.), The Law of War. A Documentary History, vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972 (original publisher: Random House), pp. 908–909.
13.Staub, op. cit., pp. xii–xiii, 6; author’s interview with Ervin Staub, March 20, 1991.
14.Yehuda Bauer, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective. Seattle, WA: Univ. of Washington Press, 1978. This brief characterization of Bauer’s analysis is drawn from Helen Fein’s valuable overview, “Genocide: A Sociological Perspective,” Current Sociology (Sage, London), vol. 38, no. 1, Spring 1990, p. 54.
15.Fein, ibid., pp. 51–78.
16.Basic books on the sociology and social dynamics of genocide, in addition to the Chalk and Jonassohn, Fein, Hovannisian, Ohandjanian, and Staub texts mentioned above, include Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington: Carnegie Endowment, 1944; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Harper, 1961; Leo Kuper, Genocide, Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1981, and The Prevention of Genocide, New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1985; Vahakn Dadrian, “The Structural-Functional Components of Genocide,” in Israel Senderey and Emilio Viano (eds.), Victimology. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1974, and “Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: The World War I Armenian Case and Its Contemporary Legal Ramifications,” Yale Journal of International Law, Summer 1989; Israel Charny (ed.), Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982; Henry Friedlander and Sybil Milton, The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide. New York: Kraus, 1980; Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The Final Solution in History. New York: Pantheon, 1988. For bibliographies, see Israel Charney (ed.), Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, 2 vols. New York: Facts on File, 1988, 1991.
17.Richard Breiting (Edouard Calic, ed.), Secret Conversations With Hitler, The Two Newly Discovered 1931 Interviews. New York: John Day, p. 81; U.S., Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Pro
secution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 3. Washington, DC: USGPO, 1946, p. 753; Adolph Hitler, Hitler’s Secret Conversations, 1941–1944. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953, pp. 188, 317, 493.
18.U.S., Department of the Treasury, Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews, January 13, 1944, unpublished staff study, now found at Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Diaries, vol. 693, pp. 212–29, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY.
19.Robert Lansing, Diary, entry for May 25, 1915, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; cited in Ronald Pruessen, John Foster Dulles. The Road to Power. New York. Free Press, 1982, p. 46.
20.Mira Wilkins, The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1974, p. 185; U.S., Department of Commerce, American Direct Investment in Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: USGPO, Trade Information Bulletin No. 731. Moody’s Investors Service, Moody’s Manual of Investments, American and Foreign Industrial Securities. New York & London: Moody’s, 1939, pp. 1798, 1800, 1801, 1804, a113–a117: “Six-Year Price Range of Foreign Industrials” (blue section).
21.See, for example, Tom Bower, Blind Eye to Murder. London: Granada, 1983, pp. 47–51, or more detailed discussion below.
22.Marjorie Housepian Dobkin, “What Genocide? What Holocaust? News from Turkey 1915–1923, A Case Study,” in Richard Hovannisian (ed.), The Armenian Genocide in Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1986, pp. 97–110; Bernard Baruch, The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the [Versailles] Treaty. New York: Harper, 1920; particularly speeches by John Foster Dulles and Australian Prime Minister W. M. Hughes at pp. 289–315; see also more detailed notes in the chapters below.
23.Murphy to Secretary of State, 740.00116EW/8-1147 (Top Secret, No Distribution), August 11, 1947; Robert Joyce (Central Intelligence Group) to Walter Dowling, “Subject: Former SS Colonel Dollmann” (Top Secret), December 1, 1946 (sanitized), 740.00116EW/12-146; Leghorn to Secretary of State, 740.00116EW/5-1547 (Top Secret), May 15, 1947; Jack Neal, “Memorandum for the Files” (Top Secret), September 16, 1947, found at 740.00116 EW/8-1147. These records, which had been previously withheld from the State Department files in the National Archives, were obtained by the author through the Freedom of Information Act and are now available at RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC. See also “Interrogation Report on SS Standartenfuehrer Rauff, Walter,” May 15, 1945 (Confidential), in U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps file No. D-216719, Rauff, Walter, obtained via Freedom of Information Act from U.S. Army INSCOM, Ft. Meade, MD; and “Summary Prepared by W. M. Chase on ‘The Role of the Wolff Group in Operation Sunrise,’” March 10, 1947 (Top Secret), 740.00116EW/11-1047, box 3625, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC. For Dulles’s account of his encounter with Rauff, see Allen Dulles, The Secret Surrender. New York: Harper, 1966, pp. 66, 83, 102, 107, 158, 188, 192–93.
The Splendid Blond Beast Page 36
