The Splendid Blond Beast

by Simpson, Christopher; Miller, Mark Crispin;

  24.For Rauff’s testimony on this point to a Chilean immigration court, see Simon Wiesenthal Center, SS Col. Rauff, op. cit.

  25.Ibid.

  26.Ibid.

  27.Leghorn to Secretary of State, 740.00116EW/5-1547 (Top Secret), May 15, 1947, obtained in sanitized form via Freedom of Information Act, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  Wenner, it should be noted, also often served as Wolff’s personal representative in negotiations between major German companies and the SS; see “Geschaftsanweisung” (an SS-Dresdner Bank contract regarding Ostindustie accounts, July 9, 1943), National Archives microfilm no. T-976, reel 6, frame 001074.

  28.Leghorn to Secretary of State, ibid.

  29.Murphy to Secretary of State, 740.00116EW/8-1147 (Top Secret, No Distribution), August 11, 1947, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  30.Jack Neal, “Memorandum for the Files” (Top Secret), September 16, 1947, found at 740.00116 EW/8-1147, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC. This record, which had previously been withheld from the State Department files in the National Archives, was obtained by the author via the Freedom of Information Act.

  31.Ibid.

  32.Smith and Agarossi, op. cit., pp. 189–90.

  33.Loc. cit.

  34.Loc. cit.

  35.Loc. cit.

  36.“SS-General Wolff gestorben,” Franfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 17, 1984; Jochen Lang, Der Adjutant; Karl Wolff: Der Mann zwischen Hitler und Himmler, Munchen: Herbig, 1985.

  37.For an overview of Grombach’s employment by, and rivalry with, the CIA, see Christopher Simpson, Blowback. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988. pp. 235–38.

  38.John Valentine Grombach, “The Case of Dr. Eugen Dollmann”; (Annex “D”) in The Otto John Case, unpublished manuscript, n.d. (1954?); copy in author’s collection.

  39.Eugen Dollmann, The Interpreter: Memoirs of Doktor Eugen Dollmann. London: Hutchinson, 1967.

  40.On Bicchierai’s work with U.S. intelligence, see Simpson, op. cit., pp. 92–94.

  41.“Protocol of the Proceedings of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, August 1, 1945,” in U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Documents on Germany, 1944–1985. Department of State publication no. 9446. Washington, DC: USGPO, pp. 54–65.

  Chapter Seventeen

  Double-Think on Denazification

  1.“Protocol of the Proceedings of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference,” op. cit. For an orthodox Soviet collection of documents from the same conference that reveals important differences in tone and interpretation from the latter-day official U.S. position, see Ministerium für Auswartige Angelegenheiten der UdSSR, Die Potsdamer (Berliner) Konferenz der hochsten Reprasentanten der drie alliierten Machte. Moskau/Berlin: Verlag Progress (DDR state publishing house), 1984, pp. 375–98.

  For a detailed discussion of the often-pivotal role of the reparations issue in U.S.-Soviet relations of the period, see Bruce Kuklick, American Policy and the Division of Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1972; and Thomas Peterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1973, pp. 235–67. See also Inter-Allied Reparation Agency, Report of the Assembly of the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency to its Member Governments. Brussels: Inter-Allied Reparation Agency, 1951. For an overview of the reparations issue at the Potsdam Conference, see Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1960, pp. 56–61, 232–44, 253–65, with a text of the treaty at pp. 338–54.

  For a good summary of the legal implications for war crimes enforcement of the Potsdam agreements as seen by contemporary observers, see Joseph Hodgson (then U.S. Commissioner on the UNWCC) to Secretary of State, “Forwarding Data Concerning the United Nations War Crimes Commission” (Confidential), August 6, 1945, 740.001166EW/8-645, box 3601, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  2.“Protocol of the Proceedings …,” ibid.

  3.Ibid.

  4.Ibid.

  5.Ibid. There is no single list of those who were to be regarded as “key men” in the German economy in the sense that this term was used at Potsdam. Hodgson of the UNWCC refers to the UNWCC lists no. 7 and no. 9 as models; copies of each of these are today available at the United Nations archives in New York. But the UNWCC’s early effort was never viewed as comprehensive, and the Western adherence to this aspect of the Potsdam agreement collapsed before any serious effort was made to prepare a complete list of “key men.” One of the more comprehensive efforts along these lines was “Names of Persons and Industrial Groups Affected by the Application of the Denazification Program to Banks,” n.d. (1947?), box 54, OMGUS/FINAD, Finance Division/Investigations, RG 260, National Archives, Suitland, MD.

  6.“Criticism of Denazification Program,” August 25, 1945, file: Special Reports, box 237, OMGUS/FINAD, RG 260, National Archives, Suitland, MD.

  7.Gabriel Almond and Wolfgang Kraus, “The Social Composition of the German Resistance,” in Gabriel Almond (ed.), The Struggle for Democracy in Germany. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1949, pp. 65–67.

  8.U.S. Government, OMGUS, Internal Affairs and Communication Division, Public Safety Branch (Berlin), Report on Effect of Denazification upon Industry in US Zone of Occupation, Germany, with exhibits and company reply forms, October 9, 1947, in file: “Survey of the Effects of Denazification on Industry,” Public Safety Branch S-17, box 334, RG 260, National Archives, Suitland, MD. For a detailed and sophisticated discussion of the complex evolution of the Betriebsrats, see Michael Fichter, Besatzungsmacht und Gewerkschaften. Berlin: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1982; and Michael Fichter, Von Stalingrad zur Wahrungsreform. München: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1988.

  9.Almond and Kraus, op. cit., p. 68.

  10.James Stewart Martin, All Honorable Men. Boston: Little, Brown, 1950, p. 206.

  11.The Drapers have been leading Republican party fund-raisers for at least four generations, and remain so today. On Draper family and Draper mills history: Orra Stone, History of Massachusetts Industries, vol. 2. Boston: S. J. Clarke, 1930, pp. 1910–16; John Garner, The Model Company Town. Amherst, MA: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1984, pp. 183ff; “Strikers’ Demands Today Not Granted by Draper Company,” Milford Daily Journal, April 3, 1913. I am grateful to the Museum of American Textile History, North Andover, MA, for their assistance in researching Draper Mills.

  12.General William H. Draper, Jr., Oral History Interview, January 11, 1972, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, MO., pp. 32–33.

  13.Martin, op. cit., passim; Draper, ibid., pp. 40–42.

  14.Martin, op. cit., pp. 164, 173.

  15.Draper, op. cit., pp. 40–42.

  16.Lucius Clay, Oral History Interview, July 16, 1974, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, MO, pp. 15–16 (on JCS 1067] and p. 13 (on Truman); see also “Was the Decartelization Program Sabotaged? Profile No. 3: General Lucius D. Clay,” Prevent World War III, no. 38 Summer 1951. Elsewhere, Clay has commented that he regarded the JCS 1067 order as having had a “devastating effect” on the morale of his supporters in the U.S. Group Control Council, apparently as early as the summer of 1945; see Lucius D. Clay, Decision in Germany. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1950, p. 8.

  17.U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Military Affairs, Elimination of German Resources for War, Part 11 (Russell Nixon testimony), pp. 1545–46. Senator Kilgore’s intervention ensured that a limited study of the German financial elite did take place, despite considerable harassment from Draper and his supporters. In the end, Draper succeeded in pushing the rebellious aides out of his administration and in burying the reports of their investigations in classified files, where they have lain undisturbed and largely unread for more than forty years. They were finally published in 1986 in German translation by the Hamburger Dokumentationsstelle zur NS-Sozialpolitik; they have never been published in English.

  On “double-think” phenomena and its treatment in U.S. historical accounts, see Gabriel Kolko, “American Business and Germany, 1930–1940,” Western Po
litical Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 4, December 1962, pp. 713ff.

  18.Martin, op. cit., pp. 163–64.

  19.“Potsdam Mandate Is Seen Softened,” New York Times, November 25, 1945, p. 32. On Kilgore’s efforts, see also C. P. Trussell, “German Industry Grew Under Raids,” New York Times, August 8, 1945, p. 15; Harley M. Kilgore, “Germany Is Not Yet Defeated,” New York Times Magazine, August 12, 1945, pp. 10ff; “Kilgore Criticized U.S. Reich Chiefs,” New York Times, October 4, 1945, p. 7; “AMG in Germany Scored by Kilgore,” New York Times, December 22, 1945, p. 7. For Allen Dulles’s economic analysis of Germany during the first years after the war, see Allen Dulles, “Alternatives for Germany,” introduction to Hoyt Price and Carl Schorske, The Problem of Germany, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1947.

  20.On Clay and Draper: their oral histories, cited above. On FTC investigation: U.S. Government, Federal Trade Commission, Report of the Committee Appointed to Review the Decartelization Program in Germany to the Honorable Secretary of the Army, April 15, 1949, (often known as the Ferguson Committee Report), box 1, entry 131, RG 335, National Archives, Suitland, MD. See also: U.S. Government, OMGUS, Economics Division, Decartelization Branch, Report on Progress of the Decartelization Branch, June 14, 1947, and Report to the Secretary of War on the Decartelization Program in Germany, September 24, 1947, and Decartelization in the U.S. Zone of Germany, December 1948, each of which is found at box 1, entry 131, RG 335, National Archives, Suitland, MD. The December 1948 report is also available in more accessible form at the Law Library of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

  Chapter Eighteen

  “It Would Be Undesirable if This Became Publicly Known”

  1.See, for example, Matthews memorandum, February 28, 1946, 740.00116EW/2-2846, and Riddleberger to Matthews, February 28, 1946, 740.00116EW/2-2846; both at box 3612, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  2.Loc. cit.

  3.Hodgson to Secretary of State, November 2, 1945, 740.00116EW/11-245, box 3607, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  4.War Department Adjutant General to Department of State, February 18, 1946, 740.00116EW/2-1846, box 3612, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC. See also Byrnes (Fite) to Hodgson, March 21, 1946, 740.00116EW/3-2146, box 3613, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  5.Extract from Hodgson letter to Hackworth, which appears as an attachment to Matthews memorandum, February 28, 1946, ibid., Wolff to Secretary of State, April 25, 1946, 740.00116EW/4-2546, box 3614, RG 59, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  6.Matthews memorandum of February 28, 1946, ibid.

  7.Riddleberger to Matthews, February 28, 1946, 740.00116EW/2-2846, op. cit.

  8.Eugene Davidson, The Trial of the Germans. New York: Macmillan, 1966, pp. 553ff.

  9.Leon Friedman (ed.), The Law of War. A Documentary History, vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972, pp. 908–909.

  10.U.S., OMGUS, “Report of the Denazification Policy Board to the Deputy Military Governor” (Restricted), January 15, 1946, pp. 6–7, in file: “Denazification Publications,” box 326, entry S-17, OMGUS Public Safety Branch, RG 260, National Archives, Suitland, MD.

  11.Ibid., p. 12.

  12.Ibid., pp. 5–6.

  13.Loc. cit. For recent scholarship concerning the number and treatment of German POWs in Western hands at the end of World War II, see two papers presented at the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, 1992 Conference (Vassar College and Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, New York): Gunter Bischof, “American Treatment of German POWs During and After World War II in Light of Recent Historiography” (1992), and Richard Wiggers, “The United States and the Denial of Prisoner of War Status at the End of the Second World War” (1992). For prosecutors estimates of “Number of (Nazi) Politische Leiter Being Prosecuted Compared to Number of Nazi Elements in Germany and Entire German Population,” see Office of U.S. Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1946, vol. 8, chart 14.

  14.See, for example, the various “schedules” of financial personnel listing specific companies, offices, enforcement priorities, etc., found at file: “Denazification,” box 229, OMGUS/FINAD, RG 260, National Archives, Suitland, MD.

  15.U.S., OMGUS, “Report of the Denazification Policy Board,” op. cit., pp. 8–11.

  16.Ibid., p. 10.

  17.U.S., OMGUS/FINAD, Financial Intelligence and Liaison Branch Field Investigation Section, Report on the Investigation of Law 52 in the US Zone (Restricted), May 1946; copy in author’s collection. My special thanks to Louis Madison for his comments concerning denazification, and for bringing these records to my attention. See also: U.S., OMGUS, “Law No. 52: Blocking and Control of Property,” (n.d.), four pages, in the same collection.

  18.U.S., OMGUS, “Report of the Denazification Policy Board,” op. cit., p. 1.

  19.James Stewart Martin, Honorable Men. Boston: Little, Brown, 1950, pp. 184–85.

  20.Lewis H. Brown, A Report on Germany. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1947.

  21.Milton Moskowitz, Michael Katz, and Robert Levering. Everybody’s Business. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980, pp. 163–65.

  22.Brown, op. cit., p. ix.

  23.Ibid., pp. v–xii passim.

  24.Ibid., pp. 17–18, with quote from p. 18.

  25.Ibid., p. x.

  26.Martin, op. cit., pp. 193–94, 223.

  27.Ibid., pp. 226–27.

  28.National Industrial Conference Board, Rationalization of German Industry, op. cit., pp. 110–11.

  29.Ferdinand Lundberg, The Rich and the Super-Rich. New York: Bantam, 1969, pp. 141–44. For a recent example of somewhat similar behavior by General Electric, see Steven Pearlstein, “GE Told to Toughen Fraud Case Penalties,” Washington Post, June 3, 1992, p. F-1.

  30.Martin, All Honorable Men, op. cit., p. 185.

  31.Harley M. Kilgore, “Germany Is Not Yet Defeated,” New York Times Magazine, August 12, 1945, pp. 10ff.

  32.Ibid.

  33.Michael Wala, “Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: The Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery,” Diplomatic History, Summer 1986, pp. 221ff. On Dubinsky, see p. 261. On James Carey, see Blowback, p. 126. Carey, who also served on the board of the National Committee for a Free Europe and a number of similar organizations with unacknowledged ties to the CIA, told the New York Herald Tribune in June 1950 that “in the last war we joined with the Communists to fight the Fascists. [In the next], we will join the Fascists to defeat the Communists.”

  34.Wala, ibid., p. 252.

  35.Lucius D. Clay, Oral History Interview, op. cit., pp. 25–26. Abs’s name is mistranscribed in this publication as Hermann Epps, though it is in fact Abs that Clay is discussing.

  36.“International Outlook,” Business Week, February 1, 1947, pp. 99–100.

  37.Wala, op. cit., pp. 253–58, with Plumley quote on p. 264.

  38.Ibid., p. 264.

  Chapter Nineteen

  The End of the War Crimes Commission

  1.OMGUS Deutsche Bank, op. cit., p. 1; “Hermann J. Abs,” in file: Nazis Dismissed from German Banking, n.d. (1946?), OMGUS/FINAD, box 234, RG, 260, National Archives, Suitland, MD. Abs was eventually barred from entry into the United States; see “Abs darf nicht in die USA,” Reuter news dispatch, May 7, 1990.

  2.For an excellent and convenient summary of the Nuremberg Subsequent Proceedings, see John Alan Appleman, Military Tribunals and International Crimes, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1971; Frank Buscher, The U.S. War Crimes Trial Program in Germany, 1946–1955. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989; Telford Taylor, Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on the Nuernberg War Crimes Trials. Washington, DC: USGPO, 1949.

  3.See U.S. filings now held at the United Nations War Crimes Commission Archives, New York, NY.

  4.Author’s interview with Telford Taylor, July 14, 1988; see also author’s interview with former Nuremberg prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz, July 9, 1988.

  5.Ibid., and Appleman, op. cit., p. 1
74.

  6.Ibid. For a concise presentation of how the defense of necessity was perceived prior to the Flick case, see “Exhibit B: In Connection with General MacArthur’s Talk Before the War Policies Commission,” War Policies Commission, Hearings, op. cit., pp. 474–75. The discussion there, prepared by the U.S. Department of War, indicates that the legal claim of “necessity” had up to that time been employed primarily by the government in cases stemming from military damage to private property and/or seizure of private goods during the course of a war. Further, the circumstances in which the defense could be raised were quite narrow: “The necessity must be immediate, imperative, and in some cases extreme and overwhelming [in order to be accepted as a defense], mere expediency or utility will not suffice” (p. 475). The court’s extension of this defense to Flick, a corporate officer, seems to have stood precedent on its head.

  7.Office of U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, Office of Public Affairs, “Landsberg: A Documentary Report,” Information Bulletin, February 15, 1950.

  8.For a biographic summary, see National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 57, p. 110, Current Biography 1958, pp. 181–82, and the introductory notes to Green Hackworth, Digest of International Law, vol. 1, Department of State publication No. 1506, 1940, reprinted by Garland Publishing (New York), 1973.

  9.Walter Millis (ed.), Forrestal Diaries. New York: Viking, 1951; and Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, Driven Patriot, The Life and Times of James Forrestal, New York: Knopf, 1992.

  10.It has not been possible in this volume to discuss the postwar reconstruction of Japan’s major business cartels during Draper’s tenure there. However, Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan, The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford, 1985, pp. 107–140, makes an important contribution to understanding this subject. For reviews of the war crimes trials in Japan, see R. John Pritchard, Overview of the Historical Importance of the Tokyo War Trial. Oxford: Nissan Occasional Papers, 1987, or Richard Minear, Victors’ Justice. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1971.