Katherine Howard: A New History

by Byrne, Conor

58.LP, VII, 476.

  59.Cal.SP Span., V, 127.

  60.LP, VIII, 111, 174, 327, 355.

  61.LP, VIII, 263.

  62.Ibid, IX, 802.

  63.Ibid, X, 142.

  64.Anthony Fletcher, ‘Men’s Dilemma: The Future of Patriarchy in England 1560-1660’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Sixth Series 4 (1994), 80.

  65.LP, X, 282.

  66.Hall, Chronicle, p. 818.

  67.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 33.

  68.De Carles, Poeme sur la Mort d’Anne Boleyn, lines 317-26, in Ascoli, La Grande Bretagne devant l’Opinion Francaise.

  69.LP, X, 283.

  70.J.A. Froude, The Reign of Henry the Eighth, ii. xii., p. 187.

  71.Gerald Brenan and Edward Stratham, The House of Howard (London, 1907), pp. 183-4.

  72.P, X, 726.

  73.Ibid, X, 873.

  74.Starkey, Six Queens, p. 564.

  75.Historians such as Ives, Anne, and A. Weir, The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn (Jonathan Cape, 2009) favour the first argument; Warnicke, Rise and fall, believes that the queen miscarried a deformed child, leading to her execution; Bernard, Fatal Attractions, contends that she was guilty of the charges of adultery and incest; and others, such as Suzannah Lipscomb and Starkey, Six Queens, favour the queen’s indiscriminating conversations.

  76.See Starkey, Six Queens, pp. 564-6.

  77.Hall, Chronicle, p. 819.

  78.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 36.

  79.LP, X, 793.

  80.See Elisabeth Wheeler, Men of power: court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard (Martin Wheeler Publishing, 2008), pp. 110-11.

  81.LP, X, 726.

  82.Ibid.

  83.See Lyndal Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, sexuality and religion in early modern Europe (Routledge, 1994), pp. 136-8, 188.

  84.Warnicke, Rise and fall, p. 216.

  85.Brenan and Stratham, House of Howard, p. 185.

  86.Gilbert Burnet, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England (ed. Nicholas Pocock, 7 vols., 1865), I, p. 316.

  87.LP, X, 876.

  88.Ibid, X, 843.

  89.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 37.

  90.Ibid, pp. 37-8.

  91.Hall, Chronicle, pp. 268-9.

  92.Chapuys reported that ‘nobody thinks that she [Jane] has much beauty. Her complexion is so white that she may be called rather pale... the said Semel is not very intelligent, and is said to be rather haughty’; LP, X, 901.

  93.See, for instance, Agnes Strickland.

  3) ‘His Vicious Purpose’: A Tainted Upbringing

  1.Baldassarre Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier (tr. Leonard Eckstein Opdycke, New York, 1903), p. 65.

  2.Lancelot de Carles, lines 55-8.

  3.Byrne, Lisle, III, p. 133.

  4.Lawrence Stone, Broken Lives: Separation and Divorce in England 1660-1857 (Oxford, 1993), p. 22.

  5.Elizabeth Foyster, Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex, and Marriage (London, 1999), pp. 13-14, 172.

  6.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 146.

  7.Parts of this closely follow C. Byrne, ‘The Fall of Katherine Howard: Sexual Politics and the Role of Sexual Deviance in the Tudor Court’ (2012), which was submitted to St Hugh’s College, Oxford. I wish to thank that college for their support of this work.

  8.Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum (1486, tr. Montague Summers, London, 1928), pp. 41-66, 109-22, 140-44, 227-30.

  9.Cited by Denny, Katherine Howard, p. 227.

  10.Roper, Oedipus and the Devil, p. 53.

  11.Ibid, p. 55.

  12.The Catechism of Thomas Becon (ed. John Ayre, Cambridge, 1844), p. 367.

  13.Cited by Barstow, Witchcraze, p. 136. It means “A rooster just needs ten hens, but ten men are not enough for a woman.”

  14.Linda A. Pollock, ‘Honor, Gender, and Reconciliation in Elite Culture, 1570-1700’, Journal of British Studies 46 (2007).

  15.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 52.

  16.Joy Schroeder, Dinah’s Lament: The Biblical Legacy of Sexual Violence in Christian Interpretations (Minneapolis, 2007), pp. 51, 63, 67, 95-6.

  17.PRO, SP I, vol. 167, f. 139.

  18.Ibid, f. 138.

  19.G. Steinman Steinman, Althorp Memoirs, or Biographical Notices of Lady Denham, the Countess of Shrewsbury, the Countess of Falmouth, Mrs. Jenyns, the Duchess of Tyrconnel, and Lucy Walter, six ladies whose portraits are to be found in the picture gallery of His Excellency Earl Spencer, K.G., K.P. (1869), p. 56.

  20.Harris, ‘My Lady’s Chamber’, 247; see also Chapter 1.

  21.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 129; LP, XVI, 1320.

  22.Ibid.

  23.Ibid, f. 130.

  24.Ibid, vol. 168, f. 158; LP, XVI, 1461.

  25.Martin Ingram, ‘Child Abuse in Early Modern England’ in Michael Braddick and John Walter (eds.), Negotiating Power in Early Modern Society: Order, Hierarchy and Subordination in Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 63-75.

  26.Jeremy Goldberg, ‘The Right to Choose: Women, Consent and Marriage in Late Medieval England’, History Today 58, 2 (2008).

  27.Cited by Barbara J. Harris, ‘Power, Profit, and Passion: Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon, and the Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England’, Feminist Studies 15 (1989), 85.

  28.See Byrne, ‘Sexual Deviance’.

  29.Gilbert Burnet, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England (A Rhanes for R. Gunne, J. Smith and W. Bruce, 1683, 3 vols.), IV, 71, p. 505.

  30.LP, XVI, 1426.

  31.Burnet, Reformation, III, 72, p. 130.

  32.Roper, Oedipus and the Devil, p. 68.

  33.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 130; LP, XVI, 1320.

  34.Roper, Oedipus and the Devil, p. 55.

  35.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 136-137; LP, XVI, 1321. See also LP, XVI, 1400.

  36.Angus McLaren, Reproductive Rituals, p. 81; Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World, p. 39.

  37.Annie Tock, ‘Literary Law Enforcement: Gender in Crime Ballads in Early Modern England’, Eastern Illinois University (2 April 2006); available at http://www.eiu.edu/~historia/2004/Literary2.pdf.

  38.Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 378, 389.

  39.PRO, SP, I, vol. 167, f. 137; LP, XVI, 1321.

  40.The Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath Preserved at Longleat, Wiltshire Vol. II, pp. 8-9.

  41.Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex, and Subordination in England 1500-1800 (New Haven and London, 1995), pp. 192-3.

  42.L. Leneman, ‘“A Tyrant and Tormentor”: Violence Against Wives in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Scotland’, Continuity and Change 12 (1997), 31.

  43.Calendar, pp. 8-9.

  44.The Remains of Thomas Cranmer, D.D, Archbishop of Canterbury (Henry Jenkyns, ed., 2 vols., Oxford, 1883), I, pp. 307-10.

  45.NA SP 1/167, f. 155.

  46.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 54; Denny, Katherine Howard, p. 121.

  47.S. Mendelson and P. Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550-1720 (Oxford, 1998), p. 65.

  48.Warnicke, Wicked Women, p. 56.

  49.Hilton, Queens Consort: England’s Medieval Queens, p. 100.

  50.Roper, Oedipus and the Devil, p. 61. See also Barstow, Witchcraze, p. 136.

  51.See Garthine Walker, ‘Rereading Rape and Sexual Violence in Early Modern England’, Gender & History 10 (2002), 4.

  52.Burnet, Reformation, IV, p. 505.

  53.Ibid.

  54.Ibid, p. 504.

  55.Eric Carlson, ‘Courtship in Tudor England’, History Today, 43, 8 (1993).

  56.Goldberg, ‘Right to Choose’.

  57.Ibid.

  58.Henry Swinburne, A Treatise of Spousals, Or Matrimonial Contracts (New York, 1985), pp. 51, 70-3.

  59.Walker, ‘Rereading Rape’, 5.

  60.James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987), p. 531.

  61.Manon van der Heijden, ‘Women as Victims of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Seventeenth-Century Hol
land: Criminal Cases of Rape, Incest, and Maltreatment in Rotterdam and Delft’, Journal of Social History 33 (2000), 624-5.

  62.Barstow, Witchcraze, p. 132.

  63.See http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/seets/rs2/.

  64.Burnet, Reformation, IV, 71, p. 505.

  65.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 56-7.

  66.Cited by Denny, Katherine Howard, p. 220.

  67.Walker, ‘Rereading Rape’, 6.

  68.Byrne, ‘Sexual Deviance’.

  4) ‘Strange, Restless Years’

  1.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 819.

  2.Hume, Chronicle of Henry VIII, pp. 72-3.

  3.Holinshed, Chronicle.

  4.Lords’ Journals, p. 84; Statutes of the Realm, 28 Henry VIII.

  5.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 819; Holinshed, Chronicle.

  6.Lords’ Journals, Statutes of the Realm, 28 Henry VIII.

  7.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 70.

  8.Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell, p. 19.

  9.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 48.

  10.LP, X, 1021; XI, 7.

  11.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 50.

  12.Ibid, pp. 53-4.

  13.Cottonian MSS., Vespasian, F. xiii, f. 75.

  14.House of Howard, p. 188.

  15.Wriothesley, Chronicle, pp. 54-5.

  16.Ibid, p. 51.

  17.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 820.

  18.Wriothesley, Chronicle, pp. 56-8.

  19.Ibid, pp. 57-8; Hall’s Chronicle, p. 823.

  20.SP, Hen. VIII, I, p. 494.

  21.Cited by Denny, Katherine Howard, p. 104.

  22.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 824.

  23.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 60.

  24.Ibid, pp. 64-5.

  25.SP, Hen. VIII, V, p. 9.

  26.House of Howard, pp. 226-8.

  27.SP, Hen. VIII, V, p. 325.

  28.House of Howard, pp. 229-30.

  29.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 64.

  30.LP, XI, 9.

  31.Ibid, X, 901, 908.

  32.See Elizabeth Wheeler, Men of power: court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard, pp. 224, 236-7 for example.

  33.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 825.

  34.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 67.

  35.Ibid, pp. 68-9.

  36.LP, XII, 1060.

  37.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 825.

  38.Ibid.

  39.LP, XIII, 995.

  40.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 74.

  41.Ibid.

  42.Ibid, pp. 85-6.

  43.House of Howard, pp. 236-7.

  44.Ibid, p. 238.

  45.Ibid, p. 245.

  46.Ibid, p. 246.

  47.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 88.

  48.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 827.

  49.Ibid, p. 826.

  50.R. McEntegart, ‘Fatal Matrimony: Henry VIII and the Marriage of Anne of Cleves’ in D. Starkey (ed.), Henry VIII: a European Court, p. 140.

  51.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 826.

  52.LP, XIV, 62.

  53.M. Warnicke, ‘Anne of Cleves, Queen of England’, History Review (2005).

  54.A.G. Dickens, Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation, v. pp. 166-7.

  55.See Chapter 2.

  56.St. P. I, pp. 604-5; LP, XIV, 552.

  57.LP, XIV, 33; Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, III, pp. 35-60.

  58.Barbara J. Harris, ‘Women and Politics in Early Tudor England’, The Historical Journal 33 (1990), 274.

  59.Henry Ellis, Letters, 2nd series, II, p. 41.

  60.LP, XV, 229; Strickland, Queens of England, III, p. 63.

  61.Byrne, Lisle Letters, IV, p. 895; VI, p. 10.

  62.See Wheeler, Court intrigue, p. 170.

  63.Alison Wall, ‘Baynton Family (per. 1508-1716), gentry’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Pamela Y. Stanton, ‘Sir Thomas Arundell (c.1502-1552), administrator and convicted conspirator’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  64.See http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/NORREYS.htm; Byrne, ‘Birth and childhood’ for Katherine’s age; A. Weir, Mary Boleyn: ‘The Great and Infamous Whore’ (Jonathan Cape, 2011), pp. 147-9 for Katherine Carey’s birth.

  65.Hastings Robinson (ed.) Original Letters relative to the English Reformation written during the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary, chiefly from the archives of Zurich (1847), p. 201.

  66.Martin Hume, The Chronicle of Henry VIII, p. 75.

  67.Burnet, Reformation, IV, 71, p. 505.

  68.Ibid, III, 7, p. 130.

  69.Quoted by Laura Gowing, ‘Women, Status and the Popular Culture of Dishonour’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series 6 (1996), 225; Mark Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity: Sexual Jealousy in Early Modern England’, Feminist Studies 19 (1993), 382-3.

  70.LP, XIV, II, 388.

  71.St. P. VII, pp. 212-3.

  72.LP, XIV, II, 754.

  73.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 833.

  74.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Henry VIII’s Greeting of Anne of Cleves and Early Modern Court Protocol’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 28 (1996), 570-85.

  75.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 833.

  76.Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials VI, pp. 215-16.

  77.F. J. Furnivall (ed.), Ballads from Manuscripts: Ballads on the Condition of England in Henry VIII’s and Edward VI’s Reign (2 vols., London, 1868-72), I, p. 374.

  78.Ibid, I, p. 376.

  79.LP, XI, 7

  5) From Mistress to Queen

  1.House of Howard, p. 267.

  2.Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 94-5.

  3.Denny, Katherine Howard, chapters 9-12. Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1991), writes in much the same vein: ‘she [Katherine] had been deliberately placed in the Queen’s household as a maid of honour with detailed instructions as to how to attract the King’s attention’, p. 413.

  4.Burnet, Reformation, III, 7, p. 130.

  5.Sir Thomas Wyatt, Collected Poems (J. Daalder, ed., Oxford, 1975), CVII, p. 112.

  6.Byrne, Lisle, IV, 887; NA SP 1/168, ff. 64-5.

  7.Anne Laurence, Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History, p. 66.

  8.Robert Cawdry, A Godlye Form of Household Government (1598), cited by Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 388.

  9.NA E101/422/15.

  10.Hall’s Chronicle, pp. 833-4.

  11.Ibid, p. 835.

  12.Ibid, pp. 835-6.

  13.Kate Emerson, ‘Lists of Women at the Tudor Court’ (2013); accessed online at http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/lists.htm.

  14.Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials VI, pp. 214-16.

  15.Burnet, History of the Reformation IV, pp. 424-5; LP, XV, 823.

  16.Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 111.

  17.Hall’s Chronicle, p. 836.

  18.Burnet, History of the Reformation, IV, p. 427.

  19.Retha M. Warnicke, The Marrying of Anne of Cleves (Cambridge, 2000), p. 166.

  20.Roper, Oedipus and the Devil, pp. 138, 188.

  21.Laura Gowing, ‘Women’s Bodies and the Making of Sex in Seventeenth-Century England’, Signs 37 (2012).

  22.Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials VI, pp. 220-1; Burnet, History of the Reformation, IV, p. 430.

  23.St. P. I, pp. 604-5; LP, XVI, 552.

  24.Warnicke, ‘Anne of Cleves’.

  25.Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials VI, pp. 221-2.

  26.Starkey, Six Wives, pp. 637-8; Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, Chapter 5; Denny, Katherine Howard, Chapter 11, for example.