The Indomitable Spirit of Edmonia Lewis
Page 34
22. Medallion of a young boy.
23. Preghiera [Prayer].
Marble, 22 in.
24 Marriage of Hiawatha.[826]
a) Marble, 1871, 31.5 in., Cincinnati Art Museum (on loan), Cincinnati, OH. b) Marble, 1872, Kalamazoo Institute of Art, Kalamazoo MI. c) Marble, 32.25 in., 1874, Stark Museum of Art, Orange, TX (Figure 9). d) Marble, 29.5 in., 1868, Montgomery Museum of Fine Art, Montgomery, AL.
25. The Old Arrow Maker and His Daughter (Wooing of Hiawatha).
a) Marble, 1866, 24 in., Walker O. Evans Center at Savannah College of Art and Design Museum of Art, Savannah, GA. b-c) Marble, 1872, 21.5 in., Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC (2 copies) (Figure 10). d) Marble, 1872, 23.5 in., Tuskegee University. e) Marble, 1872, 20 in. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, AR.
1867
26. Third group from The Song of Hiawatha.[827]
27. Bust of Uncle Sunrise.
Terra cotta.
28. Bust of Native American Ancestor.
Terra cotta.
29. Bust of second Native American Ancestor.
Terra cotta.
30. Bust of Nakomis [sic Nokomis].[828]
31. Forever Free.
Marble, 41.25 in., Howard University, Washington, DC. (Figure 23; Started in 1866 as Morning of Liberty).
Figure 52. Bust of a Woman with plaited hair, 1867
Once thought to portray a New Englander, this early portrait might depict one of the English Catholics who supported Edmonia after she arrived in Rome. Note how this marble appears in modern dress. Photo: Fred Levenson
32. Bust of a Woman with plaited hair.
Marble, 27 in., Harmon and Harriet Kelley Foundation for the Arts, San Antonio, TX. (Figure 52)
1868
33. Madonna groups.
34. Soldier.[829]
35. Hagar (Hagar in the Wilderness).
Marble, 52 5/8 in., 1875, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC (Figure 26)
36 Hagar in the Wilderness
Engraving.
37. Indians in Battle (also called Indians Wrestling or Indian Combat)
Marble, 30 in., Cleveland Museum of Art (Figure 24).
38. Abraham Lincoln.[830]
39. Bust of Hiawatha.
a) Marble, 14.25 in., Newark Museum, Newark, NJ. (Figure 22). b) Marble, 1869, 16.25 in., Howard University, Washington, DC.
40. Bust of Minnehaha.
a) Marble, 11 in., Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI. b) Marble, 12.25 in., Newark Museum, Newark, NJ. (Figure 21). c) Marble, 1869, 11.5 in., Howard University, Washington, DC.
41. Minnehaha’s Father.
42. Clio.
43. Bust of a Bearded Gentleman.
Marble, 22 in.[831]
1869
44. Bust of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
a) Marble, 28.7 in., 1871, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. b) Marble, 25.8 in., 1872, Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool, England (Figure 27).
45. Bust of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
Plaster painted to resemble terra-cotta (Figure 28).
46. Bust of Charlotte Cushman.
47. Bust of infant Edith (“Violet”) Forbes.
48. Madonna with the infant Christ in her arms, and two adoring angels at her feet.
For the Marquess of Bute.
1870
49. Medallion of Franz Liszt.
50. Clytie Turned into a Sunflower.
51. Night.
Marble, 24 in. Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD. (An early version of Asleep.)
1871
52. Madonna and Child.
For St. Francis Xavier church / Oblate Sisters of Providence in Baltimore.
53. Medallion Portrait of a Gentleman.[832]
Marble, signed, 18 ¼ inches in diameter. (Figure 3).
54. Medallion of Wendell Phillips.
55. Awake.
a) Marble, 1872, San Jose Public Library, San Jose, CA. b) Marble, 20 ½, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL.
56. Asleep.
Marble, 1871, San Jose Public Library, San Jose, CA. (Figure 33).
57. Poor Cupid (Cupid Caught; Love Caught in a Trap; etc.).
Marble, 27 in., 1876, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC (Figure 34).
58. Life-size, seated John Brown.
Marble.
59. Hygeia.
Marble on a marble base and a granite block, 4 ft., 4 in., Memorial for Dr. Harriot Hunt, Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA (Figure 29).
60. Minns Memorial.
61. Bust of Abraham Lincoln.
Marble, 1871, San Jose Public Library, San Jose, CA. (Figure 39).
62. Rebecca at the Well.
(attributed) Marble, 36 in. Cf. 1880, Rebekah, below
1872
63. Bust of Horace Greeley.
64. Bust of Abraham Lincoln with four miniature (two men, two women) figures.
Marble, 39 in.
1873
65. Bust of Ralph Waldo Emerson.[833]
(attributed) Marble, about 15 in. high. (Figure 54).
66. Four busts: The Seasons.[835]
67. Bust of Young Octavian (Young Augustus).
Marble, 16 in., Smithsonian American Museum of Art, Washington, DC. (Figure 36).
68. Bust of a Woman with a rose in her hair.
Marble, 23 in., St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO. (Figure 38).
1874
69. Bust of James Peck Thomas.
Marble, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH. (Figure 37).
1875
70. Moses (after Michelangelo).
Marble, 26 in., Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. (Figure 41).
71. Bust of Senator Charles Sumner.
Marble; Plaster painted to resemble terra-cotta (Figure 45).
1876
72. Bust of John Brown.
Plaster painted to resemble terra-cotta (Figure 44).
73. The Death of Cleopatra.
Marble, 63 in., Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. (Figure 42).
74. Bust of Bishop Benjamin William Arnett.
Plaster painted to resemble terra-cotta, Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, OH. (Figure 46).
75. Pedestal for Bishop Richard Allen Monument
(apocryphal).
76. Bust of Bishop Daniel A. Payne.[836]
(apocryphal).
1878
77. Monument to Lyman Blair.[837]
78. Madonna and Child.[838]
79. St. Joseph.[839]
80. Madonna.[840]
81. Bust of President U. S. Grant.
82. Bust of Bishop Thomas Patrick Roger Foley.
83. Bust of John Brown.
Marble, Presented to Rev. Henry Highland Garnet.
84. Bust of John Brown.[841]
(apocryphal)
85. Virgin Mary.[842]
1879
86. Virgin at the Cross with base and pedestal.
Memorial for the grave of Pelagie Rutgers in St. Louis (confirmed lost).
87. ‘Veiled’ Bride of Spring.
Marble, 48 in. (Figure 48-49)
88. Bust of an African-American clergyman.
Plaster, patinated to resemble bronze. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY. (Figure 50).
1880
89. ‘Veiled’ Spring.
90. Rebekah.
Marble, 59 in. [843] Cf. 1871, Rebecca at the Well.
1883
91. Adoration of the Magi. [844]
1884
92. Virgin Mary
Marble.[845]
1886
93. Bust of John Cardinal McCloskey.
94. Bust of Rev. William F. Johnson.
1887
95. Bust of Frederick Douglass.[846]
1888
96. Statue of St. Charles Borromeo[847]
97. Statue of St. Charles Borromeo[848]
98. Olive Trees at San Remo (Olivenbäume b
ei San Remo).[849]
Watercolor on paper, 27 x 31.5 cm.
1893
99. Life-size portrait bust of Phillis Wheatley.
Bronze.
DATES NOT ESTIMATED:
100. Bust of a Young Woman dressed as an Italian farm girl (contadina).
101. Edwin M. Stanton.[850]
102. Bust of Leonard Grimes.
Marble.
103. Lincoln with His Proclamation.[851]
104. Landing of Columbus.[852]
(attributed) Marble, 29.5 in. High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Ga., gift of West Foundation, Atlanta, GA. (Figure 53)
105. Pope.[853]
106 Bust of Christ. [854]
Marble.
Figure 53. Landing of Columbus
The pose echoes Forever Free but contrasts its racial implications and emotional clarity. Photo courtesy: High Museum of Art, Atlanta GA.
Figure 54. Ralph Waldo Emerson, ca. 1873
Attributed to Edmonia, this marble image of the passionate abolitionist – dressed in modern business attire – closely resembles the bust by Daniel Chester French (modeled 1879). In the latter, the subject appears neoclassically nude and older in age. Because this portrait is not mentioned in Emerson letters, we suggest Edmonia could have created the portrait as she did Longfellow’s, through covert observation while Emerson passed her on the streets of Rome. Private Collection. Photo: Frank Stewart.
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
AME - African Methodist Episcopal
AtlC - Atlanta Constitution
AtM - Atlantic Monthly (Boston, MA)
A-J - Art-Journal (London, Engl.)
BDET - Boston (MA) Daily Evening Transcript
BL - Boston (MA) Liberator
BrDE - Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle
BosD - Boston (MA) Directory. Various editions. Tufts Univ. Boston Streets Mapping Service. http://bcd.lib.tufts.edu/ (Accessed Aug. 1, 2010)
Child MSS - Lydia Maria Child, Collected Correspondence, 1817-1880, ed. Patricia G. Holland and Milton Meltzer. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Microform, 1979
ChRec – Philadelphia (PA) Christian Recorder
ChReg - Boston (MA) Christian Register
ChT - Chicago (IL) Tribune
DKJ - Augusta (ME) Daily Kennebec Journal
DSCUP - Dorsey Scrapbook. Cheney University of Pennsylvania
FDP - The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress. Diary (Tour of Europe and Africa). accessed Mar. 16, 2011. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/dougFolder1.html
HDH - Helena (MT) Daily Herald
HELBAA - How Edmonia Lewis Became an Artist. N.p., n.d. [1870?]. Harvard University; Updated version, Philadelphia: John Spence, Printer, 1876. Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library.
LCN - Oberlin (OH) Lorain County News
LRAU - Ladies' Repository, A Universalist Monthly Magazine (Boston, MA)
LS - Locke Scrapbook. Alain LeRoy Locke Papers. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Murray's Handbook - Murray, John (Firm), Handbook of Rome and Its Environs. Various editions.
NASS - New York (NY) National Anti-Slavery Standard
NNEra - Washington (DC) New National Era and Citizen
NYDG - New York (NY) Daily Graphic
NYT - New York (NY) Times
NYCC - New York (NY) Central College
Payne MSS - Elizabeth Rogers Payne, “Anne Whitney: Nineteenth Century Sculptor and Liberal” Typescript, Wellesley College Archives.
SFC - San Francisco (CA) Chronicle
SFDEB - San Francisco (CA) Daily Evening Bulletin
SFDMC- San Francisco (CA) Daily Morning Call
SFEl - San Francisco (CA) Elevator
SFPaA - San Francisco (CA) Pacific Appeal
SIRIS - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. http://siris-artinventories.si.edu
SJWM – San Jose (CA) Weekly Mercury
USCC - U. S. Centennial Commission. Official Catalogue. Rev. ed. 1876.
USNARA - United States. National Archives and Records Administration.
WoJ - Woman’s Journal (Boston, MA)
Whitney MSS - Whitney MSS. Wellesley College Archives.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Includes important works cited and other works used in preparation of this biography, excluding short news items, reprints, and excerpts noticed in text or notes.
A-J. Studios of Rome. Mar. 1870, 77-78.
Art Journal (New York NY). Notes, from Rome. Apr. 1876, 127-128.
Ball, Thomas. My Threescore Years and Ten. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1891.
BDET. “American Sculptors in Rome.” May 24, 1866.
------. Art and Artists. Nov. 15, 1881.
------. Art and Artists. Sept. 16, 1878.
------. “Bust of Col. Shaw.” Nov. 14, 1864.
------. “The Colored Sculptor.” Apr. 26, 1865.
------. “The Marble Group.” Oct. 18, 1869.
------. “The National Sailors’ Fair.” Nov. 11, 1864.
------. “Presentation to the Rev. L. A. Grimes.” Oct. 19, 1869.
Bearden, Romare, and Harry Henderson. A History of African-American Artists from 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon, 1993.
Blodgett, Geoffrey. “John Mercer Langston and the Case of Edmonia Lewis, Oberlin, 1862.” Journal of Negro History 53 (1968): 201-218.
------. “Spiced Wine: An Oberlin Scandal of 1862.” In Oberlin History. Essays and Impressions. Kent, Ohio, Kent State University Press, 2006.
Boston (MA) Daily Traveller. “An Unplaced Artist.” Nov. 17, 1880.
Boston (MA) Post quoted in “American Artists in Rome.” Philadelphia Daily Evening Bulletin. Mar. 9, 1867.
Bozeman (MT) Courier. “Biography of the Bozeman Barber.” Apr. 6, 1896.
Bozeman (MT) Daily Chronicle. “The Passing of a Pioneer Woman.” Apr. 12, 1927.
BrDE. “An Art Treasure for Brooklyn.” Oct. 23, 1888.
------. “Rev. W.F. Johnson’s Testimonial.” June 25, 1886.
Brown, William Wells. The Rising Son; Or, the Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race. Boston: A. G. Brown, 1874.
Buick, Kirsten Pai. Child of the Fire. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2010.
------. “The Ideal Works of Edmonia Lewis.” American Art 9 (1995): 5-19.
------. “The Sentimental Education of Mary Edmonia Lewis: Identity, Culture, and Ideal Works.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1999. UMI Microform (9959711).
Bullard, Laura Curtis. “Edmonia Lewis.” Revolution (New York NY). Apr. 20, 1871.
Callahan, Allen Dwight. “‘Brother Saul:’ An Ambivalent Witness to Freedom.” Semeia 83/84 (1998): 235-250.
Carleton [pseud., C. C. Coffin]. Literary and Artistic. LRAU. Feb. 1867, 155-157; Mar. 1867, 235-238.
Child, Lydia Maria. “A Chat with the Editor of the Standard.” NASS. Reprinted BL. Jan. 20, 1865.
------. Collected Correspondence, 1817-1880, ed. Patricia G. Holland and Milton Meltzer. Millwood NY: KTO Microform, 1979.
------. “Edmonia Lewis.” Detroit Broken Fetter. Mar. 3, 1865. Oberlin College archives.
------. “Harriet E. Hosmer, A Biographical Sketch.” Ladies Repository (Cincinnati OH). Jan. 1861, 1-7.
------. “Illustrations of Human Progress.” New York (NY) Independent. Jan. 31, 1867, reprinted as "Illustrations of Progress." Prang’s Chromo, A Journal of Popular Art. April 1868.
------. Letters from New York. Third ed. New York: C. S. Francis & Co., 1846.
------. Letters. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883.
------. “A Plea for the Indian.” NASS. Apr. 18, 1868. Child MSS 68/1825.
------. Selected Letters, 1817-1880, ed. by Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982.
ChRec. “A Colored Genius at Rome.” Mar. 31, 1866.
------. “Miss Edmonia Lewis.” Oct. 26, 1867.
ChT. Art Matters. Aug. 23, 1870.
> ------. “Hagar.” Sept. 25, 1870.
Clark, H. Nichols B. A Marble Quarry: The James H. Ricau Collection of Sculpture at the Chrysler Museum of Art. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1997.
Clark, William J., Jr. Great American Sculptures. Philadelphia: Gebbie and Barrie, 1878.