Jassim the Leader: Founder of Qatar
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Aniza tribal confederation 18–19
Anscombe, Frederick: The Ottoman Gulf 80–81
Arab, HMS 116
Arabia, division of authority in 12
Arabian Gulf
Androsthenes surveys 3
British control of Gulf’s coastline 12
British geographic survey 49
British need to keep the Gulf as British as possible 108
British unwillingness to commit troops 106
communications and financial centre 4
end of Persian suzerainty 9
Indian workers 39
linked with rivalries of the West 7
Portuguese power removed 8
and the Qarmatians 6
Rahma’s embargo 22
Arabian peninsula xvii, 11, 99, 184
Arnold-Baker, Charles 116
The Companion to British History 116
Asian Games (Doha, 2006) 28
Asur (steamship) 101
Augustus, Emperor 3
Awamir tribe xv, 114
Bab al-Yemen 99
Babylon 2
Baffin, William 10
Baghdad
capital of Abbasid Empire 4
sack of (1258) 6
slave revolt (ninth century) 5
Bahrain xvi, xvii, 2
attempt to dethrone ruler 47
Banu Tamim partially controls 18
British defence of 76, 78, 82
British interest in internal affairs 168
British protectorate status 78, 89–90, 105, 107, 147
civil war 63, 66
claims Zakhnuniya 178
Correia conquers 7
demand for tribute and territory from Qatar 15
dynastic disputes 62
Effendi’s history lesson 143–44
embargo on 22, 50
Faisal prepares to invade 71
Hawar islands granted to 19
independence 78
interregnum 94–95
Isa bin Ali installed 95
Muhammad bin Thani’s retaliatory attack (1868) 91
Oman’s abortive attack 51
part of Trucial system 12, 78
pearl trade 20, 31, 54
Portuguese pushed out of 8
power of 51, 95
and Rahma 22, 23
relationship with Britain 12, 73
sends naval force to destroy Al bu Aynain fort 51
statistics 162
thwarted invasion of 76
trade with Qatar 41
Turki bin Abdullah demands a tribute 51
Yariba capture (1717) 8
Bahrain, Khalifa of 50
Bahrain fleet 70
Bahraina tribe 48
Bait al-Qur’an Museum, Hura, Bahrain 4
Bandar Abbas, Iran 8, 10
Bandar Dillam 57, 58
Banu Hajir tribal confederation 18, 67, 107, 111, 119, 121, 145, 147, 148, 152, 159, 163, 164
in Battle of Wajba 134
Banu Khalid tribal confederation 18, 159
Banu Shaif 119
Banu Tamim tribal confederation 17, 18, 59
Banu Tehrim 119
Banu Yas tribal confederation 57, 59, 126
Banyans 115, 116, 120, 122–23, 181, 184
Barthelemy (French military police chief) 97
Bas ya Bahar (‘The Cruel Sea’) (film) 34
Bashir bin Rahma 51, 63, 76
Basra, Iraq xvii, 5, 100, 106, 162
Bay of Salwa, Qatar xvi, xvii
Beaverbrook, Lord xi
Bedouin
camels and sheep kept by 43
date-stealing 45
and the Hadar 166, 167
hospitality 26
Jassim wears Najdean dress 24, 28
oral history 17
roaming the desert 46–47
Berosus 1
Bida, Doha, Qatar xviii, 16, 49, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 85, 91, 93, 112, 121, 143
Abdallah bin Sabah arrives in 103
attack by Abu Dhabi confederates 127
in Battle of Wajba 136, 139
customs house plan 122, 140
deserted by Arabs 139
Jassim cuts communications 135
Jassim prepares for a counterattack 128
Jassim refuses to meet Mehmed Pasha 134, 135
Muhammad bin Khalifa sacks (1867) 90–91
murder of Ottoman administrator in 140
Ottoman flag hoisted 103, 104
Ottomans in 106, 148, 151, 169, 181
removal of British Indian residents to Bahrain 123
security breakdown at pearl market 122–23
Bida fortress 125, 136, 153, 163
Bir Jejim 145
Black Stone, Mecca 5–6
Bombay Marine 111
Brisk, HMS 138
Britain
1835 agreement 13
1868 agreement 93, 106, 139
and Al bin Ali settlement in Zubara 141
Anglo-Ottoman relations 108, 109
blockade of Qais 75
control of Gulf’s coastline 12
defence of Bahrain 76, 78, 82
Governor-General’s Council decree on tribute issue 85
Indian Rebellion (1857) 77
interest in internal affairs of Bahrain and Kuwait 168
Jassim’s attitude to 80, 81, 95
makes Bahrain part of Trucial system (1861) 78
Muhammad bin Thani favours an alliance 80
and the Ottomans 83
outraged at Jassim’s change of allegiance 103–5
and pearl trade 38, 39
Perpetual Maritime Truce (1853) 13
and Rahma 22–23
relationship with Bahrain 12, 73
relationship with Muhammad bin Khalifa 84–85
rule in India 9
secret pact with Mubarak Al Sabah 147
and slavery 33–34
survey of the Gulf (1822–5) xviii, 49
telegraphic cable laid between India and Iraq 99
trade in Arabian Gulf 7
treaty with Qatar (1916) 33
tries to delay Suez project 98
Trucial system 12
unwillingness to commit troops in the Gulf 106
worried about an Egyptian takeover of Bahrain 55
British Council 116
British Empire 31, 174
Brucks, Lieutenant (later Commodore) 49, 58, 59
Bubiyan island 162
Buhur bin Jubran 59
Bundar Jissah coaling station 162
Burchardt, Hermann xviii, 150
Burj al-Mah, Bida 73
Burton, Richard 61
Bushire, Iran 23, 93, 95, 119, 145
Caesar, Gaius 3
Cairo, French occupation of 97
Cartwright, Lieutenant Commander 145
Cheesman, Captain R.E. xviii
Chesney, Colonel 49
China, trade with 4, 6
Clive, HMS 56, 57
Clyde, HMS (gunboat) 81, 91
Coote, HMS 58
Correia, Antonio 7
Cox, Sir Percy 170–71, 181
Crimean War 108
Crow, Francis 174
Curzon, Lord 139, 161
Cyrus the Great 2, 3
Daily Express xi
Dammam, Saudi Arabia 23, 50, 51, 63, 66, 77, 82, 83
Darain, Qatif 122
date trade 2, 20, 42, 43, 45
Davis, Thomas Osborne 46
Dawasir tribe 49, 177, 178
al-Dayaya, Majid bin Muhammad 146
de Lesseps, Ferdinand 98
de Lesseps, Matthieu 97, 98
Delta (steam ship) 98
Deutsche Bank 179
Dhaayn, Qatar 49
Dhafra fort 128
Dhakhira, Qatar 152
Dilmun 1–2
Disbrowe, Captain Herbert Frederick 84
Discovery (survey vessel) xviii
Doha, Qatar 85, 93, 167
Ahmad bin Salama in 171
Akif Pasha’s proposals 125–26
and Bida 71
British decision not to shell 74, 75
British Indian subjects in 115
customs house 173
described 70–71
destruction of 11, 24, 49
Faisal and his army welcomed into 73, 74
first description 49–50
Jassim delays Faisal to assist his father’s plan 72
limits of Turkish power 132
Midhat sends spies to 101–2
Muhammad bin Khalifa sacks (1867) 90–91
Muhammad bin Thani’s residence 92
Muhammad, Jassim and the Al Thani move to (1849) 70
new principal settlement under the Al Thani 20
pearl harvest disrupted 77
population xviii–xix, 16, 40, 71
rapidly expanding capital xviii
Saud’s supporters cut off water supply 105
Douglas, Admiral 162
Dubai 151
1835 agreement 13
newly established 56
and the Qasimi leadership 11
Dukhan ridge, Qatar xiii, xiv
Dutch East India Company 8
Ea (a god) 1
East Indian Schools 115
Edgehill, Battle of (1642) 28
Edmunds, Captain 54
Effendi, Arab 142–44, 145–46
Egypt
and bin Turaif 53
diplomatic relations re-established with Paris (1803) 98
Napoleon invades 97
Sheikh Abdullah’s agreement 54–55
Elizabeth I, Queen 8
Elphinstone (sloop) 68
Empty Quarter (Rub’ al-Khali) 27
English East India Company 8, 10, 11, 23, 77
Eugénie, Empress 98
Euphrates (steamer) 49
Euphrates River 99
Fabius Maximus, Cunctator 80
Fagan, Major 161
Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al
Saud 82, 100, 132, 152
adroit rule of 64
army of 70
and Dammam 51
prepares to invade Bahrain 71
takes control of Najd and Hasa provinces 70
tribute issue 76, 77, 82–85
works to build up Second Saudi State 63
Faraha, Qatar (al-Fareha) xvii
al-Farazdaq 17
Fars, Iran 77
Fasht al-Dibal 144
First Kuwaiti Crisis 153
First World War 181
Foreign Office (British) 133, 161, 180
France
and Algeria 99
sea power on the wane 12
trade in Arabian Gulf 7
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 174
French East India Company 8
Furaiha 143
Fuwairit, Battle of (1847) 68–69
Fuwairit, Qatar 19, 20, 46, 48, 50–53, 55, 60, 64–67, 70, 73, 85, 112, 119, 120, 121
Gallipoli campaign (1916) 100
gas reserves 186
Gaskin, John 142, 152, 153, 156, 157
General Treaty of Peace (1820) 12
Genghis Khan 6, 8
George V, King: silver jubilee (1935) xi
German expansion 180
al-Ghariya, Qatar 118, 119, 120
Ghuleta 57, 58
Gilgamesh 1
Goa 7
Grant, Major Charles 109, 110
Grant, Ulysses 179
Granville, Lord 161
Great Depression (1929) 31, 186
Greek revolt 99
Grubb, Lieutenant xviii
Guillaume, Judge 18–19
GulfWar (1991) 155
Guy, Lieutenant 49
Hadar 166–67
Hadith 88
Hadiya, Qatar 49
al-Hadrami, Al Ala’a 4
haj, the 6, 100, 117
Halul Island 53
al-Hamawi, Yaqut 56
Hamaydat tribe 48
Hamdan bin Tahnun, Sheikh 74
Hamdani, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Ahmad ibn Ya’qub al- xvi
Hanbali jurisprudence 185
Hanbali sect 107
Haqqi Pasha 180
Harun al-Rashid, Caliph 4
Hasa Province, Saudi Arabia xiii, xv, 5, 45, 48, 51, 54, 68, 70, 91, 100, 102, 105, 106, 107, 120, 135, 136, 145, 148, 156, 158, 169, 170, 172, 173
canonical judges 107
Ibn Saud conquers (1913) 181
Ottoman occupation 139
Hasawi coast 77
Hawar islands 18, 19, 178
Hedayet Pasha, Wali of Basra 129
Hennell, Samuel 23–24, 55–58, 65, 67, 68, 71–72, 74, 75
Henry, Alexander 113
Herbert, Colonel 104
Hijaz 100
Hitti, Philip: History of the Arabs 87–88
Hogarth, William: A Rake’s Progress 165
Holland
and pearl trade 38
sea power on the wane 12
trade in Arabian Gulf 7
Hormuz Island 6, 7
House of Saud 10
Huali, Qatar (al-Huwaila) xvii
Hufuf, Saudi Arabia 136
Hugh Rose, HMS 91, 103
Husain Effendi 109
Husain of the Hejaz, King 161
Huwaila, Qatar 49, 52–53, 66, 67, 143
Huwalah tribe 48
hydroponics 45
Ibn Ajlan 155
Ibn Khaldoun 47, 48, 52
Ibn Khuradadhbeh xvi
Ibn Manmzur xvi
Ibn Rashid 158
Ibn Sabhan 128, 184
Ibn Saud, Abd ul-Aziz 155, 157, 158, 159, 161, 169, 171, 172, 176, 181, 182
Ibn Saud, Muhammad 9–10
Ibrahim bin Salih bin Bakr 169
Ibrahim Fawzi Pasha 141, 142, 145
Ibrahim Pasha, Admiral 144
Imperial Chinese fleet 6
India
British government and Zubara 110
British Indian merchants 39, 40
British need to keep the Gulf as British as possible 108
British rule 9
expansionist urge of goverment of India 161
government ineffectual in maintaining maritime peace in the Gulf 91
telegraphic cable laid between India and Iraq 99
trade with 4, 6
travelling consuls 115–16
workers in the Gulf 39
Indian navy: surveys Trucial coast for Britain (1822) xviii
Indian Ocean 10
Indian Rebellion (1857) 77
Indus Valley 2
International Court of Justice 18–19
Iran: slavery in sugar-cane plantations 5
Iranian army 8
Iraq
a ‘high priority’ region 116
slavery in salt mines 5
telegraphic cable laid between India and Iraq 99
Isa bin Ahmad Dawasary 178
Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa, Sheikh 95, 107, 108, 133, 146, 163, 185–86
and Zubara 109–10, 111, 140–43, 145
Isa bin Turaif, Sheikh 50, 52–57, 59–60, 63–69
Isfahan, Persia 8
Islamic conquests 3
Istanbul 144
Jabal Shammar 102
Jabir bin Utub 22
Jabrin oasis, Saudi Arabia 18
Jafla (wife of Jassim) 183
Jafura desert 171
al-Janabi, Abu Tahir 6
Japan: pearl farms 31–32
Jarir 17
Jassim bin Muhammad Bin
Thani, Sheikh
achievements 181–82
adolescence 25–28
appointed Qayamaqam 107
arrested and imprisoned in Muharraq 87, 88, 89, 105
attitude to the British 80, 81, 95
avenges death of his favourite son 127–28
and Battle of Fuwairit 68–69
becomes Sheikh on death of father 112
British officials visit (1905 and 1911) 15
buys time for his father’s plan 72
character 1, 16, 24, 79, 108–9, 184, 185
childhood in Fuwairit 19–21
and constant threat of Ottoman domination 39
death of 181, 183
dress style 28, 82, 185
education 20
expects to benefit from alliance with Midhat 105
failing eyesight 150
his father’s increasing dependence on him 79
founder of Qatar nation-state xii, 181
frees Ali bin Thamir 86
home of 15, 16–17, 26
horseback duel against a Bedouin warrior (Musa’id) 15, 28, 184
Kapucibasi title awarded 124, 125, 136
Khor al-Udaid episode 114–15
learns valuable lessons 60, 66, 69
loss of his fleet at Zubara 146
love of hunting 25–26, 27, 114
moves to Doha 70
a national hero after Wajba 136
offers to resign as Qayamaqam 116–17, 118, 120, 121, 134, 140, 148
and pearl industry 35, 38, 39, 40
pearls confiscated 123
plans to push back Al Khalifa claims for good 109
plans to use Anglo-Ottoman relations to his advantage 108–9
poetry of 87–90
pretends to be retired 156
refuses Ahmad bin Ali permission to disembark 107–8
relationship with his father 80–82, 89, 184
relationship with the Ottomans 103, 104, 105, 112, 114–15, 116, 123, 124, 185
released from prison (1868) 91, 184
retakes control of Qatar on death of his brother 163–64
secret mission with the Naim 79–80
and smuggling 131–32
sympathy to the Wahhabi cause 72, 79, 185
Jeddah 7
Jenkins, Robert 173–74
Jidda 100
Jones, Hartford 38
Jones, Captain James Felix 82
Jooda oasis, Qatar 71
al-Jowa 128
Jumale (now al-Jumail), Qatar xviii
Kaban clan 48
Kadhamah, Kuwait 180
Kaula, Herr 179
Keleb tribe 94
Kemball, Lieutenant Arnold Burrowes 65, 77, 157
Khalid, Sheikh 135
Khalid bin Sultan, Sheikh 127
Khalifa bin Ahmad 123
Khalifa bin Jassim Al Thani (Jassim’s son) 117, 127–28, 169
Khalifa bin Shakhbout, Sheikh 55–56, 58
Khamis, Muhammad bin 51
Khamis bin Juma Al bu Kuwara 93
Kharg Island 55
Khawr region, Qatar 19
al-Khor 103
Khor al-Udaid 103, 114, 126, 129, 133, 154, 157, 178
Khor Hasan, Qatar (now al-Khuwair) xvii, xviii, 22, 23, 63, 86, 91, 94
Khurshid Pasha 54, 55
Kimberley, Lord 139
Kishm island 6, 10
Kitchener, Lord 149
Kokichi, Mikimoto 32
Kramskoi, Ivan 30
Kursun, Zekeriya 116
Kuwait 151, 158
accepts Ottoman sovereignty 104
British interest in internal affairs 168
First Kuwait Crisis 153
helps the Al Saud revive their fortunes 155