CHAPTER SEVEN: PARLIAMENT
1 Ingrid Jonker, ‘The Child Who Was Shot Dead by Soldiers in Nyanga’, The Heinemann Book of African Women’s Poetry, edited by Stella and Frank Chipasula (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 151, quoted by NM, during his State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 24 May 1994.
2 NM, State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 24 May 1994.
3 Frene Ginwala, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 12 September 2014.
4 Essop Pahad, interview by Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 11 September 2014.
5 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 20–1.
6 NM, address on the occasion of the opening of the second session of the democratic Parliament, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 17 February 1995.
7 Statement by President Nelson Mandela on portraits and works of art in Parliament, 30 January 1996.
8 Graça Machel, interview by Mandla Langa, Johannesburg, 22 September 2016.
9 Frene Ginwala, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 12 September 2014.
10 Max Sisulu, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 April 2015.
11 Frene Ginwala, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 12 September 2014.
12 Ibid; Max Sisulu, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 April 2015.
13 Max Sisulu, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 April 2015; Ben Turok, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 17 March 2015; Sue van der Merwe, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 April 2015.
14 NEC Minutes, 24 April 1995, box 5, folder 23, ANCLH, Johannesburg.
15 Mangosuthu Buthelezi, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 27 November 1996, O’Malley Archive.
16 NM, notes for a meeting with the ANC Caucus, NMPP 2009/8, box 3, notebook 12, pp. 20–1, NMF, Johannesburg.
17 NM, personal note, NMPP, box 4, file2, 011–12, NMF, Johannesburg.
18 NM, notes for a meeting with caucus, 18 August 1996, NMPP 2009/8, box 4, file 2, pp. 1–2, NMF, Johannesburg.
19 Richard Calland, Anatomy of South Africa: Who Holds the Power? (Cape Town, Zebra Press, 2006), p. 89.
20 Andries Nel, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 28 March 2015; SAPA, ‘Decision on Afrikaans in Army Slated’, Star, 1 February 1996.
21 Sophocles, Fragments, edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd Jones (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 37.
22 André Brink, ‘Mandela a Tiger for Our Time,’ The Guardian, 22 May 1999.
23 ‘The Day the Truth Hit Home’, Sunday Times Heritage Project.
24 George Bizos, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
25 NM, reply to the Senate Debate on the President’s Budget, 1 June 1995, Hansard, col. 1341.
26 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
27 NM, notes for a meeting with ANC officials after his remarks on Shell House in the Senate, NMPP 2009/8, box 4, folder 1, NMF, Johannesburg.
28 NM, opening the National Assembly snap debate on events surrounding the shooting at Shell House, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 7 June 1995.
29 NM, closing address to the National Assembly in the snap debate on the Shell House incident, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 7 June 1995.
30 NM, speech at the final sitting of the first democratically elected parliament, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 26 March 1999.
31 Joseph Chiole, Second Reading Debate on the Commission on the Remuneration of Representatives Bill, 14 November 1994, Hansard, cols. 4256 and 4259.
32 NM, speech at the final sitting of the first democratically elected parliament, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 26 March 1999.
CHAPTER EIGHT: TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP AND DEMOCRACY
1 Pixley ka Isaka Seme, speech at the founding conference of the ANC, Bloemfontein, 8 January 1912.
2 NM, ‘Clear the Obstacles and Confront the Enemy’, Reflections in Prison, p. 12.
3 Christopher S. Wren, ‘Foes of Apartheid Hold Unity Talks’, New York Times, 10 December 1989.
4 NM, note to Walter Sisulu, NMPP 2009/8, box 5, file 5, NMF, Johannesburg.
5 NM, Participation of Traditional Leaders at CODESA, statement issued by the ANC, 17 December 1991.
6 NM, address to the youth, KaNyamazane Stadium, Mpumalanga, 13 April 1994
7 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 34–8.
8 Allister Sparks, Beyond the Miracle: Inside the New South Africa (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 18.
9 Local Elections Task Group, Local Government Elections in South Africa 1995/1996 (Pretoria: ABC Press, 1997).
10 Valli Moosa, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 September 2014.
11 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 38–9.
12 NM, address to rally in Durban, 25 February 1990.
13 South African Institute of Race Relations, Fast Facts, March 1997.
14 See the evidence to the TRC by Daluxolo Luthuli, a former member of MK who became a commander of Inkatha hit squads in KwaZulu-Natal after being trained by apartheid security forces, in TRC Final Report, vol. 6, section 3, chapter 3, p. 351, presented to President Nelson Mandela, 29 October 1998: Thula Bophela and Daluxolo Luthuli, Umkhonto weSizwe: Fighting for a Divided People (Johannesburg: Galago, 2005); see also Eugene de Kock’s submission to the TRC, Amnesty Hearings, Port Elizabeth, 29 September–3 October 1997; and TRC Final Report, vol. 6, section 4, appendix, p. 583, presented to President Nelson Mandela, 29 October 1998.
15 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 29 May 2015.
16 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 36–7.
17 NM, address to rally in Durban, 25 February 1990.
18 NM, in conversation with Richard Stengel, Johannesburg, c. 26 April and 3 May 1993, CD 61, NMF, Johannesburg.
19 John Nkadimeng, Radio Freedom broadcast from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18 November 1986.
20 Mzala, Gatsha Buthelezi: Chief with A Double Agenda (London: Zed Press, 1988), p. 64.
21 NM, in conversation with Richard Stengel, Johannesburg, c. 26 April and 3 May 1993, CD 61, NMF, Johannesburg.
22 NM, address at the launch of the South African Democratic Teachers Union, 6 October 1990, Shareworld, Shaft 17, Johannesburg.
23 NM, notes for an address to the NEC meeting, 21 January 1995, NMPP 2009/8, box 4, file 2, pp. 174–5, NMF, Johannesburg.
24 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 689.
25 Walter Sisulu, interviewed on the sidelines of an Albertina Sisulu Foundation function, NMF Tapes, BBC TV Collection, M18A, NMF, Johannesburg.
26 ‘Under Fire in an Inkatha Stronghold’, Mail & Guardian, 5 May 1995.
27 Ibid.
28 NM, closing address in the National Assembly Debate on the President’s Budget, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 3 May 1995, Hansard, cols. 818–20.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 NM, Senate debate on the President’s Budget, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 1 June 1995, Hansard, cols. 1139–42.
34 7 June 1995, NMPP 2009/8, box 5, folder 4; ‘Can 1000 Troops Stop the Carnage?’, Mail & Guardian, 25 August 1995.
35 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 29
May 2015.
36 NM, Two and a half years of democratic government: prepared by President Nelson Mandela for the NEC, November 1996, box 6, folder 58, ANCLH, Johannesburg.
CHAPTER NINE: TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATE
1 One example of NM saying he had been on ‘a long holiday for twenty-seven years’ was when he revisited the site of his 5 August 1962 arrest in Howick on 15 November 1993.
2 Howard Fast, Spartacus (self-published, 1951); Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace (1869); Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970); Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937).
3 Luis Taruc, Born of the People (New York: International Publishers, 1953).
4 Allister Sparks, Beyond the Miracle, p.18.
5 NM interviewed by the BBC, October 1993, NMF Tapes, BBC M8, NMF, Johannesburg.
6 Zola Skweyiya, interviewed by Padraig O’Malley, 30 November 1995, O’Malley Archive.
7 NM, note regarding an interview with Nomavenda Mathiane, NMPP 2009/8, box 7, file 11, p. 39, NMF, Johannesburg.
8 Transitional Executive Council Act, 1993; Barry Gilder, Songs and Secrets: South Africa from Liberation to Governance (New York, NY: Colombia University Press, 2012), pp. 156–7; Sydney Mufamadi, interview with Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015; Barry Gilder, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 24 November 2015; Siphiwe Nyanda, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 5 November 2015.
9 Graça Machel, interview by Mandla Langa, Johannesburg, 22 September 2016.
10 NM, notes edited for a speech prior to a meeting with SAPS generals, NMPP 2009/8, box 3, notebook 12, pp. 25–30, NMF, Johannesburg.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
15 NM, notes for a meeting with SAPS officers, 30 November 1996, NMPP/8, box 7, file 11, African Bank 1995, pp. 89–93, NMF, Johannesburg.
16 Ibid.
17 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 40.
18 Stephane Botha, ‘Commissioner of Police to Retire’, Business Day, 11 January 1995; Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
19 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 40–2.
20 Research staff, South African Institute of Race Relations, Race Relations Survey 1993/1994, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1994, in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 42.
21 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 40–3.
22 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 45.
23 Ian van der Waag, A Military History of Modern South Africa (Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2015), p. 287; Princeton Lyman, Partner to History, p. 163.
24 Siphiwe Nyanda, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 25 November 2015.
25 Greg Mills, ‘The South African National Defence Force: Between Downsizing and New Capabilities’, Naval War College Review, vol. 52, no. 1, winter 1999, pp. 79–98.
26 Siphiwe Nyanda, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 25 November 2015.
27 AP Archive, 11 September 1994; Beeld archive, 10 September to 4 November 1994.
28 NM, NMPP 2009/8, box 3, notebook 12, NMF, Johannesburg.
29 NM, NMPP 2009/8, box 3, notebook 12, NMF, Johannesburg; AP Archive, 11 September 1994; Beeld Archive, 10 September to 4 November 1994.
30 Telex to Parks Mankahlana, Office of the President, from Amrit Manga of the New Nation containing his transcript of an interview with President Mandela, Speeches: Youth Day 1996, President Mandela Communication, NASA, Pretoria.
31 NM, note for a meeting of the NEC, 8–9 December 1995, NMPP 2009/8, box 4, file 1, pp. 159ff, NMF, Johannesburg.
32 Siphiwe Nyanda, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 25 November 2015.
33 Gert van der Westhuizen, ‘Mandela kap voorstel teen Afrikaans’, [Mandela refuses proposal against Afrikaans] Beeld, 1 February 1996.
34 Defence in a Democracy: White Paper on National Defence for the Republic of South Africa, May 1996, section 51.
35 Louise Flanagan and Chandre Gould, ‘What Modise Didn’t Know About DCC’, Weekly Mail, 17 June 1994.
36 NM, opening address in the President’s Budget Debate in the National Assembly, Cape Town, 21 April 1998.
37 ‘Mandela Speaks to the Nation’, The Sowetan, 11 November 1996.
38 AP Archive, ‘South Africa: President Mandela Praises Outgoing Military Chief’, story no. 76476, 7 April 1998.
39 Trevor Manuel, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 10 September 2014.
40 Thabo Mbeki, interview by Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 17 December 2014.
41 NM, State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 9 February 1996.
42 Defence Review Committee, South African Defence Review 1998 (Pretoria: Department of Defence, 1998); Public protector, auditor general and national director of public prosecutions, Report to Parliament on the Joint Investigation into the Strategic Defence Procurement Packages Undertaken by the Public Protector, Auditor-General and National Director of Public Prosecutions, 13 November 2001.
43 South African Department of Defence, Department of Defence Annual Report 2001/2002 (Pretoria: Department of Defence, 2002), p. 62.
44 Yvonne Muthien, ‘Democratic Consolidation in South Africa, 1994–1999’, Democracy South Africa: Evaluating the 1999 Election (Pretoria: HSRC Publishers, 1999).
45 Charles Baudelaire, ‘The Generous Gambler’, Figaro, 1864.
46 NM, the text at the beginning of the note reads: ‘The President and two Deputy-Presidents, the Ministers of Defence and of Safety and Security, Generals Georg Meiring and Van der Merwe should be briefed by the National Intelligence Service at the earliest possible convenience on the following issues.’ NMPP 2009/8, NMF, Johannesburg.
47 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, chapter 11: Security Services, clause 198 (a).
48 Sandy Africa, ‘The Policy Evolution of the South African Civilian Intelligence Services: 1994-2009 and Beyond’, Strategic Review for Southern Africa, vol. 34, no. 1, May 2012, p. 103.
49 Barry Gilder, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 24 November 2015.
50 A former staff member of Jakes Gerwel’s office, in conversation with Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 August 2015.
51 Barry Gilder, Songs and Secrets, p. 177.
52 Ibid.
53 Siphiwe Nyanda, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 25 November 2015.
54 Lansana Gberie, ‘Mandela’s Struggles for Peace and Justice in Africa’, Africa Renewal Online, December 2013.
55 Barry Gilder, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 24 November 2015.
56 NM, speech at the official opening of Intelligence headquarters, 5 December 1997.
57 Zola Skweyiya, interviewed by Padraig O’Malley, 30 November 1995, O’Malley Archive.
58 Niël Barnard, interview by Tony Trew, Overberg, 17 November 2015.
59 Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014.
60 Allister Sparks, Beyond the Miracle, p. 37.
61 Zola Skweyiya, O’Malley interview, 30 November 1995.
62 National Planning Commission, Institutions and Governance Diagnostic (Pretoria: National Planning Commission, 2015), p. 1
1; and Geraldine Fraser-Molekei, telephone interview by Tony True, 29 July 2016.
63 Public Service Commission, State of Representivity in the Public Service – Findings; Department of Public Service and Administration, A Strategic Framework for Gender Equality Within the Public Service (2006–2015): Consultation Document (Pretoria: Department of Public Service and Administration, 24 November 2006).
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