64 NM to Thabo Mbeki, 6 June 1994, DP Pres Mbeki, box 002, folder 11/1/1 – President, closed, NASA, Pretoria.
65 Zola Skweyiya, O’Malley interview, 30 November 1995.
66 National Planning Commission, Institutions and Governance Diagnostic, pp. 22–3.
67 NM, State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 24 May 1994; NM, debate on the President’s Budget (‘100 Days Speech’), Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, South Africa, 18 August 1994.
68 NM, State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 17 February 1995.
69 NM, State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 9 February 1996.
70 Marion Edmunds, ‘Skills Crisis Knocks Public Service’, Mail & Guardian, 15 August 1997.
71 NM, opening address to the third session of Parliament, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 9 February 1996.
CHAPTER TEN: RECONCILIATION
1 NMF tapes, BBC Collection M2, NMF, Johannesburg.
2 James Baldwin, No Name in the Street, p. 130.
3 Indres Naidoo, Island in Chains: Ten Years on Robben Island (Harmondsworth: Penguin Group, 1982).
4 Michael Dingake, ‘Comrade Madiba’, Nelson Mandela: The Struggle is My Life (London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1978), p. 223.
5 Mac Maharaj, ‘Profile’, Reflections in Prison, p. 5.
6 Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma describes how ‘After the rendition by the ANC choir with Tambo conducting, there was a tumultuous standing ovation with Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda insisting on an encore’, in ANC Today, vol. 6, no. 43, 3 November 2006.
7 ‘Mandela: The Man, the Image, the Brand’, City Press, 18 July 2012.
8 ‘What Mandela’s Critics Could Learn From Him’, by Obadias Ndaba, Huffington Post, December 2013.
9 George Bizos, Odyssey to Freedom, p. 278.
10 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 441.
11 NM, meeting with the Afrikaner community in Pretoria, 15 April 1999.
12 The Freedom Charter, adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, Johannnesburg, 25–6 June 1955.
13 Zanele Mbeki in conversation with Mandla Langa, c. 1996.
14 NM, interview by Oprah Winfrey, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Harpo Productions, 2000.
15 NM, address on the Senate President’s Budget debate, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 1 June 1995.
16 NM, closing address in the Senate Debate on the President’s Budget, 1 June 1995, Hansard, col. 1279.
17 AP Archive, ‘South Africa: President Mandela Issues Stern Warning to Leaders’, story no. 23868, 8 March 1996.
18 Alex Marshall, Republic or Death! Travels in Search of National Anthems (London: Windmill Books, 2015), pp. 259–60.
19 Minutes of extended NWC, 7 September 1995, ANCLHM, box 14, folder 111, NMF, Johannesburg.
20 NM, address to a rally in Cape Town on his release from prison, Cape Town City Hall, Cape Town, 11 February 1990.
21 Saths Cooper, ‘The Mandela I Knew: Prof. Saths Cooper’, Tributes for Madiba, Nelson Mandela Foundation, 12 September 2013.
22 NM, Reply in Senate Debate on the President’s Budget, 14 September 1994, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town.
23 NM, Toespraak van president by geleentheid van ’n onthaal deur die Burgemeester van Pretoria [Speech by the president at the occasion of a reception by the mayor of Pretoria], 26 August 1994.
24 Gert van der Westhuizen, ‘Mandela praat met Afrikaners “Om kommunikasie oop te hou”’ [Mandela talks to Afrikaners to ‘keep communications open’], Beeld, 29 June 1995; Kevin O’Grady, ‘Volk Meet Mandela’, Business Day, 29 June 1995.
25 NM, Tydens ’n besoek aan die Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuur Vereninging (ATKV) [During a visit to the Afrikaans Language and Cultural Union], 17 August 1995; Beeld, 18 August 1995.
26 NM, Tydens ’n besoek aan die Ruiterwag-Saamtrek vir jong Afrikaner-Leiers [During a visit to the Ruiterwag rally for young Afrikaner leaders], 13 January 1996; Willem Pretorius, ‘Kies SA óf Afrikaner-Nelson’, Beeld, 15 January 1996.
27 NM, opening remarks at a meeting with Afrikaner organisations, 29 March 1996.
28 Ibid.
29 Constand Viljoen, interview by Tony Trew, Pretoria, 19 September 2015.
30 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, chapter 14, schedule 6: Transitional Arrangements, section 20, clause 5.
31 Peet Kruger, ‘Geheime gesprek lei tot deurbraak Onderhandelinge oor nuwe grondwet op koers’ [Secret talks lead to a breakthrough. Negotiations about new constitution on course], Beeld, 20 April 1996; Peet Kruger, ‘NP en VF se pogings het saam tot toegewing oor kultuurkommissie gelei’ [NP and VF’s attempts have led to concessions over culture commission], 24 April 1996.
32 Thabo Mbeki, discussions with Afrikaner community, National Assembly, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 24 March 1999.
33 NM, ‘Clear the Obstacles and Confront the Enemy’, Reflections in Prison, p. 17.
34 Ibid.
35 Mandla Langa in conversation with Antjie Krog during the writers’ conference Cité de Livre, Aix-en-Provence, 1997.
36 SA Times, London, 19 July 1995.
37 Constand Viljoen, interview by Tony Trew, Pretoria, 19 September 2015.
38 Ibid.
39 SAPA, 13 December 1996.
40 Niël Barnard, interview by Tony Trew, Overberg, 17 November 2015.
41 NM, televised interview on Face the Media, 14 December 1997, SABC, tape 66676MT, SABC Archive, SABC Information Library, Johannesburg.
42 Niël Barnard, interview by Tony Trew, Overberg, 17 November 2015.
43 TRC Final Report, volume 2, chapter 1, preface, presented to President Nelson Mandela, 29 October 1998.
44 Ibid.
45 NM, opening address in the Special Debate on the Report of the TRC, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 25 February 1999.
46 Ibid.
47 Human Sciences Research Council, Public Opinion on National Priority Issues (Pretoria, May 1999), p. 55.
48 NM, opening address in the President’s Budget Debate in the National Assembly, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 15 April 1997.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
1 The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), ‘Building the Economy’, clause 4.1.1, 1994.
2 Ibid.
3 Layashi Yaker, Preliminary Assessment on the Performance of the African Economy in 1994 and Prospects for 1995 – End of Year Statement, presented to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, 15 December 1994.
4 Cabinet minutes, 11 May 1994.
5 ANC National Conference, Ready to Govern: ANC Policy Guidelines for a Democratic South Africa Adopted at the National Conference, 28–31 May, 1992 (Johannesburg: Policy Unit of the ANC, 1992).
6 NM, address at the seventy-fifth anniversary of the South African Communist Party, 28 July 1996, SABC, SABC Archive, SABC Information Library, Johannesburg.
7 ANC National Working Committee discussion document: TEC Sub-council on Finance, 27 April 1993, box 14, 112, ANCLH, Johannesburg.
8 William Smith, interview by Tony Trew, Pretoria, 11 July 2014.
9 NM, address at the National Assembly, Cape Town, 28 March 1996.
10 NM,
State of the Nation Address, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 24 May 1994.
11 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 52.
12 Ibid.
13 Native Life in South Africa Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (1916) (Johannesburg: Raven’s Press, 1982), p. 21.
14 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 52.
15 NM, preamble to the White Paper on Reconstruction and Development, Government Gazette, notice no. 1954 of 1994, 23 November 1994.
16 Ibid.
17 NM, address to Parliament, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, May 1994.
18 Trevor Manuel, ‘Twenty Years of Economic Policymaking – Putting People First’, The Oxford Companion to the Economics of South Africa, edited by Haroon Bhorat, Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur and Mthuli Ncube (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 29; Alan Hirsch, Season of Hope, p. 69.
19 NM, interview by the BBC, NMF tapes, Iqbal Meer Collection, #1, NMF, Johannesburg.
20 Cabinet minutes, 26 October 1994, Transforming the Public Sector: The GNU’s Contribution to the RDP, minute 7.4.2, item 1.3
21 Ibid.
22 NM, preamble to the White Paper on Reconstruction and Development, Government Gazette, notice no. 1954 of 1994, 23 November 1994.
23 Patti Waldmeir, Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa (New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997), p. 213.
24 NM, election campaign, Lenasia, 19 April 1999, tape 66772MT, SABC, SABC Archive, SABC Information Library, Johannesburg.
25 Cabinet minutes, 26 October 1994, Transforming the Public Sector: The GNU’s Contribution to the RDP, minute 7.4.2.
26 Christo Volschenk, ‘Nuwe komitee kom vandeesweek byeen oor mandate vir groeiplan’ [New committee will meet over the mandate on growth], Beeld, 3 August 1995.
27 Cabinet minutes, 6 December 1995, Towards a National Growth and Development Strategy, 7.1.
28 Sagie Narsiah, ‘Neoliberalism and Privatisation in South Africa’, GeoJournal, vol. 57, no. 1, May 2002, p. 3.
29 ANC, Fiftieth National Conference: Resolutions, Economic Transformation, Mafikeng, December 16–20 1997, clause 3.2.2.
30 NM, Southern Africa Into the Next Century, Sixteenth Singapore Lecture, 6 March 1997, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1997.
31 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 47–9.
32 Richard Calland (editor), The First Five Years: A Review of South Africa’s Democratic Parliament (Cape Town: IDASA, 1999).
33 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 52–3.
34 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 50–1.
35 South Africa in Transition, Findings Regarding Households, figure 6.1: ‘Changes in type of housing in which households live between October 1995 and October 1999’ (Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2001).
36 Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014.
37 Mandla Langa in conversation with Stephen Laufer, Johannesburg, 16 July 2016.
38 John Carlin, ‘ANC Boards the Gravy Train: John Carlin in Johannesburg on the Underdogs Who Have Become Fat Cats in a Few Months’, Independent, 27 August 1994.
39 NM, address on the anniversary of the Soweto Uprising, 16 June 1994.
40 NM, speech at the official opening of The Mandela Rhodes Foundation’s offices, Oxford, 13 April 2000, NMF Tapes, Iqbal Meer Collection, Oxford 1 and 2, NMF, Johannesburg.
41 NM, address at AIDS conference, Barcelona, 12 July 2002, NMF Tapes, Iqbal Meer Collection #8, NMF, Johannesburg.
42 NM, briefing editors, 9 May 1999, NMF Tapes, BBC collection, NMF, Johannesburg.
43 President Mbeki used the phrase in a funeral oration for the late Alfred Nzo, 22 January 2000.
44 NM, State of the Nation Address, National Assembly, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 5 February 1999.
45 Anne Kriegler and Mark Shaw, ‘Facts Show South Africa Has Not Become More Violent Since Democracy’, The Conversation, 22 July 2016.
46 Francois Lötter, ‘“Wit koerante” ignorer misdaadstatistieke – president’ [“White newspapers” ignoring the crime statistics – president], Beeld, 14 September 1998.
47 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 62.
48 NM, opening the Morals Summit called by the National Religious Leaders Forum, 23 October 1998.
49 Ibid.
50 Allister Sparks, Beyond the Miracle, p. 16.
51 NM, addressing the fifth national congress of COSATU, 7 September 1994, SABC, SABC Archive, SABC Information Library, Johannesburg.
52 NM, State of the Nation Address, National Assembly, Cape Town, 5 February 1999.
53 Ibid.
54 NM, speech at the final sitting of the first democratically elected parliament, Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, 26 March 1999.
CHAPTER TWELVE: NEGOTIATING THE MEDIA
1 Cameron J, Holomisa v. Argus Newspapers Ltd. 1996 (2) S.A. 588 (W).
2 NM, NMPP 2009/8, box 1, notebook 5, p. 17, NMF, Johannesburg.
3 Thami Mazwai, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 7 October 2015.
4 André Odendaal, The Founders: The Origins of the African National Congress and the Struggle for Democracy (Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2012), p. 147.
5 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 208.
6 Ibid, p. 316.
7 Anthony Sampson, Mandela: The Authorised Biography (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 147.
8 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 492 and p. 502.
9 NM, briefing editors and opinion makers, Pretoria, 10 May 1999, NMF Tapes, BBC, NMF, Johannesburg.
10 NM, address to the International Press Institute Congress, Cape Town, 14 February 1994.
11 Rehana Rossouw, ‘Everyone Wants a Piece of the President’, Mail & Guardian, 15 March 1996.
12 NM, notes for a meeting with editors of KwaZulu-Natal newspapers, Cape Town, 2 March 1995, South Africa National Archive, Nelson Mandela Communication/Speeches: March, April, May 1995, NASA, Pretoria; Wyndham Hartley, ‘“Crackdown” is No Idle Threat’, Natal Witness, 3 March 1995.
13 Pamela Dube, ‘It Takes Two to Tango and Government is Learning the Communication Steps’, Sunday Independent, 8 July 2001.
14 Thami Mazwai, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 7 October 2015.
15 NM, note on an off-the-record conversation with the editor of Die Burger, NMPP 2009/8, box 4, folder 1, pp. 1–2, NMF, Johannesburg.
16 Mandla Langa in conversation with Khulu Sibiya, June 2017.
17 Jakes Gerwel, ‘The Day Mandela Was in Hustler’, Rapport, 9 June 2012.
18 NM, speech at the launch of the Canadian Friends of the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund, SkyDome, Toronto, 25 September 1998.
19 NM, address to the International Press Institute Congress, Cape Town, 14 February 1994.
20 Khaba Mkhize, ‘Breakfast with Nelson Mandela’, Natal Witness, 19 August 1994; Ray Hartley, ‘ANC Broadsides Against Press’, Sunday Times, 4 September 1994; Thami Mazwai, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 7 October 2015.
21 The television interview is referenced in ‘Some Black Newsmen Rapped for Secret Agenda’, Business Day, 3 November 1996.
22 Guy Berger, ‘Media and Racism in Mandela’s Rainbow Nation’, Prime Time for Tolerance: Journalism and the Challenge of Racism: International Federation
of Journalists World Conference, Bilbao, Spain, 2–4 May 1997.
23 NM television interview, 11 November 1996, SABC, SABC Archive, SABC Information Library, Johannesburg; ‘Some Black Newsmen Rapped for Secret Agenda’, Business Day, 3 November 1996; ‘Mandela Slams Some Black Journalists’, Citizen, 13 November 1996.
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