Dare Not Linger
Page 52
Farrar, Straus and Giroux
18 West 18th Street, New York 10011
Text copyright © 2017 by Nelson R. Mandela and the Nelson Mandela Foundation
Prologue copyright © 2017 by Graça Machel
Concept and design copyright © 2017 by Blackwell and Ruth Limited
All rights reserved
Originally published in 2017 by Macmillan, Great Britain
Published in the United States by Farrar, Straus and Giroux
First American edition, 2017
Produced and originated by Blackwell and Ruth Limited
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Owing to limitations of space, all acknowledgements for permission to reprint previously published and unpublished material can be found at the back of the book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Mandela, Nelson, 1918–2013, author. | Langa, Mandla, 1950– author.
Title: Dare not linger: the presidential years / Nelson Mandela and Mandla Langa; with a prologue by Graça Machel.
Description: First American edition. | New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017036979 | ISBN 9780374134716 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780374717735 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Mandela, Nelson, 1918–2013. | Presidents—South Africa—Biography. | South Africa—Politics and government—1994–
Classification: LCC DT1974 .M327 2017 | DDC 968.07/1092 [B]—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036979
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* African National Congress (ANC); Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) – see People, Places and Events.
* Government of National Unity (GNU) – see People, Places and Events.
† Bantu Holomisa; Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) – see People, Places and Events.
‡ Winnie Madikizela-Mandela; Peter Mokaba; African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) – see People, Places and Events.
§ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa – see People, Places and Events.
** Thabo Mbeki; Cyril Ramaphosa – see People, Places and Events.
* Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) – see People, Places and Events.
† Walter Sisulu; Thomas Nkobi; Jacob Zuma – see People, Places and Events.
‡ Robben Island – see People, Places and Events.
§ Steve Tshwete – see People, Places and Events.
* Mandela is referring to Dr James Moroka (see People, Places and Events), a conservative former president of the ANC, who denounced Mandela and others arrested during the Defiance Campaign Against Unjust Laws in 1952. Later, Mandela forgave him and made him godfather to his grandchild.
† Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44, 1950 – see People, Places and Events.
* Govan Mbeki – see People, Places and Events.
† Tyopho was the clan name of Walter Sisulu.
‡ Shell House was the ANC’s headquarters from 1990 until 1997.
§ Qunu – see People, Places and Events.
* Victor Verster Prison – see People, Places and vents.
* Kobie Coetsee – see People, Places and Events.
† Oliver Tambo – see People, Places and Events.
‡ Pollsmoor Prison – see People, Places and Events.
* P. W. Botha; F. W. de Klerk – see People, Places and Events.
† Necklacing is a torturous method of execution where a tyre filled with petrol is placed around a victim’s neck and then set alight.
‡ The Gugulethu Seven were seven young anti-apartheid activists who were shot dead by police on 3 March 1986 in Gugulethu, near Cape Town; the Cradock Four were four anti-apartheid activists travelling from Port Elizabeth to Cradock, in the Eastern Cape, on 27 June 1985, when they were kidnapped by security police, then tortured and murdered; the Trojan Horse Massacre took place on 15 October 1985, when security police in Athlone, Cape Town, hid behind wooden crates on a South African Railways truck, then stood up and opened fire on an anti-apartheid demonstration, killing three youths, including an eleven-year-old.
* Sharpeville Massacre – see People, Places and Events.
† For biographical notes on these individuals, see People, Places and Events.
‡ Rivonia Trial – see People, Places and Events.
§ Wilton Mkwayi and Oscar Mpetha were not accused in the Rivonia Trial. Mkwayi was sentenced to life imprisonment in January 1965 and Oscar Mpetha was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment in 1983.
¶ Jafta Masemola; Robert Sobukwe – see People, Places and Events.
** Niël Barnard – see People, Places and Events.
* South African Communist Party (SACP) – see People, Places and Events.
† State of Emergency, 1960 – see People, Places and Events.
* The National Reception Committee of four hundred prominent anti-apartheid activists was established to prepare for and run Nelson Mandela’s release from prison and the consequent activities.
† Valli Moosa; Jay Naidoo; Trevor Manuel – see People, Places and Events.
* Barbara Masekela – see People, Places and Events.
† National Party – see People, Places and Events.
* The MPLA gave the ANC military training facilities for MK. During the civil war following the MPLA’s ascendance to power in 1975, the South African Defence Force (SADF) shored up UNITA in its campaign to destabilise Angola and forestall Namibian independence.
* The Wankie Campaign of 1967 was the first joint military operation between MK (through its Luthuli Detachment unit) and Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army forces to infiltrate fighters into South Africa from what was then Rhodesia. Another MK unit called Sipolilo was then sent into Rhodesia to attack from the east, towards Sipolilo, to open up a second route.
† On 16 June 1976 police opened fire on a crowd of between 10,000 and 20,000 schoolchildren in Soweto as they marched to a rally at Orlando Stadium to protest the Afrikaans Medium Decree, which required all black schools to use a fifty-fifty mix of Afrikaans and English in their lessons, and some subjects to be taught solely in Afrikaans. This marked the beginning of the Soweto Uprising, which went on for several months in many parts of the country until the government reversed the decree, and during which time it is estimated that up to seven hundred students were killed.
* Archbishop Desmond Tutu – see People, Places and Events.
† Inkatha and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) – see People, Places and Events.
‡ A panga is an African machete.
* Sydney Mufamadi – see People, Places and Events.
* Mangosuthu Buthelezi – see People, Places and Events.
† Harry Gwala – see People, Places and Events.
‡ King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu – see People, Places and Events.
§ Richard Stengel – see People, Places and Events.
* Ferdinand Hartzenberg – see People, Places and Events.
† Jessie Duarte – see People, Places and Events.
* Chris Hani – see People, Places and Events.
† To date, there is discontent with the way that only Waluś and Derby-Lewis were charged with the crime, as it is said that the gun came from a state military armoury, which points to a chain of events involving a number of other people which eventuated in the Hani killing.
* Mandela is referring to Hani’s neighbour, who recorded Waluś’s licence-plate number and called the police.
&
nbsp; * Joe Slovo – see People, Places and Events.
* Mandela and other ANC leaders believed there was a ‘third force’, a clandestine force responsible for a surge in violence.
† Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) – see People, Places and Events.
‡ Afrikaner Volksfront – see People, Places and Events; Constand Viljoen – see People, Places and Events.
* Georg Meiring – see People, Places and Events.
† Albert Luthuli – see People, Places and Events.
* Eugene Terre’Blanche – see People, Places and Events.
* Also known as the Battle of Cassinga, the Kassinga Massacre of 1978 was a major assault by the South African military against Namibian refugees and freedom fighters in Angola. The South African Air Force first bombed a camp of the SWAPO and its military wing, the People’s Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). After the air raid hundreds of paratroopers were dropped to complete the attack. More than six hundred Namibians were killed.
† Joe Modise – see People, Places and Events.
* Transitional Executive Council (TEC) – see People, Places and Events.
† Johann Kriegler – see People, Places and Events.
* Bishop Barnabas Lekganyane was the leader of the ZCC.
* There weren’t negative advertisements beyond what the election team termed ‘contrast adverts’.
* Joel Netshitenzhe; Tony Trew – see People, Places and Events.
* Graça Machel – see People, Places and Events.
* John Langalibalele Dube – see People, Places and Events.
† Jan van Riebeeck, an employee of the Dutch East India Company, established a refreshment station for Dutch ships in Table Bay, leading to the establishment of the Cape Colony and white settlement in South Africa.
* Autshumao; Yusuf Dadoo; Bram Fischer; Moses Kotane; Zeph Mothopeng; Steve Biko – see People, Places and Events. Abdullah Abdurahman was the first coloured person to be elected to the Cape Town City Council in 1904 and the Cape Provincial Council in 1914 and was president of the African Political Organisation, which fought racial oppression against coloureds. Cissie Gool, daughter of Abdurahman, was the founder and first president of the National Liberation League, president of the Non-European United Front in the 1940s, and the first coloured woman to graduate from law school in South Africa and be called to the Cape Bar. Hettie September was a trade-unionist, a member of the South African Coloured People’s Organisations and a founding member of the Cape Town Women’s Food Committee in 1946. Monty Naicker was a medical doctor, co-founder and first chairperson of the Anti-Segregation Council and the president of the Natal Indian Congress, 1945–63. Michael Harmel was a leading member of the SACP, editor of The African Communist, and a member of MK. He was a co-founder of the Congress of Democrats (COD). Khosi Tshivhase is a Venda king. Alpheus Madiba died in what was ruled a suicide by hanging in 1967 after one day in detention. Queen Manthatisi led the Tlôkwa people during the period of the Difiqane/Mefacane wars, 1815–40, until her son, Sekonyela was old enough to rule. Selope Thema was a leading member of the SANNC and secretary of the deputation on behalf of black South Africans to the Versailles Peace Conference and the British government in 1919.
* Zach de Beer was the last leader of the Progressive Federal Party and the first leader of the Democratic Party.
* Freedom Charter – see People, Places and Events.
* For biographical notes on these individuals, see People, Places and Events.
† Reconstruction and Development Programme – see People, Places and Events.
* Magnus Malan – see People, Places and Events.
† The apartheid regime selected eleven areas in South Africa which it designated for the occupation of different African groups. They were called ‘Bantustans’ or ‘homelands’.
‡ Pixley ka Isaka Seme – see People, Places and Events.
* Alfred Nzo; Johan van der Merwe – see People, Places and Events.
† Siphiwe Nyanda – see People, Places and Events.
* Frene Ginwala – see People, Places and Events.
* Aziz Pahad – see People, Places and Events.
† Michael Corbett – see People, Places and Events.
* Jakes Gerwel – see People, Places and Events.
* Defiance Campaign Against Unjust Laws – see People, Places and Events.
* Mandela, with his Director General Professor Jakes Gerwel, worked with Prince Bandar in creating a deal that saw two suspects in the Lockerbie bombing handed over for trial to Scottish police in the neutral territory of Camp Zeist, Netherlands. This is discussed in greater detail in chapter thirteen.
* The building was formerly known as Westbrook; Mandela changed its name to Genadendal (‘Valley of Mercy’ in Afrikaans) after the missionary town Genadendal, situated two hours from Cape Town, which provided sanctuary to slaves when slavery was abolished in the Cape Colony in 1838.
* Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma – see People, Places and Events.
† Tata is an isiXhosa word that means ‘father’. It is widely used as a term of endearment for Mandela.
* Tito Mboweni – see People, Places and Events.
* Asmal was a South African of Indian descent.
* Kenneth Kaunda was the first president of Zambia from 1964–91; Julius Nyere was the president of Tanzania from 1961–85.
† Congress Alliance – see People, Places and Events.
* The officials at the time were Mandela, Sisulu, Ramaphosa, Mbeki, Jacob Zuma and Thomas Nkobi. Mbeki and Ramaphosa were not part of the discussion.
* Pallo Jordan; Thomas Nkobi – see People, Places and Events.
† Derek Keys – see People, Places and Events.
* In his original manuscript, Mandela listed the names and positions of his first cabinet in order to show their diverse ethnic backgrounds. One of the pages can be viewed on plate 9.
* Albertina Sisulu – see People, Places and Events.
* Alec Erwin – see People, Places and Events.
† Chris Liebenberg – see People, Places and Events.
* Gill Marcus – see People, Places and Events.
† Chapter nine of the Constitution establishes ‘state institutions which support constitutional democracy’, known as the Chapter Nine Institutions. These are, inter alia, the Public Protector, Auditor General, Independent Electoral Commission, Independent Authority to Regulate Broadcasting, South African Human Rights Commission, Commission for Gender Equality and the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities.
* International mediation on unresolved constitutional issues was part of the 1994 agreement that saw the IFP participate in the election. For various reasons, it didn’t happen, and Mandela writes that De Klerk is suggesting in his letter that the lack of international mediation was a cause of the violence.
* Pik Botha, ebullient long-serving foreign minister in apartheid administrations, oversaw many important transitions, including the end of the Angolan Civil War and Namibian independence. In February 1986, he told a German journalist that he would gladly serve under a black president in the future (J. Brooks Spector, ‘Roelof “Pik” Botha, the Ultimate Survivor’, Daily Maverick, 2 September 2011). One-time apartheid-era Minister of Local Government, National Housing and Manpower Leon Wessels voiced his disaffection with apartheid policies under De Klerk. He later served as a commissioner in the TRC. De Klerk’s appointee to CODESA, Chris Fismer served as parliamentary and political adviser to De Klerk and later became minister of general affairs in the GNU.
* African National Congress Women’s League (ANCWL) – see People, Places and Events.
* Formed in 1978 after the crackdown on the Black Consciousness Movement (see People, Places and Events), the Azanian People’s Organisation sought to fill the political vacuum left by the banning of the ANC and PAC.
* Rica Hodgson was a veteran political activist who returned from exile to work with Walter Sisulu
. She penned Foot Soldier for Freedom: A Life in South Africa’s Liberation Movement, an important account of the struggle years. A pioneering black businessman, Richard Maponya inspired entrepreneurship among black South Africans with his successful ventures in Soweto. Legau Mathabathe was the legendary headmaster of the Morris Isaacson High School in Soweto, the epicentre of the June 1976 uprisings. He was credited with contributing towards the growth of the Black Consciousness Movement. A long-time friend and close confidant of Mandela, Amina Cachalia was a campaigner for women’s rights and wrote When Hope and History Rhyme, an evocative autobiography. Moss Nxumalo is a businessman, former vice president of the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (NAFCOC), and a founder of Thebe Investment Corporation. A successful businessman and political activist, Omar Motani worked mostly behind the scenes in his support for the struggle.
* Congress of the People – see People, Places and Events. The Passive Resistance Campaign of 1946 was a non-violent campaign against a proposed law by Prime Minister Jan Smuts’s government to severely restrict the right of Indian South Africans to own land. At the end of the campaign in 1948, more than 2,000 men and women had been arrested. The African Mine Workers’ Strike of 1946 was a general strike of all African miners for a minimum wage of ten shillings a day and better working conditions. The strike, which lasted a week, was attacked by the police, who killed at least nine people and injured 1,248.
* Mac Maharaj – see People, Places and Events.
* Defeated All Blacks Captain Sean Fitzpatrick led his team out of the dinner after Louis Luyt said in his speech that the Springboks were the first ‘true’ world champions. He said the winners of the Rugby World Cup in 1987 and 1991 were not true world champions because South Africa did not participate.
* The Constitution says that any judgment in the high court on the constitutional validity of the conduct of the president is subject to confirmation by the Constitutional Court.
* Kings and political leaders who shaped the respective isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho, Tshivenda, Sepedi and Xitsonga language groups and were instrumental in their rise to nationhood in the 1800s. Sekhukhune – see People, Places and Events.