TARIQ, ali - The Duel
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Pakistan Muslim League, 125
Pakistan National Alliance, 109
Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), 25, 63, 73, 77, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 124, 137, 139, 140, 158, 161–62, 164, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 182, 184, 186, 188, 203n, 255, 260, 269, 270, 271, 274, 276, 277, 286
Pakistan plc, 279
Pakistan Resolution, 23
Pakistan Steel Mills, 7–8, 139
Pakistan Times, 64, 196, 198–99
Palestine, 106, 243, 263–64
Palestine Liberation Organization, 107
Papanek, Gustav, 60–61
Party of Islamic Scholars, see Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam
Pashtuns, 18, 25, 26, 27, 117, 220, 231, 241, 243, 247
Pathan Unarmed, The (Banerjee), 21n
Patterson, Anne, 280
Pearl, Daniel, 149, 150–52, 153, 155, 220
Pearl, Mariane, 151, 220
People (newspaper), 78
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), 118, 120
Pervez, Tariq, 11
Peshawar, University of, 23
Petraeus, David, 298
Petroline FZC, 160
Planning Commission, 93
PML-Q, 171
Pollock, George, 238
Powell, Colin, 147, 240, 241
Powers, Gary, 200
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, 263
President to Hold Another Office Act (2004), 11
Primakov, Yevgeni, 130, 135
Pritam, Amrita, 38–39
Prodi, Romano, 217
Progressive Papers Limited, 58
Punjab, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 47, 68, 71, 73, 93, 168, 171, 203
Qadir, Manzur, 57
Qadir, Saeed, 106
Qissa Khwani, 20–21
Quetta, Pakistan, 24, 102
“Quit India” movement, 33
Qureshi, Moin, 135
Qureshi, Nawab Sadiq Hussain, 108
Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 229, 230
Rahman, Akhtar Abdul, 119
Rahman, Mujibur, 66–67, 75, 76, 78–79, 81, 83, 90, 91, 101, 105
Rana, Mukhtar, 93
Rangers, Pakistani, 15–16
Raphael, Arnold, 131
Reagan, Ronald, 170, 222
Red Mosque, 12, 13, 14, 15–16, 17
Redshirt movement, 20
Rehman, Asad, 103n
Rehman, Rashid, 103n
Reid, Richard, 151
Rendon Group, 234
Riaz, Fehmida, 292
Rice, Condoleezza, 148, 167
Riedel, Bruce, 155
Robinson, Colin, xiv
Roshan, Pir, 18
Roshnais, 18–19
Roy, Ranajit, 78–79
Royal Indian Navy, 31, 33
Rubin, Elizabeth, 243–44
Rushd, Ibn (Averroes), 288
Rumsfeld, Donald, 112, 218
Russia, 7, 8, 181, 212, 216, 220, 221, 227, 231, 246, 247, 300
Sagan, Scott, 211, 212
Sahib, Khan, 20
Salah ad-Din, 266
Salam, Abdus, 49
Salazar, António de Oliveira, 79
Samdani, K., 115
Saudi Arabia, 8, 12, 15, 23, 45, 67, 122, 129, 172, 173, 189, 227, 256, 264, 265–66, 303
Savak, 118
Sayyaf, Abdul Rasul, 230
Scheffer, Jaap, 244, 245, 248
Schlegelmilch, Jens, 178
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 6, 13, 26, 57n, 145, 147, 148, 154, 214, 223, 225, 227, 229, 241, 249, 262–63, 267
Shah, Abdullah, 174, 176
Shah, Safdar, 116
Shah of Iran, 101, 103, 118–19
Shamim, Aunty, 14–15
Shamsie, Kamila, 122
Sharaz, Qaisra, 291
Sharia, 14–16, 23, 57, 99, 123, 230
Sharif, Muhammad, 125
Sharif, Nawaz, 5, 6, 27, 28, 125, 134, 135, 140, 142, 143, 144, 150, 154, 156, 158, 160, 161, 168, 171, 173, 188, 189, 248, 250, 253, 255, 260, 261, 269, 270, 271, 273, 275
Sharif, Shahbaz, 5, 6, 28, 125, 142, 143, 154, 158, 255
Sharif family, 99, 127, 128–29, 134, 273
Sharif Muslim League, 269
Sheikh, Omar Saeed, 152–53, 155
Shias, 12, 43, 45, 124, 231, 263
Shoaib, Mohammed, 57, 60
Sikander, Shahzia, 293
Sikhs, 29, 33, 52
Singapore, 33, 52, 94
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit, 45
Six Point plan, 66, 74–75, 85, 93
Somalia, 227, 250
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 56, 199
Soviet Union, 23, 26, 51, 56, 63, 101, 103, 197, 200, 201, 207, 209
Afghanistan invaded by, 13, 17, 19, 25, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 129–31, 132, 135–36, 148, 186, 191, 193, 195, 220, 222, 229, 231, 235, 238, 239, 241, 251, 267
Spain, 160, 178, 217, 266, 298
Special Service Group (SSG), 91, 92
Sri Lanka, 288
State Department, U.S., xi, 4, 42, 59, 91, 132, 145, 148, 151, 159, 162, 165, 170, 179, 195, 196, 249, 250, 272
Stewart, Rory, 236–37
Stirrup, Jock, 297
Suddle, Shoaib, 175
Sufis, 39, 108, 142
Suharto, Mohammed, 226, 263
Suhrawardy, H. S., 80
Sunday Times, 66
Sunnis, 12, 23, 43, 45, 124, 263
Supreme Council of Nawab of Kalabagh, 69, 104
Supreme Court, Pakistan, 7, 8, 9, 11–12, 115–16, 162, 163, 165, 166, 183, 188, 189, 254, 260, 273, 274, 285
Switzerland, 160, 178, 179
Syria, 106, 171, 265
Tablighi Jamaat (TJ), 6
Taliban, 13, 16, 24, 25, 26–27, 124, 136, 146, 147–48, 157, 162, 165, 174, 180, 181, 219, 222, 224, 225, 227, 231, 241, 242, 243, 247, 254, 295, 296
Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 119
Tashkent Treaty, 63
Taylor, Maxwell, 200
Tebhaga peasant uprising, 88
Thakur, Muttabir, 87
Thatcher, Margaret, 173, 222
Thompson, Herbert, 20–21
Time, 180, 232
Times (London), 89, 129
“Toba Tek Singh” (Manto), 38
Tolstoy, Leo, 46
Tomalin, Nicholas, 66
Truman, Harry S., 266
Turkey, 23, 121, 196, 197, 199, 239n, 263
United Nations, 84, 110, 160, 176, 184, 202, 216, 228, 258, 276, 229, 240
United Nations Population Fund, 1
United States, 11, 23, 86, 195–96, 207, 301
Afghanistan invaded and occupied by, 19, 22, 25, 26–27, 120, 130–31, 146, 147, 148, 152, 160, 191, 212, 216, 217–20, 222–29, 231–48, 251, 256, 264, 295–97, 298, 300
influence of, on Pakistan, xi–xii, 12, 13, 27–28, 32, 50, 53, 56, 58–59, 60–61, 67, 84, 85, 109–11, 113–14, 116, 119, 120–21, 129, 143, 145–47, 149, 150, 159, 161, 179, 184, 187, 192, 195–97, 198–99, 201–2, 251–52, 254, 255, 268–69, 270, 272–73, 280–81, 294, 295–96, 302, 303
Pakistan arms embargo of, 112, 113, 202, 262
Pakistani doctors in, 5
Pakistani hostility toward, xi
in Suez crisis, 57
Usmani, I. H., 108–9
Uzbekistan, 229, 246
Vance, Cyrus, 109–10
Vietnam War, 67–68, 121, 129, 142, 243
von Vorys, Karl, 69
Wahhabism, 12, 23, 142, 227
Wall Street Journal, 149, 150
Waris Shah, 39
war on terror, 12, 26, 165, 166, 180, 191, 261
Warren, Brigadier, 73
Wazed, Sheikh Hasina, 288
Waziristan, 18, 242, 251
Westinghouse, 112
West Pakistan, xi, 43, 52, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, 74–75, 76, 77, 94, 98, 104, 105, 128
East Pakistan’s invasion of, 78, 81–93, 97–98, 148, 205
see also Pakistan
Wilmers, Mary-Kay, xiv
Women’s Action Fo
rum, 291
World War II, 32–33, 51–52, 70–71, 72, 73, 113, 221, 265
Wu Bangguo, 262
Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad, 68, 70, 76, 77, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92–93, 203n
Yaqub, General, 81
Yeltsin, Boris, 7, 130, 212
Yousaf, Mohammed, 129–30, 148
Yousuf, Mohammad, 6
Zaheer, Sajjad, 52
Zahir Shah, 221, 222
Zaman, Fakhar, 277–78
Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez, 217
Zardari, Asif Ali, 5, 137, 138, 139, 158, 160, 161n, 172–73, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 182, 187, 188, 248, 255, 260, 270, 271, 273, 280–81, 284–85, 286, 303
Zardari, Bilawal, 187
Zardari, Hakim, 172
Zia, Khaleda, 288
Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad, xi, 3, 4, 9, 12, 17, 25, 106–7, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124–25, 128, 129, 131, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 151, 156, 161n, 162, 169–70, 176, 180, 185, 207, 208, 259, 260, 268, 269, 271, 277, 282, 289
death of, 131–33, 134, 173, 209
Zinni, Anthony, 249, 250–51, 252
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Writer and filmmaker Tariq Ali was born in Lahore and studied politics and philosophy at Oxford University. He was a prominent leader of opposition to the war in Vietnam and more recently the war in Iraq. Today he writes regularly for a range of publications including the Guardian, the Nation, and the London Review of Books and is on the editorial board of New Left Review. He has written more than a dozen books including nonfiction such as Can Pakistan Survive?, The Clash of Fundamentalisms, Bush in Babylon, and Pirates of the Caribbean, and fiction including Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, The Book of Saladin, The Stone Woman, and A Sultan in Palermo, as well as scripts for both stage and screen. He lives in London.
*Similar ideas were floating around Christian Europe at the time and were subsequently deployed by Oliver Cromwell to topple Charles I and execute him.
*Quoted in The Pathan Unarmed by Mukulika Banerjee (Oxford, 2000). This work by an Indian scholar, the most comprehensive history of the Redshirt movement and its leaders, is ignored by most Pakistani historians and social anthropologists because it contradicts the founding myths of the country.
*“Great Leader” in English (imagine it in German)—the honorific bestowed on Jinnah by his followers.
*It has always struck me as odd that no Indian filmmaker, inspired by Eisenstein’s classic Battleship Potemkin, has put this most dramatic mutiny on the screen, whereas there have been several movies about the 1857 uprising against the British.
†Harijan, April 7, 1946.
‡Jinnah himself had no truck with religion as such, but like Ben-Gurion and the Zionist leadership in Palestine, he used it to carve out a state. Unlike his Israeli counterparts, he did not permit religious laws to govern the private lives of the citizens.
*My mother, for instance, an active member of the Communist Party at the time and proud of her correspondence with Jawaharlal Nehru, would often recall how in April 1947, heavily pregnant with my sister and alone at home, she was disturbed by a loud knock on the front door. As she opened the door, she was overcome by panic. She thought she was about to be murdered. In front of her stood the giant figure of a Sikh. He saw the fear on her face, understood, and spoke to her in a soft, reassuring voice. All he wanted was the exact location of a particular house on a nearby road. My mother gave him the directions. He thanked her warmly and left. She was overpowered by shame. How could she of all people, without a trace of communal prejudice, have reacted in that fashion? She was not alone.
*The Ambassador in Karachi (Paul H. Alling) to the Secretary of State (Marshall), March 22, 1948, 845F.00/3–2248, cited in M. S. Venkataramani, The American Role in Pakistan (Lahore: 1984).
*Report of the Court of Inquiry on the Punjab Disturbances of 1953 (Lahore: 1954).
*Pakistan: Military Rule or People’s Power? (London and New York: 1970).
*“Letters to Uncle Sam,” translated into English by Khalid Hassan, the letters were first published by Alhamra Press, Islamabad, a few weeks before 9/11.
*New York Times, editorial, October 12, 1958.
*Gustav F. Papanek, Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives (Cambridge, MA: 1967).
†Keith B. Griffin, “Financing Development Plans in Pakistan,” Pakistan Development Review, Winter 1965.
*Ayub’s information secretary, Altaf Gauhar, a crafty, cynical courtier, had ghosted a truly awful book: stodgy, crude, verbose, and full of half-truths. It backfired badly and was soon being viciously satirized in clandestine pamphlets on university campuses. Ayub had in Chairman Mao mode suggested that Pakistanis “should study this book, understand and act upon it. . . . It contains material which is for the good of the people.” But in China there was universal literacy so people could read the wretched Little Red Book. In Pakistan over 75 percent of the population was illiterate, and of the rest only a tiny elite could read English. An Urdu edition was produced but bought only by government employees. It was not considered necessary to waste money on a Bengali edition, the only sensible decision of the period.
*For an account of my own involvement during an early stage of the new party’s manifesto and relations with Bhutto, see Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity (London and New York: 2003), 240–44.
*Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, If I Am Assassinated (New Delhi: 1979).
†Karl von Vorys, Political Development in Pakistan (Princeton: 1965).
*See C. H. Phillips, ed., Select Documents on the History of India and Pakistan (London: 1962), 4: 518–20.
*A. A. K. Niazi, The Betrayal of East Pakistan (Karachi: 1999). What this and other self-serving memoirs of the period reveal is that most of the Pakistani generals involved in this tragedy have learned nothing and forgotten nothing. All they can contemplate is their own navels. Everyone else is to blame but them. There were no war crimes, no massacres. If anything, the military and its Bengali Razakar units (collaborators) were the victims.
*Le Monde (Paris), March 31, 1971. The interview had been conducted some weeks earlier by an Agence France-Presse correspondent.
*“Pakistan: After the December Elections, What Next?” Red Mole, January 1, 1971, 10.
*The Nuremberg Principles, as formulated by the International Law Commission, left no room for doubt. They defined war crimes as:
Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave-labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war, or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity.
Crimes against humanity were:
Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhuman acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime.
*Memoirs of Gul Hassan Khan (Karachi: 1993).
*“Bengal Is the Spark,” editorial, New York Times, June 2, 1971.
*Phillips Talbot, “The Subcontinent: Ménage à Trois,” Foreign Affairs 50, no. 4 (July 1972), 698–710.
*Major General A. O. Mitha, Unlikely Beginnings: A Soldier’s Life (Karachi: 2003).
†Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993).
*See Tariq Ali, Can Pakistan Survive? (London: 1983), pp. 102–4, for a more detailed critique.
*A small group of middle-class Punjabi socialists defended the honor of their province by joining the Baluch resistance. One of them, Johnny Das, the son of a senior air force officer of Hindu origin, was captured, tortured, and killed. The others survived. They included the brothers Asad and Rashid Rehman (the former was th
e legendary guerrilla leader Chakar Khan), Najam Sethi (currently editor of the Daily Times), and the journalist Ahmed Rashid. This was undoubtedly their finest hour.
*Business Recorder, January 29, 2008.
*Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception (London: 2008). This is the most complete and best-researched account to date of how Pakistan became a nuclear power.
*“Oral History Interview with Henry Byroade,” 1988, Truman Library archives.
*Ramsey Clark, “The Trial of Ali Bhutto and the Future of Pakistan,” Nation, August 19–26, 1978.
*Ali, Can Pakistan Survive?
*Francis Fukuyama, “The Security of Pakistan: A Trip Report,” September 1980, Rand, Santa Monica.
*One of the banks through which the heroin mafia laundered money was the BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International), now defunct.
*Mohammed Yousaf and Mark Adkin, The Bear Trap: Afghanistan’s Untold Story (Lahore: 2003). Should be a recommended read for all NATO personnel in Afghanistan. Exactly the same tactics are being used against them.
†Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway, “The ABCs of Jihad in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, March 23, 2002.
*Ahmad Rashid, “Accept Defeat by Taliban, Pakistan Tells NATO,” Daily Telegraph, November 30, 2006. Rashid writes, “To progress in Riga, Nato will have to enlist US support to call Pakistan’s bluff, put pressure on Islamabad to hand over the Taliban leadership and put more troops in to fight the insurgency while persuading Mr Karzai to become more pro-active.”