Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush
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Banking Act, 263
Bank of the United States, 64-65, 97, 100, 119, 149, 158-179, 191, 415
Bank War, 148, 158-179, 197
Barbary states, 111-114, 116, 412
Bates, Edward, 227-228
Bay of Pigs, 348-349
Beijing, China, 297
Belmont, Augustus, 292
Benedict, Michael Les, 252
Benson, Thomas Hart, 164-165
Berlin, Germany, 337-338, 349, 354
Bernanke, Ben, 260
Biddle, Francis, 311-312, 314, 316-317
Biddle, Nicholas, 163-164, 168-169, 171, 173, 178, 190
Biden, Joseph, 436
Black, Hugo, 275, 318-319, 341
Blackmun, Harry, 391
"Black Monday," 267
Blackstone, William, xv, 3, 6-7, 20, 31, 35
"Boland amendment," 357
Bolivia, 290
Booth, John Wilkes, 247
Borchard, Edwin, 301-302
Bork, Robert, 392-394
Bowsher v. Synar, 379
Bradford, William, 69, 95
Bradley, Omar, 382 "Brain Trust," 277
Brandeis, Louis, 267, 272
Breckinridge, John, 120, 122-123, 205, 226
Bretton Woods agreement, 192
Brown v. Board of Education, 368-369, 387-388
Brownlow, Louis, 282-284
Brownlow Committee, 283
Buchanan, James, ix, xx, 205-207, 214, 437
Buena Vista, Battle of, 194
Bull Run, Battle of, 215
Burger, Warren E., 377, 384, 391
Burns, James MacGregor, xiii, 278
Burr, Aaron, 103, 109-110, 123-124, 174, 222
Bush, George H. W., 358-361, 380, 431
Bush, George W., viii, x, 389, 399-400, 409-424, 433, 439-444
Butler, Benjamin Franklin, 218, 237
Butler, Elizur, 155
Butler, Pierce, 26, 34, 266
Byrnes, James F., 314
C
Calabresi, Steven, 279
Calhoun, John, 139-140, 147, 151, 158-160, 169, 171, 175, 177, 180-189, 193, 206
California, 191-193, 196, 198, 214
Cambodia, 352
Canada, 132, 139, 141, 143, 150, 191, 435
Cardozo, Benjamin, 267
Carswell, Harrold, 392
Carter, Jimmy, 74, 354-355, 366, 371-372, 375-377, 403, 419, 429, 431, 434, 438
Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 269-270, 273
Case-Zablocki Act, 374
Castro, Fidel, 348
"Cato," 37
Cato's Letters (Trenchard and Gordon), 9
CENTO, 345
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 322, 344-345, 357, 367, 373, 414, 423, 439-441, 443
Chadha, Jagdish Rai, 377
Chambers, Whittaker, 381
Chandler, Zachariah, 241
Charles I, King, 8
Charleston, South Carolina, 115
Chase, Salmon P., 242
Chase, Samuel, 108 checks and balances. See U.S. Constitution, checks and balances
Cheney, Dick, 359-360, 439
Chennault, Claire, 306
Cherokee Indians, 153-158, 190
Chiang Kai-shek, 306, 345
China, 296-297, 305-309, 331, 335, 337, 343, 345-346, 352
Christian theories, 3
Chrysler, 429
Church Committee, 373
Churchill, Winston, 296, 299, 307
Cincinnatus, 34, 36
Civil Aeronautics Board, 281 civil rights, 44
Civil Rights Acts, 250-252, 368, 388
Civil Rights movement, 387-388
Civil War, x, 44, 135, 197, 199-203, 205-236, 258, 311, 315, 321, 402, 424
Clay, Henry, 139, 145-147, 152, 164-165, 168-171, 173-175, 177-178, 180, 188, 191, 214, 435
Clay-Calhoun tariff, 188
Clean Air Act, 365
Clinton, Bill, 110, 372, 380, 389, 410, 415-416, 418-419, 431
Clinton, George, 14
Clinton, Hillary, 380, 433-435
Cohen, Eliot, 216
Cold War, 329-398, 404, 409
Cole, Donald, 159
Commager, Henry Steele, 339
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 6
Common Sense (Paine), 12
Communist Party, 381-383
Compromise of 1850, 214
Confederate States of America, 206
Confiscation Acts, 218, 221
Congress. See U.S. Congress Connally, Tom, 336
Connecticut, 105
Constitution. See U.S. Constitution Constitutional Convention, 1-17, 19, 21-25, 54, 102
Continental Army, 53
Continental Congress, 10, 402
Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, 359
Cooper v. Aaron, 388-389
Corwin, Edward, 31, 47, 201, 302, 339
Cox, Archibald, 371
Crawford, William, 151
Creek Indians, 74, 149
Crittenden, John, 214
Crittenden Compromise, 214-215
Crittenden-Johnson resolutions, 223
Cromwell, Oliver, 7
Cuba, 345, 348-350, 356, 413
Cuban Missile Crisis, 330, 331, 397
Currie, David, 75
Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation, 290
Czechoslovakia, 297
D
Dale, Richard, 112-113
Dames & Moore v. Regan, xvii
Davis, Henry, 241, 243
Davis, Jefferson, 207-208, 214
Dean, John, 371 "Decision of 1789," 58
Declaration of Independence, 27, 99, 108, 183, 185, 223
Democracy in Action (de Tocqueville), xiv Democratic Party, 138, 164, 170, 178, 191, 192, 197, 202
Detainee Treatment Act, 414 de Tocqueville, Alexis, xiv-xv
DeWitt, John, 316-317
Dickinson, John, 119-120
Dole, Bob, 431, 436
Domestic Policy Council, 367
Donald, David, 243
Douglas, Stephen, 204-205, 214
Douglas, William O., 275
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 260
Duane, William, 171-172, 175
Dulles, John Foster, 343, 345-346, 443
DuPont, 429
E
Eaton, John, 159
Eaton, Peggy Timberlake, 159
Egypt, 348
Ehrlichman, John, 371, 383
Eisenhower, Dwight D., xii, xvi, 330, 333-334, 342-349, 353, 355, 363, 368-370, 381-383, 388, 400, 418, 430, 438, 442-443
Electoral College, 28-29, 34, 54, 103, 146, 154, 170, 177, 191, 222, 430-431
Elkins, Stanley, 82
Ellis, Richard, 99
Ely, John Hart, xiv, 350
Emancipation Proclamation, viii, 200, 219-224, 239, 413, 426
Emanuel, Rahm, 429-430
Embargo Act, 132-133, 207
Emergency Banking Act, 263
Emergency Railroad
Transportation Act (ERTA), 263
Enforcement Act, 133, 135-136
Enterprise, 112-113 "Era of Good Feelings," 147
Erie Canal, 148
Espionage Act, 299
"Essex Result," 15-16
Ethics in Government Act, 59, 370-372, 375
Ethiopia, 295
executive branch: acquisition of foreign territory, 124; appointment power, 30-31, 35, 62, 82-83, 104, 107-110, 369-370, 374, 390-392; authority over agencies, 33; cabinet, 58-63, 104-106, 277-279, 282; censure, 174-175; Commander-in-Chief power, 229, 336, 341; "competent powers," 43; crisis and use of, xi; critical period and executive power, 9-17; delegated powers, 369; duties of, xiii; election of, 22, 28-30, 34, 51, 54, 103, 137-138, 430-431, 434-437; emergencies and crises power, 122, 209, 425; enumerated powers, 43-44, 90, 403; evolution of, xii, 1-2; executive orders, 367-368; executive powers, xv, 1, 2-9, 12-14, 20-51, 282, 406-410, 417-421; executive privilege, 92-95, 173, 330, 380-385; expansion of powers, 262-263; foreign affairs powers, viii
, 7, 28, 31-32, 46-48, 50, 55, 73-74, 81-91, 96, 103, 111-116, 348, 353, 403; impeachment, x, 59, 174, 384-385, 400, 410, 438; implied powers, 100; law enforcement power, 43-44, 46, 66-72, 106-107, 172-173, 201, 330, 377-378; management and administrative powers, 363-385; military powers, 23, 35, 37-38, 47-48, 53, 69-70, 76, 96-97, 115, 134-135, 151, 200-201, 211-212, 229-230, 300-310, 332, 339-342, 354, 404; minimum age, 44; national security, viii, xi, 48, 258, 300, 331-363, 403, 411; organization of, 56-66; pardon power, 35, 46, 106; party leader, 126-137; political position, xix; presidential ranking, xvi; removal power, 58-60, 159-160, 278, 370, 372-373, 379-380, 397; resignation, 384-385, 438; salary, 43; signing statements, 367-368, 414-416; term in office, 21, 42, 49, 100, 257; treaty power, 28, 30, 46, 50, 82, 86-89, 96, 103, 119, 419; unenumerated powers, 90; "unitary executive," xv; veto power, 25, 31, 35, 45-46, 65-66, 142, 167-171, 407; war powers, vii-vii, 26-28, 46, 74-81, 89, 111-115, 216, 352-353, 357, 411, 421; as weak office, xiv-xv
Executive Order 9066, 315
Executive Order 12291, 366
Exparte Endo, 321
Exparte Merryman, 210, 227-228
Exparte Milligan, 233-235, 313-314
F
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 79
Faubus, Orval, 369
Federal Advisory Committee Act, 374
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 423
Federal Communications Act, 322, 324
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), 374
Federal Election Commission, 374
"Federal Farmer," 37-38
The Federalist Papers, 3, 14, 29-30, 33, 38-40, 42-43, 45, 48-49, 55, 57, 65-67, 138, 394, 420, 434, 437
Federalist Party, 6, 10, 33, 36-39, 41, 45, 50, 51, 100, 102-105, 127, 129, 147, 169
Federalist Society, xv
Federal Power Commission, 278
Federal Reserve Bank, 163, 260-261
Federal Reserve Board, 281, 287, 327
Federal Trade Commission, 279-280
Fillmore, Millard, 437
First Seminole War, 151
Fishbourne, Benjamin, 62 "Flexible Response," 333, 354-355
Florida, 117, 123, 124, 145, 149-158, 160, 190, 217
Foner, Eric, 253
"Force Bill," 187-188
Ford, Gerald, 46, 354, 366
Ford's Theatre, 247
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 373-374, 423
Fortas, Abe, 392
Fort McHenry, 210
Fort Sumter, 206-208, 213
Foster, Vince, 380 "The Four Horsemen," 267, 275
France, 9, 11, 47, 73, 83-86, 92, 97, 99, 116-117, 130, 136, 140, 260, 296, 334-335, 347
Franken, Al, 430
Frankfurter, Felix, xviii, 275, 312
Franklin, Benjamin, 19, 32
Freedman Bill, 251
Freedmen Bureau, 250
Freedom of Information Act, 374
Free World, 333
Fremont, John, 192, 215, 217-218
French Revolution, 62, 83-86
Friedman, Milton, 260, 287
Frost, David, xi Fugitive Slave Law, 214
G
Gaddafi, Muammar, 356
Gaddis, John Lewis, 332, 354, 443
Gallatin, Albert, 68, 104, 111-112, 118-120, 128, 132-133, 135
Gallup polls, 302
Garner, John N., 272, 297
Gates, Robert, 433
GATT, 180, 192
General Motors, 429
General Orders No. 100, 217
Genet, Edmund, 84-85
Geneva Conventions, 419, 421, 440
Genovese, Michael, 33
George III, King, 2
Georgia, 150, 153-158, 217
Germany, 259-260, 290-311, 329, 331, 334-335, 335-340, 356, 360, 362, 421
Gerry, Elbridge, 26-27
Gettysburg Address, 223, 239
Glennon, Michael, xiv, 341
Glorious Revolution, 7-8
Goldsmith, Jack L., viii, 399
Goldwater, Barry, 390, 419
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 354, 358-359
Gordon, Thomas, 9
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 378
Grant, Ulysses S., 195, 215-217, 235, 245, 247, 252-253
Gray, Colin, 307
Great Britain, viii, 1, 6-9, 11, 13, 21-24, 27, 32, 35-37, 41, 46-49, 79, 83-84, 92, 97, 116, 130, 136, 140-143, 147, 347, 440
Great Compromise, 23-24
Great Depression, ix, 258-288, 325, 327, 329, 429, 432, 438
Great Society, 390
Greece, 335, 340
Greeley, Horace, 220
Greenland, 304-305
Greenstein, Fred, 348
Grenada, 356
Grier, Robert C., 213
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 413, 421-422, 439, 442, 444
Guatemala, 345
Guzman, Jacobo Arbenz, 345
H
Habeas Corpus Act, 233
Haiti, 84
Haldeman, Bob, 371, 383
Hamilton, Alexander, xv, 3-4, 10-11, 14, 22-23, 29-30, 37-49, 55-56, 61, 63-65, 67-69, 78, 84-91, 93, 100-104, 109, 114, 118, 122, 125, 128-129, 161-162, 202, 276, 291, 394, 402, 420, 425-426, 434
Hancock, John, 33, 55
Hanoi, North Vietnam, 352
Hanoverian Kings, 8
Harding, Warren, 436
Harmar, Josiah, 77-78
Harper's Weekly, 235
Harrison, William Henry, 139, 142
Hatch, Orrin G., x
Hayden, Michael, 440
Hayne, Robert, 181, 186
Haynsworth, Clement, 392
"Helvidius." See Madison, James
Hendrickson, David, 130
Henkin, Louis, 341
Henry, Patrick, 49, 57
Hiroshima, Japan, 337
Hiss, Alger, 381
Hitler, Adolph, 293-294, 296
HMS Leopard, 115
Hobbes, Thomas, 4
Hofstadter, Richard, 127
Holder, Eric, 439
Holland, 84
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 265-266
Homeland Security Council, 367
Home Owners Loan Act (HOLA), 263
Homestead Act, 203
Hoover, Herbert, ix, 261-262, 278-279, 352, 403, 429, 438
Hoover, J. Edgar, 316, 322-323
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 381-382
Houston, Sam, 153
Howe, Daniel, 156, 198
Howell, William G., 399
Hughes, Charles Evans, 267, 272-273
Hume, David, 42
Humphrey, William, 279
Humphrey's Executor, 280-281, 379
Hunter, David, 217, 238
Hurricane Katrina, 364
Hussein, Saddam, 359, 411
I
Iceland, 305
Ickes, Harold, 297
Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA), 377
The Imperial Presidency (Schlesinger), xiii, 33, 336, 399
Indiana Peace Democrat, 233
Indiana Territory, 139
Indian Removal Bill, 155, 190
Indian wars, 75-81, 97, 112, 139, 149, 153-158. See also specific
Indian tribes Indochina, 306
Indonesia, 345
INS v. Chadha, 377-378
Inspector General Act, 372-373
Intelligent Oversight Act, 373
Intermediate-Nuclear Forces Treaty, 359
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 373, 376-377
Interstate Commerce Commission, 276
Iran, 293, 345, 353, 356-358, 371, 376-377, 379, 430, 433, 438
Iraq, 348, 410-423, 429, 433, 443
Israel, 347, 440
Italy, 259, 295, 335
J
Jackson, Andrew, ix, xii, xvi, 142, 145-198, 195, 199, 201, 207, 211, 231-232, 245, 278, 389, 402, 408, 415, 426, 430, 435, 438
Jackson, Robert, 297, 299-301, 311, 320, 322, 341-342, 377
Japan, 259, 289-310, 329, 335, 362, 421
Jaworsk
i, Leon, 383
Jay, John, 11, 14, 82-83, 92-93
Jay Treaty, 92-95, 97, 118, 174
Jefferson, Thomas, ix, xvi, 12, 44-46, 55, 61, 63-66, 68, 72, 78-79, 82-91, 93, 99-143, 146-147, 161, 166, 172, 174, 176, 189, 201-202, 206-207, 222, 276, 291, 320, 358, 389, 402-403, 408, 412, 417, 419, 425-427, 430, 435, 438
Jim Crow laws, xix, 387
Johnson, Andrew, 235, 237, 249-255, 407, 410, 423, 437
Johnson, Lyndon, 138, 330, 333, 351, 368, 388, 390, 392, 407, 431
Johnston, Joseph E., 226
Jones, James, 433
Jones, Paula, 380
Jones v. SEC, 270
Judiciary Act, 71, 105, 108, 155
K
Kansas, 157
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 214
Katz v. United States, 323
Kennan, George, 335
Kennedy, Anthony, 393
Kennedy, John F., xiii, 138, 253, 330, 333, 348-350, 355, 368, 370, 388, 390, 400, 411, 436
Kentucky, 150, 217
Kentucky Resolutions (Resolves), 101, 106, 181
Kerry, John, 436
Ketcham, Ralph, 101
Key, Francis Scott, 142
Khalid Sheik Mohammed, 440
Khrushchev, Nikita, 347-348
King, Rufus, 26
"King Caucus," 137, 147, 435
Kissinger, Henry, 352
Knox, Frank, 298
Knox, Henry, 11, 61, 63, 69, 75, 77-78, 85
Koh, Harold, xiv, 341
Kohn, Richard, 77
Konoye, Prince, 308
Korea, 334
Korean War, xii, xviii, 74, 332, 336-342, 362-363, 397, 430
Korematsu v. United States, 318-321
Kuwait, 356-357, 359
L
Landon, Alf, 270-271
Landy, Marc, ix Lawson, Gary, 118, 122
League of Nations, 295, 326
Lebanon, 348, 356-357
Lee, Robert E., 195, 226, 232, 245
Lend-Lease, 301, 303-304
Lessig, Lawrence, 67
Leuchtenberg, William, 264
Levy, Leonard, 99, 133, 135
Lewinsky, Monica, 380
Libya, 334, 356
Lieber, Francis, 217
Lincoln, Abraham, ix, xvi, 99, 185, 191, 195, 198, 199-255, 257, 275, 278, 285, 289, 291, 311, 315, 320-321, 388-389, 396, 402-403, 408-410, 413, 419, 421-424, 426, 430, 437, 442
Lincoln, Levi, 118
Little Rock, Arkansas, xii, 369, 388
Livingstone, Robert, 117, 119-120
Lochner v. New York, 265-266
Locke, John, xv, 3-7, 20, 31, 38, 89, 122-125, 201, 425
Lothian, Lord, 303
Louis XVI, King, 84
Louisiana, 240-241, 243, 246, 254
Louisiana Purchase, viii, xix, 100, 102, 116-126, 130-131, 137, 147, 150, 152, 197, 403, 409
L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 117
M
MacArthur, Douglas, xii, 337, 382-383
Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernardo dei, xv, 3-4, 7, 35, 125