Marie Antoinette
Page 62
12 Godechot, p. 325; Rudé, Crowd, p. 55 note 1.
13 Godechot, p. 24; Besenval, p. 28.
14 Nicolardot, p. 136.
15 Godechot, p. 325; Ribeiro, Dress, pp. 56–8.
16 Louis-Philippe, p. 43.
17 Hardman, p. 176.
18 Lettres, II, p. 131 & note 1.
19 Dormois, p. 83.
20 Swain, pp. 33–4.
21 RA, Add. MSS 15/8162; Jarrett, p. 165; Almeras, p. 281.
22 Browning, Despatches, p. 73.
23 Campan, II, pp. 50–1.
24 Klinckowström, II, p. 6.
25 Browning, Despatches, p. 246; Godechot, p. 260.
26 Feuillet de Conches, I, pp. 476–7; Pimodan, p. 245.
27 Forrest, p. 23.
28 Lettres, II, p. 137 note 1.
29 RA, Add. MSS 9/76.
30 Rudé, Crowd, p. 69.
31 Tourzel, pp. 11, 19.
32 Lettres, II, pp. 131–6; Tourzel, p. 20.
33 Campan, II, p. 70.
34 Webster, p. 66; Béarn, p. 35; Saint-Priest, II, pp. 6–7.
35 L’Ami du Peuple, 7 October 1789; Campan, II, p. 70.
36 Nicolardot, p. 138.
37 Tourzel, p. 22; Hüe, pp. 7, 17; Saint-Priest, II, pp. 9–14.
38 Marie Thérèse Journal, p. 8; Hüe, p. 7.
39 Klinckowström, I, p. li; Söderhjolm, pp. 135–6.
40 Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 353; Journal de Paris, 7 October 1790.
41 Tourzel, pp. 22 et seq.; Campan, II, pp. 76 et seq.
42 Augeard, p. 196; Marie Thérèse Journal, p. 4; Elliott, p. 26.
43 Tourzel, p. 26; La Rochejaquelein, p. 10; but see Campan, II, p. 79. Campan, however, was not present at Versailles; Tourzel was.
44 Jarrett, p. 165.
45 Augeard, p. 196; Marie Thérèse Journal, p. 5.
46 Béarn, p. 36; Hardman, p. 172.
47 Klinckowström, I, p. li; Couty, p. 39; Louis-Philippe, p. 59.
48 Debriffe, p. 98.
49 Léonard, I, p. 291; Flammermont, p. 269.
CHAPTER 19: HER MAJESTY THE PRISONER
pp. 301–16
1 Lettres, II, p. 144; Couty, p. 42.
2 Couty, p. 41.
3 Béarn, p. 42; Mansel, Court, p. 19.
4 Weber, II, p. 234.
5 Couty, p. 46.
6 Klinckowström, I, p. li; Sorel, pp. 180–1; Campan, II, pp. 83–5.
7 Campan (1988), p. 235; Lettres, II, pp. 147–9.
8 Tourzel, pp. 63–4; Lettres, II, p. 148.
9 Couty, p. 46; Reitlinger II, p. 50; Verlet, p. 135; Langlade, p. 204.
10 Mansel, Court, p. 21; Campan, II, pp. 90–6.
11 Béarn, p. 57; Debriffe, p. 99.
12 Mansel, Court, p. 19; RA, Add. MSS 43/2.
13 Béarn, p. 58.
14 Verlet, p. 184; Campan, II, p. 90; Lettres, II, pp. 173–4.
15 Campan, II, p. 87; Couty, pp. 62–4; Hezecques, p. 26; Thompson, p. 82; Tourzel, p. 37.
16 Campan, II, p. 213.
17 Elliott, p. 39; Yalom, p. 31; Hüe, p. 143.
18 Bombelles, III, p. 83; Couty, p. 62.
19 Journal de Paris, 30 March 1790.
20 Béarn, pp. 48 et seq.; Hüe, p. 165.
21 Tourzel, p. 79; Journal de Paris, 12 May 1790.
22 Campan, II, p. 107; Campan (1988), p. 247; Nicolardot, p. 138; Tourzel, p. 50; Hardman, p. 178.
23 Lettres, II, p. 137 note 1; Debriffe, pp. 105, 117.
24 Tourzel, p. 50.
25 Augeard, pp. 202 et seq.
26 Pimodan, pp. 248–9.
27 Augeard, p. 245; Saint-Priest, I, p. 49.
28 Mansel, Louis XVIII, p. 48; Campan, II, p. 103; Véri, I, p. 23.
29 Nicolardot, pp. 138–40; Campan, II, pp. 111–12.
30 Lettres, II, pp. 160, 197; Pimodan, p. 251; Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A, 26, 305.
31 Lettres, II, pp. 173–4.
32 Lettres, II, p. 166; Dormois, p. 42.
33 Söderhjolm, p. 145.
34 Lettres, II, p. 193.
35 Lettres, II, p. 191.
36 Lettres, II, p. 178; Louis-Philippe, p. 77; Cobban, p. 172.
37 Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 85; Schama, p. 511.
38 Hüe, p. 172.
39 Lettres, II, pp. 188–9.
40 Hibbert, p. 309; Keane, p. 289; Pimodan, p. 303; Dutens, V, pp. 6–9; Feuillet de Conches, III, p. 364.
41 Burke, pp. 169–70.
CHAPTER 20: GREAT HOPES
pp. 317–32
1 Lettres, II, pp. 202–3; Pimodan, p. 262.
2 Campan, II, p. 134.
3 Blanning, Eighteenth Century, p. 172; Hardman, p. 182; Campan, II, p. 125; Tourzel, p. 185.
4 Keane, pp. 289 et seq.
5 Antonina, II, p. 38; Fleischmann, Pamphlets, pp. 141, 147, 199.
6 Dictionnaire de Droit Canonique, III, cols. 1153–9, 1942.
7 Béarn, p. 54.
8 Stryiénski, Mesdames, p. 264; Journal de Paris, 22 February 1791.
9 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 259 note 1; Lettres, II, p. 224.
10 Hardman, p. 184; Couty, p. 88; Nicolardot, p. 141; Dormois, p. 96.
11 Dormois, pp. 43–5.
12 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A26, 307.
13 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 263 note 1.
14 Bouillé, p. 39.
15 L’Ami du Peuple, 2 April 1791.
16 Crawford, pp. 437 et seq.
17 Tourzel, p. 194, p. 455, note; Versailles 1955, no. 645; Browning, Varennes, pp. 14–16, 52–76. Carlyle, in a colourful account—full, however, of inaccuracies—apostrophized it: “Miserable new Berline! Why could not Royalty go in some old Berline similar to that of other men,” missing the point that the berlin was exactly that, rather than a recognizable royal vehicle: French Revolution, part II, p. 16; Dunlop, Marie-Antoinette, p. 295.
18 Lettres, II, p. 281 & note 3; Campan (1988), p. 443 note 167.
19 Lettres, II, pp. 230–1.
20 Lettres, p. 234.
21 Pimodan, p. 278.
22 Arneth, Marie Antoinette, p. 162.
23 Lévis, p. 211; Lettres, II, p. 231.
24 Journal de Paris, 20 April 1791; Tourzel, p. 172; Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 123.
25 Nouvion & Liez, p. 92; Modes: Éloffe, II, p. 120; Nicolardot, p. 142.
26 Lettres, II, p. 235.
27 Browning, Varennes, pp. 19 et seq.
28 Bouillé, pp. 46–8.
29 Lettres, II, p. 223.
30 Bouillé, p. 67; Browning, Varennes, p. 22 note 1.
31 Tourzel, p. 384.
32 Lettres, II, p. 312.
33 Damas, p. 219.
34 Söderhjolm, pp. 177–8; Lévis, p. 154.
35 Lettres, II, p. 251; Arneth, Marie Antoinette, p. 179; Feuillet de Conches, II, pp. 349–50.
36 Tourzel, p. 354; Morel, p. 213; Couty, p. 94.
37 Demuth, p. 247; Pimodan, p. 286.
38 Bombelles, III, p. 245; Weber, II, p. 324; Campan, II, p. 142.
39 Choiseul, Relation, pp. 39 et seq.; Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 95.
40 Royal Memoirs, I, pp. 15–16.
41 Reiset, pp. 190 et seq.; Mansel, Louis XVIII, p. 54.
CHAPTER 21: DEPARTURE AT MIDNIGHT
pp. 333–48
1 Couty, pp. 94 et seq.
2 Keane, p. 313; Pimodan, p. 289.
3 Feuillet de Conches, II, pp. 101–25.
4 Modes: Éloffe, II, p. 234.
5 Valory, p. 273.
6 Valory, p. 281; Tourzel, pp. 190 et seq.
7 Royal Memoirs, I, pp. 20 et seq.
8 Tourzel, pp. 191–2.
9 Browning, Varennes, p. 12.
10 Tourzel, p. 195.
11 Choiseul, Relation, pp. 79 et seq.
12 Choiseul, Relation, p. 72.
13 Tourzel, p. 196.
14 Valory, p. 286; Marie Thérèse thought so, Royal Memoirs, I, pp. 30–1.
15 Damas, pp. 213 et seq.
16 Browning, Varennes, p. 30.
17 Raigecourt, pp. 199 et seq.
18 Deslon, p. 177.
19 Valory, pp. 295–304.
20 Browning, Varennes, p. 43; Tourzel, p. 202.
21 Valory, p. 304.
22 Deslon, p. 177; Damas, p. 250.
23 Tourzel, p. 231.
24 Debriffe, p. 137.
25 Lévis, pp. 218–20; Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 35, note 3; Tourzel, pp. 207 et seq.; Amarzit, pp. 206 et seq.
26 Tourzel, p. 204; Dutens Papers, no. 938, box 923.
27 Elliott, p. 58; Browning, Varennes, p. 49; Tourzel, p. 205.
28 Grouchy & Guillois, pp. 277–8; Elliott, p. 63.
29 Nicolardot, p. 143; Esterhazy Lettres I, p. 237; Hüe, p. 206 & note.
30 Tourzel, p. 207.
31 Esterhazy Lettres I, p. 238; Loomis, Friendship, p. 202.
32 See Choiseul, Relation, passim; Bouillé, p. 12 & passim; Damas; Valory; Royal Memoirs, I, passim; Tourzel, pp. 189, 453 & note.
33 Choiseul, Relation, pp. 111–16; Bouillé, p. 9.
34 Dormois, p. 193; Bouillé, p. 134.
35 Aspinall, George III, p. 547; Freeman, p. 70.
36 Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 559; Yalom, p. 150.
37 Nicolardot, pp. 128, 142.
CHAPTER 22: UP TO THE EMPEROR
pp. 349–64
1 Choiseul, Relation, p. 106.
2 Schama, p. 513; Rudé, Robespierre, p. 106; Amarzit, p. 216; Hampson, p. 53.
3 Weston, Letters (1791), p. 92.
4 Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 1084, 1085; Corti, p. 18; Lever, Louis XVIII, p. 182.
5 Kelly, p. 31; Donald, p. 146; Browning, Despatches, p. 287; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 1086.
6 Lettres, II, pp. 253, 254.
7 Hedley, p. 150.
8 Campan, II, p. 149; Sorel, p. 191; Lamorlière, p. 245; Weber, II, p. 23.
9 Söderhjolm, p. 250.
10 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 18 et seq.; Campan, II, p. 178; Lettres, II, p. 392, note 3.
11 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 39–40; Campan, II, pp. 150–1; Hardman, p. 200.
12 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 14 et seq.
13 Thomas, p. 43; Söderhjolm, p. 229.
14 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 54–61.
15 Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 427; Weston, Letters (1792), p. 96.
16 Fraser, p. 170.
17 Yalom, p. 151; Weston, Letters (1791), p. 282.
18 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 113; Lettres, II, pp. 268–9, 278.
19 Lettres, II, p. 255.
20 Pimodan, p. 296; Lettres, II, p. 286; Lever, Louis XVIII, pp. 162, 170; Louis-Philippe, p. 126.
21 Lever, Louis XVIII, p. 181; Mansel, Louis XVIII, p. 60; Daudet, p. 60.
22 Louis-Philippe, p. 92.
23 Lettres, II, p. 275.
24 Lettres, II, pp. 282–304.
25 Lettres, II, pp. 333, 360.
26 Tourzel, p. 80; Lettres, II, p. 275; Söderhjolm, p. 251.
27 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 47; Lettres, II, p. 292; Pimodan, p. 313.
28 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 111 et seq.
29 Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 397.
30 Pimodan, pp. 319–20.
31 Mansel, Ligne, p. 85; Ligne, I, p. 286.
32 Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 284.
33 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 125 note 2, p. 143; Sorel, p. 199; Fleischmann, p. 246; MacDonogh, Reigning Cats, p. 49.
34 Tourzel, p. 303; Campan, II, p. 174.
35 Couty, p. 143; Nouvion & Liez, p. 94.
36 Lettres, II, pp. 364–78.
37 Browning, Despatches, pp. 150, 152; Lettres, II, p. 320; Klinckowström, I, p. lxvi; Söderhjolm, p. 236.
38 Castelot, Queen, p. 295.
39 Forrest, p. 113.
40 Stafsundarchive, AVF, Dagböker, V (1791–4); Söderhjolm, pp. 241–7.
CHAPTER 23: VIOLENCE AND RAGE
pp. 365–81
1 Lettres, II, p. 395 note 2; Tourzel, p. 296; Kelly, p. 45.
2 Lettres, II, pp. 396–7; Hüe, p. 394.
3 Pimodan, pp. 296, 326.
4 Hampson, p. 111; Campan, II, p. 205.
5 Söderhjolm, p. 257.
6 Lettres, II, p. 398, 402.
7 Lettres, II, pp. 393, 399, 402.
8 L’Ami du Peuple, 11 June 1792.
9 Couty, pp. 166 et seq.; Campan, II, pp. 211 et seq.
10 Weston, Letters (1792), p. 90.
11 Hüe, pp. 263 et seq.
12 Béarn, p. 93; Tourzel, p. 294; Hüe, p. 274.
13 Lettres, II, p. 406; Hüe, p. 274.
14 Campan, II, p. 214.
15 Amarzit, p. 104; Couty, p. 190; Hüe, p. 305; Lettres, II, p. 406 & note 2, p. 414; Molleville, II, pp. 174–5.
16 Campan, II, p. 239; Amarzit, p. 98.
17 Tourzel, p. 343.
18 Mossiker, p. 566; Lettres, II, p. 419.
19 Higonnet, p. 245.
20 Lettres, II, p. 420 note 1; Mayer, pp. 55–6; Arnaud-Bouteloup, pp. 363–6.
21 Schama, p. 612.
22 Lettres, II, p. 244.
23 Nicolardot, p. 148; Campan, II, p. 216; Couty, p. 194; Moore, I, p. 164.
24 Couty, pp. 197 et seq.; La Rochefoucauld, pp. 3 et seq.
25 Allen, pp. 14 et seq.; Hezecques, p. 135.
26 Campan, II, pp. 239 et seq.
27 La Rochefoucauld, p. 7; Couty, p. 215.
28 Moore, I, pp. 167 et seq.; La Rochefoucauld, pp. 13–14.
29 Jordan, p. 5.
30 Campan, II, p. 242; Crankshaw, p. 78; Couty, p. 220.
31 Hüe, p. 332; Rocheterie, II, p. 272.
32 Allen, p. 80; Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 618; Hardman, pp. 220–1; Loomis, Terror, p. 194.
33 Hüe, p. 333.
34 Tourzel, p. 364; Couty, p. 221; Allen, p. 91.
35 Tarante, p. 71; Allen, p. 92; La Rochefoucauld, pp. 22, 26.
36 La Rochefoucauld, p. 23.
37 Journal de Paris, 12 August 1792; Campan, II, p. 244; La Rochefoucauld, p. 40.
38 Allen, p. 101; Hardman, p. 221.
39 Weber, III, p. 109; Chapman, p. 571; Tarante, p. 77; Moore, I, p. 36; Maxwell, p. 186.
40 Tarante, p. 72; Béarn, p. 100.
41 Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 75 & note 31, p. 146; Keane, p. 318; Hüe, p. 348.
42 Tarante, p. 97; Tourzel, p. 342.
43 Maxwell, p. 169.
44 Journal de Paris, 12 August 1792; Castelot, Queen, p. 315; Campan, II, p. 258; Béarn, p. 105; Lenotre, pp. 6–18.
45 Campan, II, p. 255.
46 Lenotre, pp. 31 et seq.
47 L’Ami du Peuple, 10 August 1792; Tourzel, p. 378; Lenotre, p. 32.
CHAPTER 24: THE TOWER
pp. 382–99
1 Tourzel, p. 374; Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 157–8.
2 Hüe, pp. 355 et seq.
3 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 167; Lep"tre, p. 163.
4 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 161 et seq.; Hüe, pp. 355 et seq.
5 Nouvion & Liez, pp. 96–7 & note 2; Delpierre, pp. 27–32.
6 Hüe, p. 394.
7 Tourzel, p. 382.
8 See Cléry, pp. 15, 26 & passim.
9 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 167; Couty, p. 270.
10 Arasse, p. 33.
11 Daujon, pp. 45 et seq.
12 Higonnet, p. 37; Cobb, French, p. 387 & note 4; Moore, I, p. 183; Loomis, Terror, p. 83.
13 Gueniffey, p. 237.
14 Tourzel, p. 389; Bertin, p. 306; Lafont d’Aussone, I, pp. 52–3.
15 Morris, II, p. 540; Moore, p. 189.
16 Bertin, Lamballe, p. 326; Louis-Philippe, p. 261 & note; Chapman, p. 122; Tussaud, p. 272.
17 Bertin, Lamballe, p. 322; Cléry, pp. 31 et seq.
18 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 174–5.
19 Daujon, pp. 59–61.
20 Fleischmann, Terror, p. 58; Lenotre, p. 79; Hüe, p. 466.
21 Morel, pp. 213, 218–19, 234; “Dix siècles de joaillerie,” p. 40.
22 Moore, I, p. 271.
23 Fleischmann, p. 78; Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 183 et seq.; Rousseau, Émile, p.
15; Cléry, pp. 35 et seq.
24 Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 447; Cléry, p. 45; Hardman, p. 226.
25 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 170.
26 Debriffe, p. 174.
27 Turgy, pp. 93–4; Loomis, Terror, p. 259.
28 Cléry, p. 210 & note 1 to p. 56; Goret, p. 127.
29 Mirault, p. 49; Wilfred Blunt and W. T. Stearn, The Art of Botanical Illustration, new revised edn, 1994, pp. 186–7 and note 5.
30 Blanning, Revolution, p. 65.
31 Couty, pp. 276–7; Freeman, pp. 1, 38, 50, 70.
32 Maxwell, pp. 179–80.
33 Cléry, p. 86; Lep"tre, p. 161 & note 1; Landon, II, pp. 594–5.
34 Dormois, pp. 201–4; Jordan, p. 127.
35 Morris, II, p. 591.
36 Walzer, p. 5; Figes, p. 639.
37 Jordan, pp. 58 et seq., p. 102.
38 Paine, III, pp. 119–27.
39 Paine, IV, pp. x–xii; Jordan, pp. 196–7.
40 Jordan, p. 187; Elliott, p. 120.
41 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 199–200, 203–4.
42 Cléry, pp. 104–5.
43 Turgy, p. 102.
CHAPTER 25: UNFORTUNATE PRINCESS
pp. 403–20
1 Lep"tre, p. 169.
2 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 204–5; Cléry, p. 107; Lettres, II, p. 434.
3 Lettres, II, p. 438.
4 Lep"tre, p. 172 note 1; Goret, p. 144.
5 Goret, p. 144; Royal Memoirs, III, p. 206.
6 Furneaux, p. 119.
7 Goret, p. 149; “Relation de Turgy,” p. 112.
8 Lever, Louis XVIII, p. 200; Crawford, pp. 447 et seq.; Pimodan, p. 375.
9 Turgy, pp. 103 et seq.; Hüe, p. 472.
10 Lep"tre, p. 159.
11 Lenotre, p. 150 & note 1.
12 Pimodan, pp. 372, 374; Bacourt, II, p. 368.
13 Higonnet, p. 138; Thomas, p. 68; Söderhjolm, p. 281.
14 Hüe, p. 469; Aspinall, Prince of Wales, pp. 274, 276.
15 Rudé, Robespierre, p. 31; Walzer, p. 108; Jordan, p. 190.
16 Jordan, p. 210; Moelle, p. 211.
17 Salmon, p. 92; Tarante, p. 203; Saint-Priest, II, p. 98.
18 Pimodan, p. 377.
19 Blanning, Joseph II, p. 203.
20 Lettres, II, p. 426; Turgy, p. 104; Lep"tre, p. 178 note 1.
21 Lettres, II, p. 433.
22 Lettres, II, pp. 437–9.
23 Söderhjolm, p. 323; Lettres, II, p. 435; Rousseau, Nouvelle Héloïse, p. 47.
24 Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 640.
25 Tourzel, p. 385 & note p. 467.
26 Furneaux, p. 128.
27 Hampson, p. 120; Loomis, Terror, p. 257.
28 Jordan, p. 225; Arasse, pp. 70–1, p. 189 note 128; Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 222–3.
29 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 223–4.
30 Furneaux, pp. 135–6.