by Kai Bird
political impact of, 241, 249, 262–64, 500
Soviet response to, 237–38, 242, 256, 278–79, 281–82
Stimson’s views on, 237–38, 239, 240, 256, 261, 262–63
targets for, 243, 244–45, 257
Trinity test of, 251–52, 253, 255, 263
Truman’s views on, 238, 247, 251, 252, 279, 310, 462, 501
U.S. monopoly of, 255, 261–62, 278–79, 281, 282, 303, 501
see also Hiroshima bombing
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 276, 279, 417, 422 Attlee, Clement, 256
Auerbach, Sol, 404
Ausable Club, 29, 113
Auschwitz concentration camp, 211–23, 315, 354, 359–60, 367, 659, 660, 662
Baker, James A., Ill, 16
Baker, J. Stewart, 394, 398, 399–400, 402, 441
Baldwin, Hanson, 461
Baldwin, Roger, 87, 165
Ball, George W., 502, 526, 527, 529, 532, 533, 539, 541, 572–73, 576, 578, 585, 587, 590, 598, 599, 652
Ballantine, Arthur, 107
Balli Kombetar, 354
Ballou, George, 605
Bank for International Settlements, 252
Bank Holding Company Act (1956), 402
Bank Merger Act (1960), 402
Bank of America, 399, 400, 456
Barbie, Klaus, 345, 346–53
Bard, Ralph A., 243n, 248–49
Barnet, Richard J., 620
Barnett, A. Doak, 585
Barran, David, 627
Baruch, Bernard, 41, 182, 279, 281–82, 300, 302, 304, 409
Baruch Plan, 282
Bass, Perry Richardson, 16
Bator, Francis, 620
Battle, Lucius, 605, 609
Bay of Pigs invasion, 504–5, 509, 522
Beale, Joseph H., 48, 49
Begin, Menachem, 202
Beitz, Berthold, 480, 481, 482, 656
Bendetsen, Karl, 148–49, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 169
Bentley, Elizabeth, 287n
Bergson, Peter, 202, 207, 209
Berlin, 303, 310, 313, 476, 478, 487, 536
Kennedy’s policies on, 506, 509, 511–12, 524, 531, 541–42
Khrushchev’s policies on, 507, 509, 510, 511, 516, 522
Berlin Wall, 511–12
Bemays, Murray C., 258
Bessie, Simon Michael, 458
Bethe, Hans, 423
Bethlehem Steel Co., 60, 62, 77, 79, 101
Bevin, Ernest, 324
Bidault, Georges, 292
Biddle, Francis, 128, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 162, 164–65, 171
Bilderberg Group, 471–74, 475, 479
Birrenbach, Kurt, 369
Bismarck, Otto von, 154, 319, 323, 450, 658
Bissell, Clayton, 229, 428–29
Bitter Heritage, The (Schlesinger), 596–97
Bixler, Julius Seelye, 38
Black, Eugene, 285–86, 289, 295, 305, 445, 448, 449, 450, 452, 497, 498, 581
Black Tom Island case, 46, 78–95
appeal filed in, 83–86
destruction investigated in, 78–79
documentary evidence in, 80, 81, 82, 83–85, 87–88, 93
Hermann Message and, 84–85, 93
incendiary pencils as evidence in, 81, 85, 92, 113
international arbitration in, 93–94
lawsuit as result of, 77, 92–93
McCloy’s investigation of, 77, 78–95, 96, 108, 113, 119, 126, 154, 163, 176, 278, 302, 345, 347, 353, 427, 502, 503, 548–49
sabotage as issue in, 77, 80–82, 85, 87, 88, 91
Zimmermann cable on, 80, 81, 82, 93
Blankenhorn, Herbert, 322
Blaustein, Jacob, 479, 480, 482
Blobel, Paul, 370
Blue Book, 84, 85
Blum, Léon, 111
Boggs, Hale, 548, 564–65
Bohlen, Chip, 512
Bohr, Niels, 277
Bond Club, 15, 290
Bonesteel, Charles S., 171
Bovenizer, George W., 104
Bowie, Robert R., 348, 349, 352, 360–61, 423, 461, 515, 642,
Bowles, Chester, 516–17
Bowman, Isaiah, 276
Boy-Ed, Karl, 88
Boyle, Kay, 406
Braden, Tom, 358
Bradley, Omar N., 233, 327, 576
Brand, Joel, 218
Brandeis, Louis D., 55–56, 67
Brandt, Willy, 358, 621–22, 623
Bratton, Rufus C., 138, 140
Braun, Eva, 254
Brazil, 550–53
Bretton Woods conference, 282, 285, 286, 292, 296, 297
Brezhnev, Leonid, 656
Bridges, Harry, 128
British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 202
British Secret Operations Executive, 181
British Security Coordination, 129
Bross, John, 349, 352, 361, 363, 412
Browder, Earl, 404
Browne, Malcolm, 581
Brownell, George, 106
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 409, 415, 417, 638
Brownlee, James F., 437
Bruce, David, 325, 481, 491
Brunie, Henry C., 69, 75, 99, 442, 504
Bryan, William Jennings, 43
Brzezinksi, Zbigniew, 530, 585, 642–43, 644–45, 646, 648, 649, 650
Buchanan, Scott, 38
Buford, Jack W., 550–53
Bunche, Ralph, 458
Bundy, Harvey H., 121, 132, 143, 185, 239, 243n, 251
Bundy, McGeorge, 16, 423, 460, 462, 520, 563, 564, 581–82, 585, 596
as Kennedy’s national security advisor, 499, 500, 516, 523, 526, 527, 531, 534
Vietnam policy of, 571, 573–74, 575, 576, 578, 581–83, 597, 598, 602
Bundy, Mary Acheson, 182
Bundy, William, 182, 412, 413, 499, 573–74, 575.576, 577, 578, 596, 599, 619–20, 621
Bunker, Ellsworth, 595
Burgess, Randolph, 285
Burke, Michael, 355, 356
Burling, John, 172
Bush, George, 16, 657, 663
Bush, Vannevar, 243n, 276, 278, 423
Business Week, 455
Buttenwieser, Benjamin, 59, 60, 64, 66, 72, 74, 104, 105, 207, 318, 328, 405, 412, 660
Byrnes, James F., 123, 242, 243/2, 244, 246, 249–58, 261–63, 272, 276, 279, 280, 292
Byroade, Henry, 340, 349, 371–72, 379–80
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, 15, 58–61, 62
Cairo Conference, 190–95
Cairo Declaration, 257
Campbell, John Franklin, 620–21
Canfield, Cass, 458, 596
Carnegie, Andrew, 79
Carstens, Karl, 16
Carter, Jay Franklin, 155
Carter, Jimmy, 640–54, 660
Establishment and, 649–50
Iranian hostage crisis and, 641, 655 780
shah of Iran as viewed by, 641–52
Carter, Rosalynn, 646
Carver, George, 585, 598, 602
Case, Clifford, 628
Casey, William, 457, 656
Castro, Fidel, 459, 522, 523, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 540, 548, 555–56, 566
Cecil, Robert, 61
Celler, Emmanuel, 400, 402
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 130, 295, 301, 352n
covert activities of, 302–4, 353, 354, 355–56, 413, 414, 435, 449, 504–5, 551, 553
Dulles as director of, 412, 413, 426, 429, 459, 499, 504
front organizations of, 357–58, 483–85
as information source, 459–60, 634, 642
International Organizations (IO) Division of, 412, 484
Kennedy assassination and, 555–56, 560–61, 562, 565–66
McCarthy’s investigations of, 412–13
McCloy’s contacts with, 302–4, 426–29, 518, 521, 651, 656
Nazi war criminals and operations of, 352n
Office of Policy Coordination of, 304, 355, 427
Soviet military threat analyzed by, 3
27–28
Century Group, 111–12, 124
Chafee, Zachariah, Jr., 53, 55
“Challenge to American Foreign Policy, The” (McCloy), 392–93
Chamoun, Camille, 442
Champion, George, 396–98, 441, 454, 455–56, 488
Chandler, Wallace C., 48
Chapman, Dudley, 627–29, 631
Chartered Life Underwriters, 289
Chase International Investment Corporation, 641
Chase Manhattan Bank:
Bank of Manhattan merger and, 394, 398–402, 435, 441, 453
charter of, 399, 402
CIA involvement with, 485
headquarters of, 453–55
international loans of, 396–98, 449, 456, 567–68, 605, 641–42, 653–54
McCloy as chairman of, 18, 387–88, 391–402, 412, 430–32, 435–36, 443, 444, 445, 450, 453–57, 458, 477, 488, 498
retail banking facilities of, 394, 398, 402
Rockefeller control of, 395, 401
shareholders’ meeting of, 393–95, 400, 401
Chase National Bank, 91, 93, 103, 274, 481
Chemical Corn Exchange Bank, 400
Cherne, Leo, 457
Chevalier, Haakon, 424
Chiang Kai-shek, 192, 241, 473–75
Chicago Daily News, 67
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 64–67, 104–5
Chicago Tribune, 138
Childs, Marquis, 300
China, People’s Rupublic of, 241, 449
U.S. relations with, 473–75, 571, 573
China lobby, 474, 475
Christian Aid Committee, 362
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 318, 323, 326–27, 590
Christopher, Warren, 646, 647, 648
Church, Frank, 639
Churchill, Mary, 200
Churchill, Winston, 129, 132, 143, 197
at Cairo Conference, 192
German occupation as viewed by, 226
Holocaust and policy of, 217–18
McCloy’s relationship with, 199–200, 364
military strategy of, 177, 178, 179, 181, 190, 192–93, 200
Roosevelt and, 143, 178, 182, 184–85, 193–94, 225, 235, 236, 258
Stalin’s relationship with, 251, 338
Truman’s relationship with, 241, 251, 252
World Bank as viewed by, 294–95
Citizens Committee for Peace with Freedom in Vietnam, 597–98
civil-defense program, 465, 466, 467, 509
Clark, Grenville, 19, 41, 43, 44, 45, 80, 107, 110, 133, 141, 408, 514–15
Clark, Mark, 153, 195
Clark, Tom, 153
Clay, Lucius, 233, 303, 305, 309–10, 313, 330, 333, 360, 365, 386, 419, 447, 448, 468, 476, 622, 646
Clayton, William L., 112, 232, 243n, 292
Cleveland Plain-Dealer, 327
Clifford, Clark, 504, 580, 584, 601, 602, 607, 609
Cohen, Ben, 125
Cohn, Roy, 405–6, 407, 412, 413, 417, 419–20, 421, 422
Cold War, 262, 263, 276, 576
“German problem” and, 310–11, 360, 378, 381, 385, 475–76, 592
intelligence operations in, 302, 303, 347, 356, 357, 434
international finance and, 306, 307
McCloy’s views on, 290, 300, 336, 476, 624
U.S. strategy for, 413–14, 506, 538–39, 603
as “war of ideas,” 393, 408, 428, 463
Coleman, William, 561
Collado, Emilio G. “Pete,” 283, 284–85, 286
Commission on Foreign and Economic Policy, 411
Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, 301–2
Committee for an Effective and Durable Peace in Asia, 581 “Committee of Three,” 229, 240–41, 247
Committee on the Present Danger, 649
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, 109, 112
Common Market, 379, 472, 516, 541
Communist Party, French, 290, 291, 293, 302, 350
Communist Party, German (KPD), 347, 352
Communist Party, Italian, 302
Communist Party, U.S., 185, 186, 229, 421
Communists:
McCloy’s views on, 185–86, 271, 280, 296, 300, 356–57, 385, 393, 411, 412, 416, 417, 418, 420, 423, 446
in military service, 185–86, 228–29
Compton, Arthur, 243n
Compton, Karl T., 243n, 423
Conant, James, 112, 243–44, 276, 278, 391–92, 403–4, 406, 410, 459, 478, 581
“Concentration Camp: U.S. Style,” 162
Conference on Jewish War Material Claims Against Germany, 479
Confluence, 462
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 357–58, 412–13, 428
Connally, John, 554, 558, 562, 565, 637
Connally, Tom, 133
Connor, John, 605
Coolidge, Calvin, 54, 99
Cooper, Chester, 599
Cooper, John Sherman, 548, 565
Corcoran, Tommy, 124
Cotton, Joseph, 107
Council for Democracy, 109
Council of Europe, 326
Council of Foreign Ministers, 259
Council on Foreign Relations, 112, 124, 457, 616
CIA involvement with, 426, 459–60
Corporation Service for, 458
as discussion group, 459–64, 618–21
Establishment represented in, 619–21
founding of, 59, 63
Franklin Report of, 275–76
McCloy as chairman of, 18, 416, 432–33, 452–53, 457–64, 503, 521, 584–85, 618–19
McCloy as member of, 108, 275–76, 312, 403, 423, 424, 448, 449, 658
membership of, 457–58, 472, 499
political agenda of, 108–9, 287, 435
“two-Chinas” policy of, 474, 475
Vietnam War studied by, 572, 573, 584–85, 596, 599–600, 618, 619–20, 621
War and Peace project of, 109
Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC), 345, 346–53
Cox, Archibald, 637, 639
Cravath, Henderson & de Gersdorff, 60, 61–77, 79, 94, 100–101, 103–4, 106, 122, 207, 271–72
Cravath, Paul, 17–18, 57, 61, 62–63, 65, 71, 72, 73, 102, 108, 405, 575
“Cravath system,” 61–62, 267, 273, 575
Cronkite, Walter, 601
CROWCASS directory, 346
Cuban Missile crisis, 522–40, 575, 650–51
Cummings, Homer, 101
Cutler, Robert, 433, 434
Czechoslovakia, 296, 304, 306, 308, 446
Dalton, Hugh, 288
Darkness at Noon (Koestler), 358
Darían, Jean, 180, 181, 199
Dartmouth College case, 399
Davies, John Paton, 407, 415, 416
Davies, Ralph K., 274, 275
Davis, John W., 63
Davis, Norman H., 109
Davis, Pierpont V., 66, 106
Davison, Dorothy Peabody, 68
Davison, F. Trubee, 68–69, 71, 75, 316
Davison, Gates, 316–17
Davison, Henry, 68, 399
Dean, Arthur, 423, 458, 474, 505, 507, 577, 578, 579, 581, 583, 584, 598
Dean, Gordon E., 461
Dean, John, 639
“Death Rattle of the Eastern Establishment, The” (Campbell), 620–21
Debevoise, Eli Whitney, 437, 439
Debevoise, Thomas M., 274
de Gasperi, Alcide, 472
de Gaulle, Charles, 541
German occupation as viewed by, 234–35, 385
as leader of Free French, 180, 181, 183, 184, 195–96, 197–99, 200
NATO abandoned by, 586, 587, 588, 589, 600
Roosevelt and, 180, 183, 196–99, 234
de Gersdorff, Carl, 60, 62
Dehler, Thomas, 329, 334
Democratic Party, 98, 103, 571
de Neufville, Lawrence, 354, 355, 356
Depression, Great, 96, 98, 99, 103
“destroyer-for-b
ases” deal, 120–21, 133
Deutsche Bank, 329
Deva, Xhafer, 355
Devers, Jacob, 233–34
Dewey, Tom, 447
DeWitt, John, 148, 149, 150–51, 153, 156, 157, 158–59, 160, 165, 168, 169, 172, 173
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 542, 569–70
Dies, Martin, 137
Dill, John, 190, 191, 219
Dillon, Douglas, 497, 499, 525
Disston, Samuel, 28
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 510, 516, 530, 531, 538, 539
Dohrn, Klaus, 485
Dominican Republic, 553, 574
Donovan, William J., 52, 129, 130, 142, 165, 191, 198, 206, 242, 302, 411
Dorsey, Robert R., 636
Dosti, Hasan, 355
Douglas, Lewis W., 190, 191, 325, 412, 458, 459–60, 474, 638
McCloy’s relationship with, 19, 38, 39–40, 45, 68, 74, 75, 76, 101–2, 131, 132, 285, 304–5, 387, 414, 542, 543
New Deal policies as viewed by, 98–100, 101–3, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112
Vietnam War as viewed by, 572, 573, 577, 585, 602
Douglas, Paul, 436, 597
Douglas, Peggy Zinsser, 68, 74–75, 77
Douglas, Sharman, 508, 509
Douglas, William O., 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 173
Dulles, Allen W., 108, 109, 112, 212, 242, 252, 458, 548, 584
as CIA director, 412, 413, 426, 429, 459, 499, 504
McCloy’s relationship with, 76–77, 253, 414, 427, 428, 485
on Warren Commission, 549, 555, 557, 558, 562, 565
Dulles, Eleanor, 511
Dulles, John Foster, 72, 107, 109, 294, 430, 572
China policy of, 473, 474–75
foreign policy of, 433, 447, 448–53, 461, 463–64, 467, 468–71, 476, 477–78
McCarthyism and, 392, 404, 407, 415, 416
McCloy’s relationship with, 386–87, 442, 443, 444–45, 450, 456, 474–75, 476–77
Dumbarton Oaks conference, 228, 278
DuPuy, William G., 599
Eastern Forwarding Co., 91–92
East Germany, see German Democratic Republic
Eban, Abba, 460
Ebbott, Percy J., 393, 395, 431, 441
Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 279, 281, 301–2
Eberstadt Task Force, 301–4, 354
Ecker, Frederick H., 66
Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), 305–6
Eden, Anthony, 217, 218, 240
Edwards, Theodore “Gus,” 35, 39
Egypt, 448–53, 604, 606–9
Eichmann, Adolf, 218
Eilts, Herman, 606
Einsatzgruppen squads, 332, 354, 367, 369–71, 373
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 157, 179, 180, 386, 403–91
atomic bomb as viewed by, 253–54, 264
China policy of, 473–75
defense budget of, 465–66
de Gaulle and, 195–96
European miltary campaign of, 197, 198, 200, 227, 233–34
foreign policy of, 413, 415, 433–35, 445–47, 448–53, 473, 477–78, 504, 555–56, 571
German occupation policy of, 224, 404
