by Kai Bird
heart attacks of, 447, 469–70
Khrushchev’s relationship with, 467, 470–71, 476, 487–91
McCarthyism as viewed by, 403, 405, 408–10, 415–16, 417, 418, 419–21, 433, 448
McCloy’s relationship with, 146, 181–82, 193, 195, 199, 225, 344, 386, 391–92, 403, 407–11, 414, 421, 423, 429–30, 435, 445, 447–48, 469–70, 477, 483, 490, 497, 507, 513–14, 542, 544, 564
North African military campaign of, 181–82, 190, 456
nuclear strategy of, 461, 462–64, 465–71
Oppenheimer security case and, 423, 425
Eisenhower, Milton, 157, 160–61, 162–63, 409, 468
Eliot, Charles W., 30
Eliot, T. S., 88
Elliott, William, 461
Ellsberg, Daniel, 620
Elman, Philip, 170
Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, 202–3, 209
Encounter, 358, 413
Endo, Mitsuye, 166–67, 173
Ennis, Edward J., 149, 153, 172
Equitable Trust Company, 274
Erhard, Ludwig, 576, 587, 589, 590, 591
Esquire, 563–64
Establishment:
British Establishment vs., 18
McCloy as “chairman” of, 15, 17, 19, 20, 563–64, 596–97
McCloy as member of, 15–20, 47, 107, 661, 663
in Philadelphia, 23–27, 663
political outlook of, 312, 619–21
prep-school credentials for, 35–36
Vietnam War and, 603–4
in Washington, D.C., 499, 613, 622–23, 637–39, 649–50
EUCOM (European Command, U.S. Army), 345, 350
Europe, Eastern, see specific countries
Europe, Western:
anti-Americanism in, 392–93, 471
postwar reconstruction in, 235, 292–94, 306
Soviet threat to, 303, 308–9, 327–28, 339–44, 356, 357, 360, 378, 524, 623
union for, 336–37, 379, 385
U.S. military presence in, 265, 344, 381, 384, 588–93, 621–24
see also specific countries
European Defense Force (EDF), 340, 341, 344, 364, 368, 378, 379, 381, 385
European Economic Community (EEC), 379, 472, 516, 541
European Movement, 471
European Recovery Program (ERP), see Marshall Plan
Evans, Ward V., 422
Eveland, Wilbur Crane, 442–43
Excomm (Executive Committee), 526–27, 529, 531, 533, 538–39
Executive Order 9066, 153–54, 156
Export-Import Bank (Eximbank), 298–99
Exxon, 625
‘Face the Nation,” 559
Fahy, Charles, 172
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, 444, 445, 541, 606–7, 633–34
Falk, Richard, 596, 618, 620
Fall, Bernard B., 585
I. G. Farben, 214, 219, 309, 316, 368, 479
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI):
intelligence operations of, 118, 126, 280–81
Kennedy assassination and, 548, 554–55, 556–59, 562, 565–66
McCloy investigated by, 411–12
sabotage investigated by, 117, 119, 128, 136, 137, 142–43, 163–65
Security Index of, 555
Special Intelligence section of, 118
wiretapping by, 127, 128, 162
Federal Reserve, 58, 72, 402, 453
Fee, James A., 167
Ferencz, Benjamin B., 336, 362, 368, 479, 480, 481
Fermi, Enrico, 243n, 423
“Fifth Column on the Coast, The” (Lippmann), 152–53
Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 169, 172–73
Financial Times, 283, 287
Fish, Hamilton, Jr., 46
Fisher, Adrian, 172, 173, 499, 513
Fleming, Ian, 129
Flick, Friedrich, 361, 365, 367, 479
Flyfishers Club, 99
Forbes, 455
Ford, Benson, 439
Ford, Bill, 437–38
Ford, Edsel Bryant, 436
Ford, Gerald R., 548, 556, 565
Ford, Henry, 88, 436, 438
Ford, Henry, II, 414, 426, 436–40
Ford, Leland M., 147
Ford Foundation, 15, 358, 458, 478
board of trustees of, 437, 438, 439–40, 519–20
CIA involvement with, 426–29, 485
McCloy as chairman of, 18, 475, 503, 518–20, 586
McCloy as consultant to, 386, 391, 403
McCloy as trustee of, 416, 426–29, 436, 437, 438
projects funded by, 518–20, 567, 573, 618
stock offering by, 436–40
Ford Motor Company, 436–40
Foreign Affairs, 63, 306, 307, 458, 460, 461–62, 521, 585, 619–20, 621
Forger, Alexander, 16
Formosa, 464, 473–75
Forrestal, James V., 103, 130–31, 229, 239, 240–41, 247, 257, 260, 263, 264, 301, 302–3, 308
Forrestal, Michael, 528
Fortas, Abe, 274, 275, 548
Fortune, 391, 395, 396, 553
Forum, 413
Foster, William, 516
Foster Panel, 515–16
Fowler, Henry H., 591
France:
intelligence operations in, 347, 348, 350–51
Jewish community in, 346
in NATO, 586, 587, 588, 589, 600
occupation currency in, 197, 198
postwar reconstruction of, 290–91, 292, 293, 296
resistance groups in, 196, 197, 198, 199, 207, 221, 346, 350
U.S. relations with, 347, 348
Vichy, 180–81, 196, 197
West Germany’s relations with, 342, 344, 376–78, 379, 380, 383, 385, 393
Frankenstein, Joseph M., 406, 407, 410
Frankfurter, Felix, 76, 102, 104, 120, 183, 205–6, 392, 401, 423, 477, 508, 511
McCloy’s relationship with, 47–48, 49–50, 54, 55, 56, 121, 125, 131, 132, 148, 154, 170, 207, 219, 275, 282, 373, 374, 380, 418–19, 425, 482–83
Franklin, George S., Jr., 107, 275–76, 457, 459, 462
Frasheri, Midhat, 355
Free French Committee, 180, 181, 183, 184, 195–96, 197–99, 200
Freemantle Diary, 429
Friedman, William, 142
Frischer, Ernest, 218
Fulbright, J. William, 436, 513, 582, 584
Furland, Richard M., 16
Furness, H. H., 28
Gaither, H. Rowan, 436, 437, 439, 465, 475
Gaither Commission, 465–68, 469, 487, 498, 501
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 19, 435–36, 459, 496, 619
Garner, Robert L., 286, 289, 298, 300, 301, 305
Garrison, Lloyd K., 422, 423, 425
Gehlen, Reinhard, 353–54, 355–56
General Advisory Committee to the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 521, 524
General Motors, 59, 132, 436, 439
George VI, King of England, 235
Georges-Picot, Jacques, 449
Gerhardt, Al, 213, 218, 220, 221, 355, 442
German-American Mixed Claims Commission, 79–80, 82–83, 85, 86, 89, 90–91, 93
German Democratic Republic (East Germany):
government of, 323–24
military forces of, 327
refugees from, 338, 511–12
Soviet control of, 380, 511
Germany, Federal Republic of (West Germany):
Allies’ “contractual relationship” with, 343–44, 376, 378, 379–85, 404
anti-Semitism in, 334–35
Basic Law for, 310, 322, 335
Bonn Constitution of, 311
British troops in, 586, 591, 593
Bundestag of, 314, 315, 356–57, 404, 447
Constitution of, 362
currency reform in, 303, 309–10, 323
demilitarization of, 326, 327–28, 336, 415, 512
de-Nazification program in, 309, 317, 328–30, 337, 347–48, 367
dismantl
ing of industry in, 324–25, 326, 332, 368–69, 383, 480–81, 482
economy of, 360, 380
French relations with, 342, 344, 376–78, 379, 380, 383, 385, 393
General Claims Law for, 314–15
industrialists in, 332, 337–39, 368–69
intelligence operations in, 334, 345–58
Jewish affairs in, 314–15, 328, 334–35, 337, 382–83, 479–82
Labor Service units in, 354–55
McCarthyism as viewed in, 410, 414–15
McCloy’s agenda for, 318–19, 336–44, 371, 379–82, 414–15, 478, 585–93, 621–24
McCloy’s staff in, 317–18
Marshall Plan for, 309
in NATO, 585–93
Nazi war criminals in, 330–36, 346–56
neutrality of, 342, 343, 380, 381, 384, 463, 478
nuclear weapons in, 467, 585–86
Occupation Statute for, 321–22, 323, 337» 343
occupation zones in, 309, 318, 320–21, 325, 326, 334, 337, 338, 376, 377, 379
Ostpolitik of, 587, 593, 621–22
as parliamentary democracy, 310, 311, 313, 318, 320, 326–27, 328, 334, 335, 337, 338, 374, 379–80, 385
postwar reconstruction of, 309, 324–25
rearmament of, 339–44, 363, 376–79, 380, 381, 385
reparations paid by, 314–15, 317
Secret Service of, 353
sovereignty of, 342, 379–80, 381, 383
Soviet opposition to, 323–24, 336, 339, 590
Soviet “peace offensives” and, 380–82, 383, 384, 415
taxation in, 337, 338
“trilateral negotiations” in, 590–93
U.S. relations with, 341, 586, 592
U.S. troops in, 376, 381, 384, 586, 588—93, 594, 621–24
Germany, Occupied:
demilitarization of, 311, 343, 478
dismemberment of, 230, 308, 310
European stability dependent on, 295
McCloy as high commissioner of, 16, 18, 268, 305–6, 308–86, 446, 570, 662
McCloy’s inspection tour of, 232–35
nationalism in, 309, 377
neutrality of, 310, 378
occupation zones of, 192, 254, 255, 258, 259, 308, 310–11, 342
pastoralization of, 230, 287
postwar reconstruction of, 224–27, 231, 232, 233, 234–35, 255, 295
Prussian militarism in, 310, 319
reparations paid by, 231, 232, 255, 382–83, 479–82
reunification of, 311, 319, 323, 324, 325, 335, 336–37, 342, 376, 377–78, 380–82, 384, 446, 478, 511–12, 662
Soviet zone in, 224, 225, 267, 308, 310–11
U.S. occupation policy on, 223–27, 230, 254
Germany, Weimar, 70–71, 324
Gerow, Leonard T., 135, 139, 146, 233
Gestapo, 361, 369
Gettel, Raymond, 39
Gettysburg, Battle of, 429
Gilpatric, Roswell L., 491, 532, 576
Giraud, Henri, 180, 181, 182, 183
Globke, Hans, 329
Godkin, Edwin L., 392
Goering, Hermann, 89, 90, 324
Goetz, Betty, 499, 513, 514
Goldberg, Arthur, 584
Goldmann, Guido, 659
Goldmann, Nahum, 219, 222, 382–83, 482, 659
Goldwater, Barry, 542, 562–64, 568, 637, 638
Golitsyn, Anatoliy, 560n
Goodpaster, Andrew, Jr., 464
Gorbachev, Mikhail S., 657
Gordon, Lincoln, 551, 552
Gottlieb, Leo, 49
Goulart, Joâo, 550–53
Graham, Billy, 456
Graham, Katharine, 468
Graham, Philip, 468
Gray, Gordon, 422, 424–25, 487, 488
Gray Board, 422–26
Great Oil Spill (McCloy et al.), 636
Greco, El, 278
Greece, 237, 290
Greenstein, Harry, 314, 315
Gregory VII, Pope, 322
Grew, Joseph, 239, 240–41, 247
Grewe, Wilhelm, 320, 512
Grigg, James, 289
Gromyko, Andrei, 250, 501–2
Grotewohl, Otto, 323–24
Groves, Leslie R., 243n, 244, 276, 278
Gruenther, Alfred M., 468, 470, 471, 477, 488
Guatemala, 435, 449
Gulf of Tonkin resolution, 571, 620
Gulf Oil Corporation, 636–37, 640
Gullion, Allen W., 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154
Gullion, Edmund A., 499, 500
Haig, Alexander, 635, 637, 656
Hall, W. Reginald, 80, 84, 85, 94
Hamilton, Andrew, 26
Hamilton, Walton, 39
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 450, 451
Hammer, Armand, 625–26, 636
Hammett, Dashiell, 404
Hanauer, Jerome J., 60, 66
Hancock, John, 279
Hand, Learned, 49, 392
Handy, Thomas T., 119, 178, 213, 374
Hanfstaengl, Ernst Franz “Putzi,” 88–89, 95, 176–77
M. A. Hanna Mining Company, 550–53
Hanrieder, Wolfram, F., 384
Harding, Warren G., 54–58
Hardy, René, 348, 350 Harper’s, 19, 263, 659–60
Harriman, Averell, 103, 239, 256, 260–61, 296, 305, 423, 471–72, 499, 507, 512, 526, 539, 634, 637, 639
Khrushchev and, 485–87, 543
McCloy’s relationship with, 19, 69, 191, 228, 250, 253, 265, 300, 340, 485–87, 551, 552, 563, 564, 568, 575, 586, 587, 600, 649
Vietnam War and, 573, 585, 594, 600, 602, 614, 617, 618
Harriman, Edward H., 69
Harris, George L., 37, 185, 243n, 251
Harrison, Pat, 124
Harvard Advocate, 53–54
Harvard Crimson, 50, 102
Harvard Law Review, 48, 50, 53
Harvard University, 658–59
Hastie, William H., 187–88
Hays, George P., 314, 315, 318
Haywood, “Big” Bill, 87
Heald, Henry, 519–20
Healey, Denis, 472
Hearst, William Randolph, 61
Heinemann, Gustav, 343
Helms, Richard M., 560–61, 565, 598
Henry, Bayard, 57
Heritage Foundation, 414
Hermann, Frederick Laurent, 81–83, 84–85, 93, 95
Herod, Rogers, 486
Herter, Christian A., 468, 476, 477–78, 488
Hess, Rudolf, 89, 374
Heusinger, Adolf, 364
Heydrich, Reinhard, 201
Hilken, Paul, 81–83, 84, 92, 95
Hill, Kenneth, 442
Hillenkoetter, Roscoe H., 302
Hinsch, Friedrich, 81–82, 83, 84
Hirabayashi, Gordon K., 166–67, 170
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252–53, 257, 258, 259–60, 263
Hiroshima bombing, 240–68, 463
intelligence information and, 242, 251, 252, 263
Japanese surrender and, 242–43, 263
McCloy’s opposition to, 16–17, 240, 242–43, 259, 263–64, 501, 663
moral consequences of, 254, 263–64
Stalin’s views on, 260–61
Stimson’s views on, 240–48, 251, 263, 501
Truman’s policy on, 241, 244, 254, 257, 259, 260, 263
U.S. invasion and, 244–48
Hirschmann, Ira, 218
Hiss, Alger, 281, 283, 404–5, 412, 413
Hitler, Adolf, 86, 88, 90, 108–9, 132, 143, 144, 176, 276, 316, 319
dictatorial powers of, 329, 419
industrialists as supporters of, 359–60, 366–67, 372
McCloy’s views on, 133, 254, 452
military strategy of, 179
opposition to, 332–33, 374–75, 504
as responsible for Nazi crimes, 330, 361
Roosevelt vs., 89, 171
Ho Chi Minh, 581, 594
Hoffman, Amzi, 32, 34, 35, 39
Hoffman, Paul
, 294, 447, 654
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 47
Holocaust:
concentration camps in, 359–60, 361, 362, 366, 367, 369
gas chambers in, 205, 211–12, 214–17
Jewish-Americans and, 175, 202, 205, 207, 208, 209, 218, 222
Jewish emigration and, 203, 208–11
McCloy’s policies on, 201–27
military force and, 204–5, 207, 212–23
Nuremberg trial and, 331
reports of, 201, 202, 205–6, 207, 211–12, 215, 217, 220, 221, 309, 334
rescue efforts and, 175, 203–4, 209–10, 216
slave labor in, 479–82
Soviet military strategy and, 214, 218, 219, 220
see also Auschwitz concentration camp Hook, Sidney, 357
Hoover, Herbert, 18, 71–72, 97–98, 99, 103, 109, 139, 301, 430
Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 451
Hoover, J. Edgar, 118, 119, 126, 127, 128, 129, 137, 147, 149, 162, 164–65, 276, 301
Kennedy assassination and, 554–55, 557, 561
McCloy’s relationship with, 271, 280–81, 411–12
Hope, Walter, 107
Hopkins, Harry, 144, 179, 184, 192, 193, 194–95, 224, 225
House of Morgan, 60, 66, 98
House of Representatives, U.S.: Committee on Government Operations, 406
Foreign Affairs Committee, 513–14
Foreign Relations Committee, 123, 208
Select Committee on Assassinations, 559, 566n
Howard, Frank, 442
Howe, Louis, 101
Hulbert, Mark, 654
Hull, Cordell, 103, 140, 192, 225, 250
Hull, John E., 213, 221
Humes, James J., 554
Humphrey, George, 550–53
Humphrey, Hubert H., 499, 513, 564, 583, 584, 614
Hurewitz, J. C., 458
Hyland, William G., 616–17
ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 465, 466, 467, 487, 488, 509, 524, 525, 616
Ickes, Harold L., 110, 118, 119, 124, 137, 161, 171, 177, 182, 185, 190, 223, 226, 229, 272, 274, 275, 417
IL-28 bombers, 533, 534, 537, 538, 540
Independent Research Service, 484
insider trading, 72, 105, 404–5
Institute for Policy Studies, 620
intelligence operations:
centralized, 84, 94, 118, 129–30, 279–80
counter-, 128, 137, 164, 351
covert operations and, 353–58, 384, 411, 413–14
ex-Nazis used in, 346–53
illegal methods used in, 126–28, 130, 136, 155
McCloy’s views on, 84, 85, 94, 95, 118–19, 126–30, 141–42, 279, 301–4, 345, 347, 350, 355, 356–57, 411–12, 414, 427, 429, 561–62
in Pearl Harbor attack, 140, 141–42
against Soviets, 345, 347, 353–57
see also Central Intelligence Agency
Interim Committee, 237, 242, 243–44, 249, 276
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 438, 639
International Acceptance Bank, 71
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, see World Bank
