by Kai Bird
Senate, U.S..
Committee on Interstate Commerce, 104–6
Foreign Relations Committee, 123, 133
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 413
Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, 625, 639
Sevareid, Eric, 17, 547
“Seven Sisters” oil companies, 18, 517–18, 625–37, 639–40
Shepardson, Whitney H., 109, 112
Short, Walter C., 138
Shultz, George, 658
Shute, Ben, 86, 94, 97, 111, 348, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355
Sick, Gary, 648
Sidey, Hugh, 649
Silvermaster, Nathan G., 281
Sinclair, Archibald, 217
Sisco, Joseph, 607
Six, Franz, 354
Slater, Ellis, 430
Slawson, David W., 561
Smith, Alfred E., 71, 87
Smith, Walter Bedell, 387, 414, 426, 434, 447, 468, 470, 471, 472, 477, 500
Snader, Lena M. (aunt), 28, 29, 74
Snader, Sarah “Sadie” M. (aunt), 28, 74
Snow, Conrad E., 335
Snyder, John W., 284, 285, 288
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 305, 318, 323–24, 325, 328, 335, 356–57, 363, 380, 406, 418, 587, 591, 593
Socialist Commentary, 413
Sohl, Hans-Gunther, 369
Sohn, Louis, 514–15
Sokolosky, George, 435
Somoza, Anastasio, 298
Sorensen, Theodore, 523, 526
Soviet Union:
atomic weapons of, 257, 261–62
disarmament proposals of, 500, 501–2, 503
German invasion of, 132, 144, 331
lend-lease credits for, 255, 296
McCloy’s trip to, 508–11
McCloy’s views on, 132, 228, 308–9
military strength of, 295, 303
nuclear capability of, 461–64, 465, 467
oil production of, 517, 518
political repression in, 262
uranium resources of, 281
U.S. relations with, 63, 194–95, 228, 235–42, 249, 254–57, 265–66, 268, 276, 296–97, 463–64, 465, 469, 506, 523–24, 538, 539, 540, 587, 621, 650, 656–57
Speer, Albert, 374–75
Speer, Hilda, 374
Speidel, Hans, 364
Speidel, Wilhelm, 364
Spiegel, Der, 329
Spiegel affair, 524
Springer, Axel, 357
Sputnik, 465, 469
E. R. Squibb & Sons, 15, 72
Stalin, Joseph, 171, 364, 380, 381, 447, 456, 473, 486, 487, 510
Churchill’s relationship with, 251, 338
death of, 472
military strategy of, 179, 184, 189
nuclear policy of, 260–61, 278
at Potsdam Conference, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 258
Roosevelt and, 194–95, 338
at Teheran Conference, 193, 194, 196
Truman’s relationship with, 236–37, 238, 241, 251, 252, 256, 257, 258
Standard Oil of California (SOCAL), 272, 274–75, 439, 605, 627
Stanley, Harold, 285
Stanton, Frank, 584
Stassen, Harold, 447, 468
State Department, U.S.:
anti-Communist policy of, 291, 295
“Black Chamber” of, 85, 95
German occupation policy of, 230–33
Jewish refugee rescue and, 203, 204
McCarthyite attacks on, 392, 393, 404, 407, 410
political influence of, 175, 301
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC), 193, 229–30
Steel, Ronald, 620
Steffens, Lincoln, 79
Steinem, Gloria, 483, 484
Stephenson, William, 129
Sterner, Michael, 624, 625
Stettinius, Edward R., 229
Stevenson, Adlai, 442, 450, 495, 502–3, 506, 528, 529–30, 531, 533, 534, 536, 538, 539, 651
Stewart, Walter, 39
Stimson, Henry Lewis, 18–19, 45, 46, 47, 55, 85, 86, 103, 187, 189, 264, 332, 490, 495
atomic bomb as viewed by, 237–38, 239, 240, 256, 261, 262–63
collective security doctrine of, 596
German occupation as viewed by, 224–27
Hiroshima bombing as viewed by, 240–48, 251, 263, 501
Holocaust and policies of, 206, 210, 215, 222–23
Japanese-American internment as viewed by, 149, 150–51, 153, 156, 157
Lend-Lease supported by, 123
Lovett as assistant to, 121, 125, 126, 132, 141, 143, 185, 264, 418
McCloy as assistant to, 113, 117, 119–26, 131, 137–40, 143, 145, 181–84, 194, 196, 199, 200, 201, 229, 235, 242, 253, 262–65, 268, 302, 308, 321, 338–39, 418, 421, 518, 575, 661, 663
military strategy of, 144, 145, 177–78, 179, 180, 194, 197
at Potsdam Conference, 249–50, 252, 253, 255
resignation of, 262, 264–65
as Secretary of War, 110, 185, 496
U.S.-Soviet relations as viewed by, 237, 238–39, 241–42
Victory Parade war plans and, 138–40
Stimson, Mabel, 121, 262
stock market crash (1929), 72, 73–74, 105
Stone, Shepard, 16, 314, 335, 338, 392, 403, 414, 426, 478, 499, 660–61
Straight, Willard, 42, 44, 46
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 466, 467
Strauss, Franz-Josef, 467, 512
Strauss, Lewis L., 60, 61, 106, 417, 422, 425, 469, 470, 471, 601
Strong, Benjamin, 70
Struenck, Elizabeth, 332
Study Group on Soviet-U.S. Relations, 423, 424, 426, 446, 460
Suez Canal Company, 449, 452
Suez Canal crisis, 448–53, 472
Sullivan, William, 555, 643
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 314, 409
Sulzberger, C. L., 323, 385, 468, 564
Sunday Dispatch (London), 482
Supreme Court, U.S., 60, 67, 80, 101, 127
Japanese-American internment reviewed by, 168, 169–73
Nazi war criminal appeals before, 373–74
Suzuki, Kantaro, 242–43
Swaine, Robert, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103–4, 106, 107, 271–72
Swatland, Donald, 50, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 73, 97, 271, 272, 273
Swetland, Roger W., 31–32, 34–35
Swope, Herbert Bayard, 276
Symington, Stuart, 591, 632
Tachibana, Itaru, 136, 137, 155–56
Taft, Henry W., 58
Taft, Robert, 110–11, 123, 294, 386–88
Taft, William Howard, 18, 58
Talbot, Strobe, 616
Tamm, Edward, 127
Taylor, Maxwell, 464, 525, 571, 573, 602
Taylor, Robert, 351
Taylor, Telford, 331, 336, 361, 364–65, 366, 405, 416
Tempo Presente, 413
Ter Meer, Fritz, 368
test-ban treaty, 467–68, 469, 470, 471, 478, 487, 488, 490, 498, 500, 505–8, 510, 514, 516, 538, 543
Texaco, 627
Texas Railroad Commission, 626
Thant, U, 528–29, 530, 532, 533
Thayer, Charles W., 339, 341, 363–64, 407
Thompson, Llewellyn, 576
Thompson, Robert G. K., 599
Tilden, William, Jr., 59
Time, 109, 136, 176, 285, 311–12, 455, 479
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 96, 106, 107
Togo, Shigenori, 250, 257
Towers, Graham F., 284
Treaty of Rome (1972), 472
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 357
Trident Conference, 184–85
Truman, Harry S., 18, 235–83, 578
Churchill’s relationship with, 241, 251, 252
foreign policy of, 290, 296–97, 298, 299–300, 303, 306, 310, 341, 442, 490, 609
Japanese occupation policy of, 266
Japanese surrender as viewed by, 246, 248, 249, 251
Korean War and, 358
McCarthy�
�s attacks on, 415
McCloy’s relationship with, 106, 237, 247, 249–50, 254, 263, 264, 299–300, 305, 306, 312, 317, 318, 363, 392, 411, 412
Marshall Plan and, 293
nuclear policy of, 238, 241, 244, 247, 251, 252, 254, 257, 259, 260, 263, 279, 310, 462, 501
at Potsdam Conference, 249–59
re-election campaign of, 304
Stalin’s relationship with, 236–37, 238, 241, 251, 252, 256, 257, 258
U.S.-Soviet relations as viewed by, 235–38, 249
in Wheeler-Truman hearings, 104–6
World Bank as viewed by, 293, 295, 299, 300
Truman Doctrine, 290
Tsuji, Keizo, 159–60
Tugwell, Rex, 101
Turkey, 526, 527, 529, 531, 538, 540
Tweed, Harrison, 107, 273
U-boats, 163–64
Ullman, Richard, 620, 621
United Nations (UN), 18, 230, 296, 473–74
atomic policy set by, 276, 279, 280
Charter of, 238–39
Cuban Missile crisis and, 527, 528–30, 532
disarmament and, 502, 515
founding of, 236, 238
General Assembly of, 515
“German problem” and, 381
McCloy’s involvement with, 238–39, 267, 307
regional issues in, 238–39, 267
Resolution 242
of, 606, 607, 608
Security Council of, 239
Vietnam War and, 572, 577
United Nations Refugee and Relief Agency (UNRRA), 223
United States:
as “arsenal of democracy,” 121, 122–23, 134
British Empire replaced by, 112, 124
centralization of power in, 131
“command economy” in, 131
global influence of, 18–19, 71, 112, 124, 238–39, 268, 303, 476, 592, 601, 655, 661, 663
gold standard of, 99, 588, 592
isolationism in, 108–9, 132, 133, 140, 146, 210, 265, 414–15, 416, 496, 562, 588, 661
nuclear capability of, 255, 261–62, 278–79, 281, 282, 303, 378, 501, 524–25, 526, 539
prosperity in, 72
protectionism in, 98
trade balance of, 586, 588–92, 593, 608, 621, 626
war production in, 123–24, 131–32, 134–36, 145–46
U.S. v. Schechter Poultry, 100–101
U-2 crisis, 489–91, 498
U-2 overflights, 487–91, 498, 522, 528, 531, 533, 560
Vance, Cyrus R., 16, 643, 644, 646, 647, 648, 650, 651, 656
Vandenberg, Arthur, 433
Vann, John Paul, 603
Versailles Treaty, 63, 226, 588
“Victory Parade” war plan, 135–40, 143
Viet Cong, 573, 576, 577, 579, 580, 595, 600–601
Vietnam War:
bombing campaigns in, 573, 574, 579, 580, 581, 582–84, 594, 595, 602
cost of, 593–94
Establishment affected by, 603–4
foreign policy affected by, 593, 599–600, 602, 603, 621
French period of, 296
Johnson’s strategy for, 568, 569–85, 586, 593–604, 609, 620
Kennedy’s strategy for, 542, 599
Kissinger’s views on, 617–18
McCloy’s views on, 542, 571–85, 595–604, 617–18, 661
media coverage of, 584
Nixon’s strategy for, 614, 617–18, 622
opposition to, 574–75, 581, 584–85, 596, 618, 623
peace negotiations on, 582, 583, 594, 614, 617, 618
Tet offensive in, 600–602
Titoist” solution to, 573, 579
Vietnamization of, 598, 603, 617
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 43–44
Vincent, John Carter, 392
Viner, Jacob, 109
Visser’t Hooft, W. A., 222
Voice of America (VOA), 404, 409
Volcker, Paul A., 16, 657
Vrba, Rudolf, 211–12, 215, 217, 220, 221
Wadsworth, James J., 443
Waldman, Morris, 106
Walker, Samuel S., Jr., 484
Wallace, Henry, 249, 260, 281, 287
Wallenberg, Raoul, 215
Wall Street:
congressional investigations of, 103–6, 404–5, 418–19, 596
McCloy’s activities on, 57–77, 106–8, 265
Roosevelt and, 99–106, 109–13
World Bank and, 288, 289, 293, 295, 298, 306
Wall Street Journal, 438, 621
Walters, Vernon, 551, 552
Wambaugh, Eugene, 48
Wanamaker, John, 28, 385
Warburg, Edward M. M., 314–15
Warburg, Eric, 207, 324, 369, 403, 478, 481
Warburg, Felix M., 60, 72, 106, 662
Warburg, Frederick, 63–64, 207, 284, 285, 317, 504
Warburg, Frieda Schiff, 60
Warburg, James, 98, 102, 103, 112
Warburg, Paul M., 60, 70, 71, 72
Warburg, Siegmund, 607
Ward, Barbara, 499
War Department, U.S.:
foreign policy directed by, 229–30
intelligence channels in, 130
Operations and Planning Division (OPD) of, 213, 221
Pentagon built for, 176–77
political influence of, 164, 175
War Plans Division of, 135, 146
see also Stimson, Henry Lewis
Warner, Rawleigh, 614, 615
War Refugee Board (WRB), 201, 203–4, 205, 207, 211, 212, 215, 219–20
War Relocation Authority (WRA), 157, 160–61, 162–63, 168, 170, 171, 173
Warren, Earl, 548, 549, 550, 559, 560–61, 562
Warren, Edward H., 48, 49
Warren Commission, 547, 548–50, 553–62, 564–66
Warsaw pact, 478, 586
Washington, George, 99
Washington Evening Star, 78, 95
Washington Post, 126, 189, 229, 364, 420, 638
Washington Star, 313, 421
Webster, Bethuel M., 410–11
Wechsler, Herbert, 172–73
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 135, 139, 140, 143
Weicker, Lowell, 77
Weicker, Mary, 77, 92
Weinberg, Sidney J., 103, 106, 111, 437, 438
Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 362–63
Weizsäcker, Richard von, 658
Welch, Joseph Nye, 421
Welt, Die, 414, 415
West Germany, see Germany, Federal Republic of
Westinghouse, George, 62
Westinghouse Corp., 15, 62, 396, 411, 640
Westmoreland, William, 573, 576, 579–80, 595, 598, 601
Wetzler, Alfred, 211–12, 215, 217, 220, 221
Wheeler, Burton K., 104–6
Wheeler, Raymond A., 450–51, 584, 598, 601
White, Harry Dexter, 224, 231, 283, 287, 307, 415
White, Theodore, 320, 408
White, William Allen, 109
Whitman, Ann, 476
Whitney, George, 285, 386, 398–99
“Why Not the Camp?” (McCloy), 44–45
Wickersham, George W., 58, 59, 71
Wiesner, Jerome, 500, 515
Wiley, Alexander, 404
Will, George, 646
Williston, Samuel, 48, 49
Willkie, Wendell, 110–11, 112–13
Willoughby, Charles A., 142
Wilson, Charles, 420, 421
Wilson, Woodrow, 38, 40, 41, 43, 53, 510
Winters, Herbert, 32–33
Wirtz, Alvin J., 569, 570
Wise, Stephen, 207, 209, 211
Wiseman, William, 60–61, 85, 94
Wisner, Frank G., 302, 304, 353, 354, 426, 427
Wolfe, Charles A., 48
Wolfe, Glen, 410
Wood, Leonard, 41, 43, 46, 50
Wood, Robert, 109
Woodring, Harry H., 110
Woodruff, Bob, 429
Woods, Arthur, 42
World Bank, 282–307
Articles of Agree
ment for, 285, 286
board of directors of, 283, 285–86, 289, 300
bonds issued by, 283, 286, 287–92, 306
British participation in, 286–87, 289, 292, 295
bylaws of, 285
creation of, 228, 282
development loans by, 283, 288, 290–91, 293, 297–300, 448–49, 452
financial resources of, 288
international role of, 286–89, 291, 299, 300
McCloy as president of, 15, 18, 282–307, 398
Marshall Plan and, 292–94, 297, 298, 299, 300, 306
membership in, 444, 445
as New Deal proposal, 287, 307
political agenda of, 294–96, 307
Soviet participation in, 296–97
staff of, 300–301
underdeveloped countries aided by, 297–300, 306–7
U.S. participation in, 287, 288
Wall Street reaction to, 288, 289, 293, 295, 298, 306
West German participation in, 326
World Court, 18, 63, 502, 507, 656
World Jewish Congress, 203, 204, 211, 382–83
World Peace Through World Law (Clark and Sohn), 514–15
World War I:
McCloy’s military service in, 50–53
U.S. arms shipments in, 78–79
war reparations after, 63, 70
World War II, 117–268
air war in, 125–26, 134, 190, 214, 217, 220–21
British armament needs in, 119–21, 123–24
cross-Channel invasion in, 145, 177–79, 184, 190, 191, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200
European theater in, 143–44, 145, 177–79, 184, 197, 198, 200
Italian front in, 184, 189–90, 193, 195
North African theater in, 143, 144, 145, 177, 178, 179–84, 518
oil supplies as factor in, 143, 178, 179, 208–9
Pacific theater in, 143, 152, 189, 267
peace terms in, 225–27
second front in, 184, 191, 194
Soviet front in, 177, 189, 266
World Youth Festival, 483–85
Wozniak, Theodore, 84
Wright, Edwin, 303–4
Wriston, Henry M., 409, 458
Wyman, David S., 209
Wyzanski, Charles E., 439–40
Yalta Conference, 231, 235–36, 240, 241, 255, 265, 266, 290, 486
Yamani, Zaki, 541, 606, 634–35
Yardley, Herbert, 85
Yasui, Minoru, 166–67, 170
Young, Robert R., 431–32
Zapruder, Abraham, 557
Zapruder film, 557–58
Zeckendorf, William, 454
Zenger, John Peter, 26
Zhukov, Georgi K., 256
Zimmermann, Arthur, 80, 81, 82, 93
Zinsser, Frederick G., 74
Zinsser, Hans, 74
Zinsser, John, 74
Zionism, 191, 207, 208, 209
Zorin, Valerin A., 507, 510, 513, 514, 515–16, 532, 535
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