500 Days
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B
Bachelot, Roselyne, 463
Baghdad International Airport, 519
Bagram Air Base, 207, 378, 387, 484
Bakkali, Kacem, 15
Bali attacks, 394–401
bombs used in, 394
British travel advisory prior to, 367, 377
intelligence gathered on, 367
international response to, 401–2
investigation of, 413–15
KSM’s intelligence on, 492
preparation for, 346–48
Bandar bin Sultan, Prince, 116
Bank of England, 53
Barksdale Air Force Base, 39
Barroso, José Manuel, 494
Bartlett, Andrew, 401
Bartlett, Dan, 471, 472
Bataan, USS, 218
Batarfi, Ayman, 183
Battelli, Gianfranco, 126–27, 132
Baumgartner, Daniel, 327–28, 330–32, 473
Bayh, Evan, 69
Bayt al-Ruman, 4–5
BBC, 353, 467
Beaver, Diane, 378, 403–4, 435–36, 437
Becker, Dave, 378
Behmen, Alija, 135, 204, 205–6
Beirut, Lebanon, 1983 terrorist attack in, 31
Belger, Monte, 25–26, 27
Bell, Griffin, 246
Bellinger, John, III:
in Afghanistan targeting situation, 111
and CIA interrogation policy, 280, 281, 282
“dead or alive” e-mail of, 79, 80
in military commissions dispute, 157, 158
in shootdown order legal question, 35
Bellini, Colonel, 406
Bensayah, Belkacem, 118, 119–21
Berenson, Bradford, 68, 92–93, 102–3, 136–37, 154, 313, 314
Berkeley Law School, 506
Berlusconi, Silvio, 132–33, 346
Berntsen, Gary, 162, 184
Bešić, Muhamed, 121
Bible, 460
Biden, Joe, 66, 69, 70–71
bin al-Shibh, Ramzi, 269, 308, 351, 361, 363
bin Laden, Amal, 521
bin Laden, Khalid, 521
bin Laden, Osama:
in 9/11 planning, 63, 242
Afghanistan escape of, 186, 250, 543
in Afghanistan War, 150–51, 158–59, 162, 172, 177, 179, 180, 183–84, 186
Afghan resistance to, 14, 15, 42
al-Qaeda authority of, 344
al-Qaeda funding by, 546, 547, 548
al-Qaeda opposition to, 52, 179, 180, 208
assassination plots against, 369, 529
burial of, 521–22
Bush’s “dead or alive” statement about, 79
Bush’s interest in, 505
children named after, 94
death of, 520–21
goals of, 548–49
Hamdan’s intelligence on, 168, 242–43
Islamic beliefs of, 117
Manchester Manual’s predating of, 194, 546
media’s use by, 6, 114, 268
Muslim recruitment by, 533
9/11 attack warning by, 5–7
9/11 reaction of, 51, 64
philosophy of, 4
post-9/11 movements of, 63
post-9/11 statements of, 94–95, 104, 114–15
pursuit of, 41, 56, 73, 78, 79, 82–83, 87, 90, 162, 173, 177, 180, 184, 186, 248, 363, 483, 484
recruitment methods of, 322
Saddam’s suggested link to, 72, 89, 343–44, 497
tactics of, 40, 340
Taliban’s harboring of, 6, 41, 50, 73, 78, 90
weapons sought by, 3, 128, 548
see also al-Qaeda
bin Nurhasyim, Amrozi, 347, 414–15
biological weapons, 68
al-Libi’s interrogation about, 233
Bush administration’s concerns about, 75–77, 129
Saddam’s stockpile of, 76, 128, 129, 469
see also anthrax; smallpox; weapons of mass destruction
Bioport Corporation, 166
Black, Cofer, 171
in Afghanistan War planning, 64, 65, 73, 87, 141
at 9/11 hearings, 350–51, 368–70
in 9/11 response efforts, 62–63
pre-9/11 concerns of, 8, 9
Blackman, J. Scott, 374, 389
Blair, Bob, 30
Blair, Cherie, 201, 391, 497
Blair, Tony:
on 9/11, 40–41
Afghanistan visit of, 201–2
and Afghanistan War strategy, 137–38
at Azores meeting, 493–95
Blix’s phone call with, 480–81
British opposition to, 244, 328, 339, 402, 422, 466, 471, 485, 486, 494, 496–97
Bush’s relationship with, 54–55, 71–72, 90–91, 137–38, 240, 244, 245, 260–62, 263, 265, 322, 339, 353, 354–57, 363–64, 421–22, 466, 468, 470–71, 473, 485, 494, 495
Cheney’s meeting with, 241–42, 243
Frost’s interview of, 467–68
in Heathrow plot response, 475
Iraq first strike notification to, 499–500
Iraq policy of, 72
Iraq War legal analysis for, 468, 488–89
in Iraq War parliamentary vote, 496–97
Iraq War position of, 241–42, 244, 245, 251–53, 260–62, 263, 316, 321, 322, 328–29, 354, 355–56, 357, 363–64, 365, 391, 393, 394, 402, 421–22, 451–53, 466, 467–68, 470, 471, 472–73, 480–81, 485, 486, 488–89, 495, 496–97, 504–5
Iraq War press conference misstep by, 472–73
9/11 response strategy of, 41, 53–55, 71, 72, 90, 91
political downfall of, 504
Putin’s meeting with, 391–94
Blee, Richard, 33
Blix, Hans, 366, 409–11, 421, 445, 454, 467, 469, 471, 472, 476–77, 479, 480, 481, 487, 488
Bolduc, John, 138
Bolten, Josh, 1, 3, 32
Bolton, Emily, 212
Bonk, Ben:
on Iraq’s al-Qaeda connection, 343–44
in Libyan intelligence meeting, 116–18, 123
in 9/11 response efforts, 33, 62–63
and Predator drone program, 57
at pre-election intelligence briefing, 1–3, 76
Spann family notification by, 171–72
and weapons of mass destruction report, 383, 384
Border Patrol, U.S., 10
Bosnia-Herzegovina:
counterterrorism operation in, 118–21, 134–35, 204–6, 215–16, 229 see also Algerian Six
Bosnian War, 118, 135
Boston, Mass., 9/11 flight from, 16–17
botulism, 76
Boumediene, Lakhdar, 511, 512, 513
Bourke, Richard, 212, 213
Bovis Lend Lease, 164
Bowen, Stuart, 154
Boyce, Michael, 252, 451, 452
Brant, David, 430–31, 432, 433, 443
Breyer, Stephen, 310
briefcase bomb, 1, 2, 3
Brinkema, Leonie, 269, 270, 271
Brokaw, Tom, 88, 107, 110, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128
Brosnahan, James, 326
Brown, Bob, 401
Brown, Gordon, 504
Brown, Michael, 75
Buddhas of Bamiyan, 92
Buffam, Randy, 222–24
Burns, William, 116
burying alive, 333
Bush, George H. W., 60, 500
Bush, George W.:
in Afghanistan War planning, 64–65, 73, 74, 78, 79, 87, 137, 138, 180, 181
in Algerian Six case, 205, 215, 216, 229
and anthrax attacks, 129
at Azores meeting, 493–96
Bali attack response of, 401–2
Berlusconi’s meeting with, 132–33, 346
bin Laden “dead or alive” statement of, 79
biological weapons concerns of, 75, 76–77
Blair’s relationship with, 54–55, 71–72, 90–91, 137–38, 240, 244, 245, 260–62, 263, 265, 322, 339, 353, 354–57, 363–64, 421–22, 466, 468, 470–71, 473, 485
, 494, 495
Campbell’s relationship with, 264–65, 356, 357, 495
Cheney’s 9/11 phone calls with, 29, 30–31, 32, 35
Cheney’s relationship with, 505
Chirac’s conversation with, 458–59
and CIA interrogation program, 283
CIA’s strengthening by, 74, 79, 127
detainee treatment policy of, 187, 217, 218, 224–25, 227, 229–30, 232, 236
in detention center decision, 196, 197
faith of, 265, 459, 460, 461
first 9/11 statement of, 40
and Hamdi case, 309
Iraq policy of, 51, 56, 72
Iraq “ultimatum speech” of, 495–96, 498, 499, 500
Iraq War plan of, 243, 244, 245, 251, 252, 260–62, 263, 316, 321–22, 328, 329, 338–39, 351, 353, 354, 355, 357, 363, 364–66, 391, 393, 401–2, 410–11, 421–22, 449, 458–59, 460–62, 470–71, 472, 473, 480, 481, 486, 493–95, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 504
Iraq War preoccupation of, 505
Middle East policy address by, 314–16, 322
military commissions order by, 145, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 174, 221, 247, 512
in Moussaoui indictment, 178
9/11 movements of, 22, 27, 29, 31, 38–40, 45, 48
9/11 Oval Office address of, 49–50, 54
9/11 response of, 46, 47–48, 49–51, 54–55; see also war on terror
9/11 shootdown order of, 31, 32, 34–36, 61
9/11’s impact on, 508
in Padilla case, 305
personality of, 2, 264–65
political downfall of, 504
post-9/11 access to, 68
pre-election intelligence briefing of, 1–3, 76, 129
Putin’s appeals from, 486
reelection effort of, 241
in surveillance powers expansion, 105, 106
Syria’s condemnation by, 509
2002 State of the Union address of, 228–29
United Nations Iraq speech of, 357, 363–66
war on terror policy of, 49–51, 55–56, 71–72, 78, 82, 90, 91, 93, 114, 117, 118, 204, 216, 229, 449
war on terror rhetoric of, 91
war powers of, 35–36, 47–48, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68–71, 139–40, 156, 160, 161, 224–25, 309, 318, 334, 436, 438, 464, 465, 471, 476, 504, 506, 507, 512
and waterboarding policy, 334
weapons inspectors’ meeting with, 410–11
Bush, Larry, 101
Bush, Laura, 500
Bush administration, xi, xii
Blair’s concerns about, 41
challenges faced by, 508
and European war opposition, 461–63
and Ground Zero instability situation, 164–65
legal challenges to, 160, 174, 212–13, 217, 235–37, 259, 262, 311–12, 313, 323, 329–30, 408–9, 443–44, 510, 511–13; see also detainee treatment, legal battle over; enemy combatants, legal battle over; Hamdi, Yaser Esam, legal case of
media relations of, 105
policy development in, 156, 157–58
Powell’s criticism of, 505
pre-9/11 counterterrorism efforts of, 7, 8, 9–10, 37, 56–57, 529, 530
pre-9/11 warnings ignored by, 7, 8, 9–10, 350, 369, 508, 528–30
public relations debacles in, 306–8, 353, 356, 365
Putin’s criticism of, 392–93
threat matrix’s use in, 203, 204, 222, 508
weapons inspectors’ pressuring by, 487
see also Ashcroft, John; Cheney, Dick; Gonzales, Alberto; Powell, Colin; Rice, Condoleezza; Rumsfeld, Donald
Bush at War (Woodward), 526
Bybee, Jay, 333, 334
Byrd, Robert, 71
C
C-5 Galaxy transport planes, 80
Cahill, Kevin, 122, 123
Callaghan, Patrick, 370, 371
Cambone, Steve, 22, 26, 28
Camp, Libby, 57
Campbell, Alastair, 40, 202, 264–65, 356, 357, 471, 472, 495
Campbell, Matthew, 176
Campbell, Shelley, 397, 398, 399
Camp Cropper, 519
Camp David, 72–73, 354
Camp X-Ray, 198, 210, 220–21, 312, 422
Canada:
al-Qaeda suspects in, 101–2, 131, 147, 163, 222–24; see also Almalki, Abdullah; Arar, Maher; El-Maati, Ahmad
Arab community in, 125, 418
Arar deportation case in, 375, 380, 385, 418–19, 420–21, 509–10
El-Maati and Almalki cases in, 511, 533
El-Maati’s departure from, 152–53
in Iraq War, 418
Middle Eastern intelligence sharing with, 130, 147, 161
Powell’s visit to, 417–19
suspected al-Qaeda plot against, 147
U.S. border with, 42, 85, 418
U.S. intelligence sharing with, 84–85, 272, 349, 381, 384, 388
U.S. relations with, 418
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS):
Almalki’s encounters with, 85–86, 101, 102, 272, 274–75
and Arar case, 509
in El-Maati investigation, 43–45, 101, 130, 146, 147, 533
Canoles, Dave, 25
Capitol, U.S., 51
Card, Andy, 49, 67–68, 151, 152, 261, 470, 500
Carey, Deborah, 399
Carl Vinson, USS, 521–22
Castelli, Jeffrey, 126–27, 406, 407
CBS, 39
cell phones, 96, 546
Center for Constitutional Rights, 159, 236, 311, 318
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 107, 124–25, 126, 128
Central Command, U.S., 80, 81, 173, 184, 252, 260, 498
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 93, 94, 95, 98, 105, 123, 129, 203, 222, 243, 361, 439
Afghanistan operations of, 56, 60
in Afghanistan War, 64, 73–74, 78, 86–87, 137, 138, 143, 146, 149, 162, 169, 171, 175, 176, 177, 180, 184
Al Jazeera interview obtained by, 309
al-Libi interrogation information at, 208, 209
al-Libi’s interrogation by, 209, 218–19
al-Libi’s rendition by, 219, 233
in Almalki case, 272
and al-Qaeda nuclear reactor threat, 325
in Arar case, 381, 384
bin Laden assassination plots of, 369
bin Laden capture plan of, 520
bin Laden’s pursuit by, 56
Bush’s pre-election intelligence briefing by, 1–3
in detainee treatment debate, 187
in El-Maati case, 147, 165
FBI intelligence sharing with, 350, 529
Global Response Center of, 141
in Guantanamo interrogation policy conflict, 404
identification techniques of, 249, 250
interrogation methods used by, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284–85, 332, 333–34, 337–38, 342–43, 490, 491
interrogation program of, 192, 193, 194, 195, 209, 218–19, 253, 255–57, 277, 278–85, 299–300, 322, 325, 332, 333–34, 337–38, 342–43, 344–45, 348–49, 370, 456, 457, 484, 559, 562
interrogation research study by, 256–57
on Iraq’s al-Qaeda connection, 343–44
in Iraq War planning, 422, 497, 498
Iraq weapons report of, 383–84, 392
Italian rendition plot of, 126–27, 132, 345–46, 405–7, 411–12, 426–27, 477–79, 480, 511
Jemaah Islamiyah’s crippling by, 492–93
KSM’s interrogation by, 484, 487, 490–93
military interrogators’ meeting with, 377–79, 403, 442
and Moussaoui investigation, 529
Office of Inspector General of, 62
operational authority of, 74, 79, 127, 350, 369–70
in Padilla case, 305
paramilitary units of, 64, 73, 169
Powell’s criticism of, 505
renditions by, 127, 219, 233, 277, 333
secret prisons of, 253, 332, 486–87, 504, 557, 572–73
Special Operations Group of, 406
in Zubaydah capture, 240, 248, 253, 254, 277
Zubaydah’s interrogation by, 278–81, 282, 284–85, 322, 337–38, 342, 344–45, 348–49, 559
see also Tenet, George
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Counterterrorist Center of:
al-Qaeda plots prevented by, 7–8
Black’s defense of, 350–51, 368–70
funding of, 37, 57, 62, 74, 87, 350, 369
and interrogation policy, 279, 370
9/11 investigation by, 32–33, 37–38, 45–46, 255
Operation Jawbreaker of, 87, 138, 143, 162, 175, 176, 177, 184
post-9/11 work of, 62, 73–74, 350, 369–70
pre-9/11 intelligence gathered by, 7, 8–9, 350, 369, 530
Predator drone program of, 56–57, 64, 73, 141, 350
scapegoating of, 8, 62–63, 350, 369
Special Operations branch of, 149
in Stellar Wind operations, 105
Chamberlain, Casey, 88, 107
Chechnya, Russian assault on, 54, 81
chemical weapons, 68, 129
see also weapons of mass destruction
Cheney, Dick:
Addington’s relationship with, 58
in Afghanistan War planning, 64, 75, 142, 180, 181
in Algerian Six case, 205
and anthrax attacks, 128, 128n, 129
biological weapons concerns of, 75, 76
Blair’s meeting with, 241–42, 243
Bush’s 9/11 phone calls with, 29, 30–31, 32, 35
Bush’s relationship with, 505
in detainee treatment policy debate, 230
in detention center decision, 196, 197
and Hamdi case, 309
on Iraq’s al-Qaeda connection, 344
in Iraq War planning, 241–42, 243, 261, 351, 499
Iraq War position of, 352–53, 354, 355, 356, 357, 363, 364, 505
in military commissions formation, 83, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158
national security expertise of, 58
on 9/11, 22–23, 27, 29–31, 32, 34–35, 42, 45
Olson’s relationship with, 310
public opinion of, 505
Rumsfeld’s 9/11 phone call with, 34–35
in surveillance powers expansion, 96–97, 100
at 2002 State of the Union address, 229
war on terror policy of, 204, 353
weapons inspectors’ meeting with, 410, 411
weapons of mass destruction position of, 352–53, 410, 488
Chequers, 251
Chertoff, Michael, 46, 173, 342, 343
Chevron, 507
children:
of 9/11 victims, 503–4, 508
in Syrian prisons, 349
Chile, 485, 493
China:
Communist interrogation tactics in, 192
Russian relations with, 81
Chirac, Jacques, 391, 454–55, 458–59, 460, 461
Churchill, Winston, 531