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  133. Grimm, Corresp., VII, 51.

  134. Walpole, H., in Mossner, Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason, 175; cf. Mornet, Origines, 139, and Morley, Life of Voltaire, 88.

  135. Letter to Mme. du Deffand, June 1, 1770.

  136. Ignorant Philosopher, Sec. XXIV.

  137. Mark IX, 45–48; Matt. XIII, 40–42; Luke XVI, 23–26.

  CHAPTER XXIII

  1. Pomeau, 300.

  2. Mornet, Origines, 206.

  3. Gauchat, Lettres critiques, XV, 224, in Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 313.

  4. Pomeau, 338.

  5. Voltaire, letter of Dec. 8, 1776.

  6. Palmer, R.R., Catholics and Unbelievers, 96.

  7. Ibid., 142.

  8. Our account follows John H. Pappas, Berthier’s Journal de Trévoux and the Philosophes.

  9. Ibid., 38.

  10. 23, 137.

  11. 48.

  12. 128.

  13. 48.

  14. 205.

  15. Ibid.

  16. 184.

  17. 186.

  18. 110.

  19. 113.

  20. 119.

  21. 122.

  22. 131.

  23. Desnoiresterres, III, 389.

  24. Hazard, Eighteenth Century, 78.

  25. Cornou, Êlie Fréron, in Martin, K., 96.

  26. Crocker, Embattled Philosopher, 240.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Brandes, II, 205.

  29. Ibid., 206.

  30. Noyes, Voltaire, 51.

  31. Ibid., 71.

  32. Lanfrey, 195.

  33. In Masson, La Religion de Rousseau, III, 31.

  34. Crocker, Age of Crisis, 382.

  35. Lichtenberger, A., Le Socialisme et la Révolution française, 6n.

  36. Crocker, Emb. Philosopher, 305.

  37. Toth, Woman and Rococo, 224, 234.

  38. Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 305.

  39. Toth, 234.

  40. Letter of Jan. 10, 1758, in Naves, 53.

  41. Oeuvres, 231, 239–40.

  42. Ibid., 235, etc.

  43. Grimm, II, 373.

  44. Palmer, Catholics and Unbelievers, 7.

  45. Parton, II, 334.

  46. Pappas, 85.

  47. Ibid., 114.

  48. 117.

  49. Fülop-Miller, Power and Secret of the Jesuits, 374.

  50. Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 310.

  51. Pappas, 129.

  52. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 414.

  53. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XVI, 201.

  54. Lanfrey, 267; Campbell, The Jesuits, 482.

  55. Ibid., 483.

  56. Catholic Encyclopedia, XIV, 98a; Martin, H., XVI, 211; Ranke, History of the Popes, II, 447.

  57. Campbell, 487.

  58. Ibid., 485.

  59. McCabe, Candid History of the Jesuits, 251.

  60. Robertson, J. M., History of Freethought, II, 236.

  61. Desnoiresterres, VI, 269.

  62. Bertrand, D’Alembert, 132.

  63. Lanfrey, 269.

  64. Ibid., 270.

  65. Pappas, 135.

  66. Pomeau, 317.

  67. Gilbert, Prince de Ligne, 138; Carlyle, Friedrich the Second, VII, 470.

  68. Campbell, The Jesuits, 639.

  69. La Fontainerie, French Liberalism and Education in the 18th Century, 143, 149.

  70. Cumming, Helvétius, 160.

  71. La Fontainerie, 80.

  72. Ibid., 117.

  73. Ibid., 39; Desnoiresterres, VI, 239.

  74. Letter of Apr. 1, 1766.

  75. Lanson, Voltaire, 183.

  76. Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 446.

  77. La Fontainerie, 240.

  78. Sée, H., Les idées politiques en France, 142.

  79. Mornet, Origines, 177.

  80. Lacroix, Eighteenth Century, 265.

  81. Helvétius, Treatise on Man, Vol. II, p. 402.

  82. Brunetière, Manual of French Literature, 298.

  83. Hazard, 369.

  84. Bury, Idea of Progress, 149.

  85. Smith, P., II, 614.

  86. D’Alembert, Éléments de la philosophie, Ch. iv, in Hazard, 166.

  87. Hazard, 169.

  88. Voltaire, Works, XIXa, 89 f.

  89. Hazard, 250.

  90. Rousseau, Sur le gouvernement de Pologne, in Black, Art of History, 20.

  91. Source lost.

  92. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XVI, 212.

  93. Bury, Idea of Progress, 203; Parton, II, 433.

  94. Hazard, 126.

  95. Buckle, I, 620.

  96. Parton, II, 507.

  97. Lecky, History of. . . Rationalism, I, 125.

  98. Tocqueville, L’ Ancien Régime, 165.

  99. Lecky, History of England, V, 336.

  100. Mornet, Origines, 214–16.

  101. La Harpe in Taine, Ancient Regime, 400.

  102. Walpole, H., letter of Oct. 19, 1765.

  103. Id., letter of Nov. 19, 1765.

  104. Mornet, 269.

  105. Ibid.

  106. Toth, Woman and Rococo, 234.

  107. Mornet, 272.

  108. Willey, Eighteenth-Century Background, 192.

  109. Taine, Ancient Regime, 293.

  110. Robertson, J. M., History of Freethought, II, 278.

  111. Montalembert, Monks of the West, I, 86.

  112. Mornet, 141.

  113. Voltaire, Oeuvres complètes, XLIII, 237.

  114. Letter of Nov. 9, 1764.

  115. Wilson, Diderot, 286; Palmer, Catholics and Unbelievers, 17.

  116. Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 133.

  117. Condorcet, Progrès de l’ esprit humain, 251.

  118. Mornet, 125.

  119. Ibid., 273.

  120. Eckermann and Soret, Conversations with Goethe, 421, 529.

  121. Frederick to Voltaire, May 5, 1767.

  122. Grimm, Corresp., Sept. 15, 1767.

  123. Dict. Phil., art. “God.”

  EPILOGUE

  1. Crocker, Embattled Philosopher, 407.

  2. Sade, Marquis de, Justine (1791), Juliette (1792), Philosophie dans le boudoir (1793).

  3. Musset, Alfred de, Confessions of a Child of the Century, 21 f.

  4. Chaponnière, Geneva, 231.

  5. Phil. Dict., art. “God,” Sec. IV; art. “Polytheism.”

  Bibliographical Guide

  to editions referred to in the Notes

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  ALLEN, ROBERT J., Life in Eighteenth-Century England. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1941.

  ALTAMIRA, RAFAEL, A History of Spain. Princeton, N. J., 1955.

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  AUSUBEL, NATHAN, Superman: The Life of Frederick the Great. New York, 1931.

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  BEARD, MIRIAM, History of the Business Man. New York, 1938.

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  BECKER, CARL, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers. New Haven, Conn., 1951.

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  BESTERMAN, THEODORE, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Geneva, 1955 f.

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  BLOCK, MAURICE, François Boucher and the Beauvais Tapestries. Boston, 1933.

  BOCK, ELFRIED, Geschichte der graphischen Kunst. Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 1930.

  BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT, On the Spirit of Patriotism; The Idea of a Patriot King. London, n.d.

  BOSWELL, JAMES, Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland. New York, 1955.

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  BOTTIGLIA, W. F., Voltaire’s Candide. Geneva, 1959.

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  BRETT, G. S., History of Psychology. London, 1953.

  BROCKAWY, WALLACE, and WEINSTOCK, HERBERT, Men of Music. New York, 1939.

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  BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS, Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, 2v. in 4. New York, 1913.

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  CALVIN, JOHN, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 2v. Philadelphia, 1928.

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  CHAMBERS, F. P., The History of Taste. New York, 1932.

  CHAPONNIÈRE, Paul, Chez les Calvinistes. Paris, 1936.

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  CONDORCET, M. J. A. N. CARITAT, MARQUIS DE, Esquisse d’un tableau du progres de l’esprit humain. Philadelphia, 1796.

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  CROCKER, LESTER G., An Age of Crisis: Man and the World in Eighteenth-Century French Thought. Baltimore, 1959.

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  CUMMING, IAN, Helvétius. London, 1955.

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  DEUTSCH, OTTO, Handel. London, 1955.

  DIDEROT, DENIS, Dialogues. New York, 1927.

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  _______, Oeuvres. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1935.

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  _______, Writings on the Theater. Cambridge, Eng., 1936.

  DILKE, LADY EMILIA, French Architects and Sculptors of the Eighteenth Century. London, 1900.

  DILLON, EDWARD, Glass. New York, 1907.

  DOBSON, AUSTIN, Hogarth. London, 1883.

  DUCLOS, CHARLES PINOT, Considérations sur les moeurs. Cambridge, Eng., 1939.

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  ECKERMANN, JOHANN PETER, and SORET, M., Conversations with Goethe. London, 1882.

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  ELLIS, HAVELOCK, The New Spirit. London: Walter Scott Publishing Co., n.d.

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  ÉPINAY, LOUISE DE LA LIVE D’, Memoirs and Correspondence, tr. J. H. Freese, 3v. London, 1899.

  ERCOLE, LUCIENNE, Gay Court Life: France in the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1932.

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  FRENCH, SIDNEY J., Torch and Crucible: The Life and Death of Antoine Lavoisier. Princeton, N.J., 1941.

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s. New York, 1930.

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  HEARNSHAW, F. J., ed., Social and Political Ideas of Some English Thinkers of the Augustan Age. New York, 1950.

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  HENDEL, CHARLES W., Citizen of Geneva: Selections from the Letters of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Oxford University Press, 1937.

  HERBERT, SYDNEY, The Fall of Feudalism in France. London, 1921.

 

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