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The Age of Voltaire

Page 134

by Will Durant


  natural style in gardens, 78, 169, 215

  Naumburg, Saxony, 417

  navigation, 510, 538, 549, 557, 633

  Navigation Act of 1663 (England), 104

  nebular hypothesis, 547

  Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 479, 640, 784

  Necker, Suzanne Couchard (1739–94), 693, 752

  Needham, Mother (d. 1731), 64, 219

  Needham, John Turberville (1713–81), 576, 712

  Negroes, 102, 103, 342, 343*, 778

  Neipperg, Marshal Count Wilhelm von (1684–1774), 452

  Nelson, Horatio (1758–1805), 594

  neoclassical movement, 177–78, 501

  “Neptunists,” 556, 557

  Neri, Saint Philip (1515–95), 237

  Nero, Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68), 486

  Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98), 347

  Nesle, Adélaïde de, Duchesse de Lauraguais (1714–69), 275

  Nesle, Louise de, see Mailly, Comtesse de

  Nesle, Marie Anne de, see Châteauroux, Duchesse de

  Nesle, Pauline Félicité de, see Vintimille, Marquise de

  Netherlands, Austrian, 31, 431, 435, 453, 455, 456, 457

  Netherlands, Spanish, see Netherlands, Austrian

  Nette, J. F., architect (fl. 1704), 398

  Neuchâtel, 475, 643, 680

  Neuchâtel, Lake of, 475

  Neumann, Johann Balthasar (1687–1753), 405

  New Academy of Music, London, 234

  Newburyport, Massachusetts, 133

  New Caledonia, 559

  Newcastle, Henrietta, Duchess of, nee Godolphin, 242

  Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of (1693–1768), 113, 245

  Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 55

  Newcomen, Thomas (1663–1729), 49

  Neveu de Rameau, Le (Diderot), 295, 298, 650, 659–61, 665, 666, 678–79, 736, 764

  New England, 51, 694

  Newfoundland, 554, 559

  Newgate Prison, London, 73, 132

  New Hebrides Islands, 558

  New Holland, see Australia

  New Orleans, 13, 560

  New Style, 540

  Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727), 45, 63, 87, 100, 120, 217, 365, 507, 508, 569, 575, 584, 625, 633, 637;

  his calculation of earth’s density, 553;

  his calculus, 507, 508–9, 511;

  Queen Caroline and, 90, 95, 214;

  Clairaut and, 375, 544;

  Mme. du Châtelet’s study and translation of, 211, 366, 374, 375, 379;

  and electricity, 520;

  is emulated in other fields, 296, 345, 581;

  his funeral, 246, 370;

  his influence on freethinkers, 121, 609;

  and Irish coinage, 104–5;

  La Mettrie on, 619;

  Laplace’s application of his gravitation theory, 546–48;

  and Leibniz, 507, 508–9;

  Maupertuis and, 365, 514;

  his optics, 375, 517, 537;

  his polar-flattening theory, 552;

  Pope and, 176, 619;

  and precession of equinoxes, 544;

  his theory of tides, 539;

  Voltaire’s role in converting French scientists to, 246, 248, 369–70, 375, 378, 514, 544

  Newton, Thomas (fl. 1754), bishop of London, 123

  New Zealand, 559

  Nibelungenlied, 477

  Nice, 312

  Nicene Creed, 428

  Nicolaï, Marquise de (fl. 1762), 730

  Nicolini (Niccolò Grimaldi; 1673?–1732?), 226, 230, 232, 234

  Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), historian, 486, 500

  Niebuhr, Carsten (1733–1815), explorer, 560

  Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900), 661

  Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality (Young), 180

  Nîmes, 228, 230, 305

  nitrogen, 524, 525, 531, 534

  Nivernois, Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, Duc de (1716–98), 535

  Noailles, Duc Adrien Maurice de (1678–1766), Maréchal, 9, 10, 276, 279, 464

  Noailles, Louis Antoine, Cardinal de (1651–1729), Archbishop of Paris, 254, 257, 258

  nobility (aristocracy): in Austria and Hungary, 431–32;

  English, 55, 56;

  French, 251–53;

  German, 398, 403, 428, 437, 439;

  Scottish, 107

  noblesse d’épée (nobility of the sword), 8, 251–53, 340

  noblesse de race, 251

  noblesse de robe (nobility of the robe, hereditary magistracy), 252, 266, 340, 352, 768

  Nonnotte, Abbé Claude François (1711–93), 486, 488, 756

  Noon, John, London publisher, 142

  Nordberg, Joran Andersson (1677–1744), 362

  Norfolk Island, 559

  Normandy, 18, 259, 260, 770

  North Africa, 721, 722

  North America, 558–60 passim

  Northampton, England, 51, 52

  North Briton, The, 223

  North Carolina, 403

  Northeast Passage, search for, 559–60

  Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 530

  Norway, 357

  Norwich, England, 60

  Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris, 275, 308, 322, 756

  Nottingham, 579

  Nouveau Mémoire pour servir à l’ histoire des cacouacs (Moreau), 761

  Nouvelle Héloïse, La (Rousseau), 192, 331, 335, 697

  Nouvelles littéraires, 498

  novelle, 188

  novels: English, 187–205, 669;

  French, 29–30, 324, 330–35, 337, 626–27, 657–59, 669, 672, 724–26;

  picaresque, 29, 188

  Noverre, Jean Georges (1727–1810), 315

  Novissima Sinaica (Leibniz), 504

  Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715–673 B.C.), 745

  numismatics, 500

  Nuremberg, free city of, 397, 404

  nutation of earth’s axis, 540, 544

  Nymphenburg, Bavaria, 398;

  secret alliance of (1741, 453

  Oberammergau, Bavaria, 406

  Observations on Man (Hartley), 581

  Observations on the Continuous Progress of Universal Reason (Saint-Pierre), 336

  Observations sur les écrits modernes (ed. Desfontaines), 760

  obstetrics, 597

  Ockley, Simon (1678–1720), 163–64

  octant, invention of, 537–38

  “Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day” (Dryden), 238

  “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” (Gray), 181–82

  Oder River, 451

  “Ode to Evening” (Collins), 180

  “Ode to Posterity” (J. B. Rousseau), 38

  Odyssey (Pope’s translation), 169

  Oeben, Jean François (1685–1765), 304

  Oedipe (Corneille), 36

  Oedipe (Voltaire), 28, 33, 36–37, 38, 328

  Oedippus Tyrannus (Sophocles), 36

  “Of Experience” (Montaigne), 503

  Of Glandular Consumption (Russell), 80

  “Of Miracles” (Hume), 116, 122, 148–49

  “Of Morals” (Hume), 146–47

  Oglethorpe, James Edward (1696–1785), 74–75, 130–31

  Ohio River, 560

  Ohrdruf, 412

  Okhotsk, 558

  “Old Bailey,” London, 73

  Old England (periodical), 82

  Oldfield, Anne (1683–1730), 329

  Oldmixon, John (1673–1742), Eng. historian, 171

  Old Pretender, see Stuart, James Francis Edward

  Old Sarum, 68, 113, 114

  “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” (Keats), 169

  Opalińska, Katharin, wife of Stanislas Leszczyński, 273, 309

  “On the Lisbon Disaster” (Voltaire), 721–23

  opera: in Austria, 434–35;

  in England, 183, 226, 230–37, 244;

  in France, 28, 295–98, 335;

  in Germany, 227–28, 398, 399, 407, 409–10, 411, 424;
<
br />   Italian, 228–29, 230–37

  passim, 328*, 409–10, 434–35

  Opéra, Palais-Royal, Paris, 28, 289, 295, 297, 313, 325

  Opéra-Comique, Paris, 28, 325

  Opera of the Nobility, London, 235–37, 240

  ophthalmology, 597

  Oporto, Portugal, 66

  Oppeln, duchy of, 451

  Oppenordt, Gilles Marie (1672–1742), 304

  optics, 509, 510, 539, 541

  Oracle des nouveaux philosophes, L’ (Guyon), 755

  Oratorians (Fathers of the Oratory), 237, 258, 286, 341, 498, 773, 775

  Orczelska, Countess, 403

  Ordonnance Criminelle (France, 1670), 267

  Oregon, 560

  Orford, Earls of, see Walpole, Horace, and Walpole, Sir Robert

  original sin, 585, 692, 706, 721, 738, 745

  Origen (Orgenes Adamantius; 185?–254?), 599

  Origin and Progress of Language, The (Monboddo), 579

  Origny, abbess of, 256

  Orkney, George Hamilton, Earl of (1666–1737), 242

  Orlando (Handel), 235

  Orléans, Duchesse d’: wife of Duc Philippe I, see Charlotte Elisabeth;

  wife of Duc Philippe II (Regent), see Blois, Duchesse de

  Orléans, Louis, Duc d’ (1703–52), son of Regent, 288, 596

  Orléans, Louis Philippe, Duc d’(1725–85), 601, 674

  Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph (“Philippe Égalité”), Duc d’ see Chartres, Duc de

  Orléans, Philippe I (“Monsieur”), Duc d’ (1640–1701), 6, 8, 19, 20

  Orléans, Philippe II, Duc d’ Regent of France (r. 1715–23), 6–9, 16–21, 269, 303, 320, 596;

  character of, 7–8, 16–18, 31;

  and his daughter, 8, 20–21, 34–37 passim;

  death of, 33;

  his extravagance, 15, 113;

  and James III, 93;

  and Law’s System, 10–16

  passim, 342, 344;

  a patron of the arts, 24–25, 28, 311;

  and poison rumors, 8, 17, 37;

  his reforms and economies, 9–10, 18–19, 34, 37;

  his liberality and tolerance, 8, 17–18, 21, 33, 342, 344;

  a skeptic, 7, 8, 16, 17, 21, 32;

  his morals and mistresses, 7–8, 10, 19–20, 21, 23, 25, 30, 31, 33, 288, 301;

  and Triple Alliance, 32, 93;

  Voltaire and, 17–18, 34–38

  Orléans (city), 38, 532, 535

  Orléans, Academy of, 498

  Orléans, Maid of, see Jeanne d’Arc

  Orléans, University of, 498

  Oroonoko (Behn), 188

  Orphelin de la Chine, L’ (Voltaire), 505

  Orry, Philibert (fl. 1730–45), 270–71

  Orthodox Church of Russia, 495

  Osborne, Thomas (d. 1767), bookseller, 171

  Osler, Sir William (1849–1919), 586

  Osnabrück, 94

  Osnabrück, Prince-Bishop of, see Ernest Augustus

  Ospedale Bonifazio, Florence, 598

  Osservazioni sulle principali malattie degli occhi (Scarpa), 587

  Ostade, Adriaen van (1610–85), 25

  Ostend, 278, 456

  Othello (Shakespeare), 246

  otology, 597

  Ottobeuren Monastery, 406

  Ottoboni, Pietro, Cardinal (fl. 1708), 229

  Ottone (Handel), 232–33

  Oudry, Jean Baptiste (1689–1755), 282, 312, 312, 315, 321

  Oupanichads, Les (Anquetil-Duperron), 503

  Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso; 43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 63, 205

  Oxford, 1st Earl of, see Harley, Robert

  Oxford movement, 137

  Oxford University, 63, 121, 129, 130, 132, 477, 539, 587;

  Methodism founded at, 116, 128, 130;

  Pitt the Elder at, 113;

  Radcliffe Library, 216;

  Shelley’s antireligious campaign at, 713

  oxygen, 375, 517;

  discovery of, 523–28, 533–34;

  and plants, 568

  Pacific islands, 57

  Pacific Ocean, exploration of, 558–60

  Pactum Mutuae Successionis (1703), 435, 436

  Padua, University of, 586, 592

  Paestum, 501

  Paine, Thomas (1737–1809), 531

  painting: Austrian, 434;

  Diderot’s articles on, 640, 666–68;

  English, 216–24;

  Flemish, 25–26, 312, 668;

  French, 25–28, 282, 310–22;

  genre, 282, 311, 315, 317, 319;

  German, 404–5;

  Impressionist, 28;

  landscape, 315, 668;

  miniatures, 79, 306, 328;

  rococo, 314

  Pajou, Augustin (1730–1809), 305, 310, 322

  Palaeographica graeca (Montfaucon), 501

  Palais-Bourbon, Paris, 24, 307

  Palais de Justice, Paris, 371

  Palais-Royal, Paris, 12, 15, 295, 363, 601, 660;

  Regent establishes residence in, 16;

  his petits soupers in, 19;

  his art collection in, 25; see also Opera, Palais-Royal

  Palatinate, devastation of, 465

  paleography, 501

  paleontology, 554–55

  Palermo, 60

  Palestine, 560

  Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–94), 423, 426

  Paley, William (1743–1805), 715

  Palissot de Monteney, Charles (1730–1814), 670, 762–65 passim

  Palladian style, 215–16, 307

  pantheism, 572, 626, 650, 651–62, 703, 704

  Palladio, Andrea (1518–80), 165, 215

  Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (Richardson), 189–90, 191–94

  passim, 197, 217, 331

  Pamela in Her Exalted Condition (Richardson), 189

  Panama, Isthmus of, 102–3

  papacy, 40, 92, 356, 377

  Papal States, 539

  Papin, Denis (1637–1712), 52

  Parabère, Marie Magdeleine de La Vieuville, Comtesse de (1693–1750), 20

  Paradise Lost (Milton), 172, 246, 630

  Paradoxe sur le comédien (Diderot), 633, 671–72

  Paraguay, 351

  Pare aux Cerfs, 273, 284

  Pardo, Convention of the (1739), 102

  Paris, François de (1690–1727), 257

  Paris, 8, 22, 262–63, 294–95, 384, 398, 641;

  building program in, 307;

  city wall built, 535;

  as cultural and social center, 83, 294–95, 298, 323, 337;

  famine riot in, 262;

  Frederick II on, 291;

  hospitals, 589, 591–92, 597, 598;

  Hume on, 159;

  income tax levied in, 18;

  lottery issued, 361;

  Montesquieu’s description of, 263;

  police of, 22, 41, 267;

  population of, 55, 59, 262–63;

  theaters in, 28, 30, 37, 183, 295, 325–30 passim;

  Voltaire on, 357

  Paris, Parlement of, 3, 256, 268, 327, 352, 532, 611;

  accepts Duc d’Orléans as regent, 9;

  banished (1720), 15;

  at “bed of justice” (1718), 18;

  burns philosophe books, 370–71, 483, 626, 681, 694, 699, 718, 737, 742, 769, 772;

  and censorship, 496;

  and the Encyclopédie, 642–43, 648;

  suppresses Jesuits, 737, 765, 768–72;

  and La Barre case, 735, 737, 772;

  nun appeals to, 657–58;

  and Prades affair, 638;

  Voltaire attacks, 743, 744

  Paris, University of, 287, 477, 498, 515, 562, 775;

  Faculty of Medicine, 592, 596, 598, 600;

  tuition fees paid by state, 19;

  Faculty of Theology, see Sorbonne

  Paris brothers, financiers, 16, 37, 265

  Paris-Montmartel, Jean (1690–1766), 265

  Paris Observatory, 544

  parlements, 252, 256, 266, 352, 611, 7
37;

  and fall of Jesuits, 759, 769–71;

  and right of remonstrance, 268; see also Paris, Parlement of

  Parliament, British, 61, 128, 163, 189, 499, 593;

  and Act of Settlement, 89;

  Bolingbroke and, 91, 100;

  and Calico Act, 49;

  corruption in, 58, 68, 79, 97, 98, 105, 113;

  elections to, 82, 90, 93, 96, 103, 206, 210, 222;

  Frederick II on, 98, 446;

  adopts Gregorian calendar, 540–41;

  and Ireland, 104, 105;

  Jenner’s work financed by, 596;

  and Licensing Act, 183;

  and Maria Theresa, 452, 457;

  marriage and divorce laws, 64, 65;

  Montesquieu and, 344, 353;

  parties in, 90–91;

  grants patent rights, 50, 163, 220;

  and the penal code, 72–73;

  Pitt in, 114;

  Priestley denounced in, 529;

  and prison reform, 74;

  property interests dominant in, 53, 54, 66, 73, 90, 107;

  representation in, 135;

  and royal prerogative, 157;

  Septennial Act, 93;

  its sovereignty over Hanoverian kings, 45, 89, 90, 93, 94;

  and South Sea Bubble, 57–59;

  subsidies to foreign rulers, 115, 452;

  as supreme court, 72;

  and taxation, 67, 71, 82, 98, 368;

  union with Scottish Parliament, 107;

  war party opposes and defeats Walpole, 99, 101–3, 109;

  repeals witchcraft law, 108

  Parliament, Irish, 105, 106

  Parliament, Scottish, 91, 107

  Parma, duchy of, 278, 785

  Parma, Duke of, see Philip, Duke of Parma

  Parsees, 502–3

  Partenope (Handel), 234

  parthenogenesis, 578

  Partridge, John (1644–1715), 759

  Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 173, 256, 292, 340, 400, 543;

  atmospheric-pressure experiments of, 551;

  Provincial Letters of, 767;

  Voltaire and, 370, 371, 723, 750

  Pasquier, Councilor (d. 1794), 735

  Passion according to St. Matthew, The (Bach), 234, 416, 425–26, 427, 430

  Passy, 322

  Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), 576

  Pastorales (Fontenelle), 37

  Pastorals (Pope), 165

  Pastor Fido, 11 (Handel), 230

  patents, see monopolies

  Pater, Jean Baptiste (1695–1736), 25, 28

  Pau, 310

  Pau, Parlement of, 770

  Paul, Saint (d. 67), 123, 529, 742, 745, 746, 768

  Paul III (Alessandro Farnese), Pope (r. 1534–49), 765

  Paul, Grand Duke, later Paul I, Czar of Russia (r. 1796–1801), 596

  Paul, Lewis (fl. 1738), inventor of first spinning machine, 49, 51, 52

  Paul et Virginie (Bernardin), 335

  Pavia, University of, 523, 587, 592

  Pearce, Bishop, 123

  peasantry: English, 45–48, 62, 135;

  French, 13, 22, 252–53, 258–61, 268, 271, 286–92

 

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