by Thomas Goetz
In 1881, on the eve Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 252.
“In science the credit” Francis Darwin, “Francis Garlton, 1822–1911,” Eugenics Review 6, no. 1 (April 1914).
Given credit or not Ryan, Forgotten Plague, 289.
The term was coined Robert K. Merton, “The Matthew Effect in Science,” Science 159, no. 3810 (Jan. 5, 1968): 56–63.
Rarely had medicine Michael Worboys, “Tuberculosis, 1870–1890,” in Heredity and Infection: The History of Disease Transmission, Jean-Paul Gaudilliere et al., eds. (New York: Routledge, 2001), 91–92.
“To those old-standing” Editors, Medical Times and Gazette, April 22, 1882, 411.
“The rapid growth”“Dr. Koch’s Discovery,” New York Times, May 7, 1882.
In the months following Brock, Robert Koch, 139.
CHAPTER 5
“Dr. Doyle begs to notify” Andrew Lycett, The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Free Press, 2007), 92–93.
“On my map” Alvin E. Rodin and Jack D. Key, Medical Casebook of Doctor Arthur Conan Doyle (Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1984), 35.
Born in Edinburgh Lycett, Man Who Created, 20–30.
Physically, he was a Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Southsea, Nov. 1883, in Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters, Daniel Stashower and John Lellenberg, eds. (New York: Penguin, 2007), 210.
“Just a line” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Southsea, Feb. 1883, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 189.
“The pathological importance” The Lancet 3060 (April 22, 1882): 654.
“the splendid series” British Medical Journal 2, no. 1302 (Dec. 30, 1882).
Throughout the summer The Lancet 3068 (June 17, 1882): 840.
“Had a man the power” Arthur Conan Doyle, “Life and Death in the Blood,” Good Words 24 (March 1883): 178–81.
In 2000, two data scientists E. Andrew Balas and Suzanne Boren, Yearbook of Medical Informatics: Managing Clinical Knowledge for Health Care Improvement (Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000).
A report issued William C. Richardson et al., Crossing the Quality Chasm (Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 2000), 1–8.
This requires an idea Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed. (New York: Free Press, 1962), 32–35.
Rogers developed his model Ibid., 35.
“the evidence that it is” G. W. Bulman, “Are Bacilli Causes of Disease?” The Westminster Review 139 (1893): 503.
Rogers called this Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 306.
“as nicely furnished” Arthur Conan Doyle to Charlotte Drum-mond, Southsea, Dec. 1882 or Jan. 1883, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 183–84.
“as they serve the double"” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Southsea, May 1883, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 197.
He wrote an article Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 186.
“When pestilence comes” Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Lay of the Grasshopper,” in ibid., 200.
Even the royalty Michael Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 132.
The 1862 International ExhibitionInternational Exhibition Jury Directory (London: George E. Eyre, 1862), 79.
Hydrotherapy was in vogue Porter, Greatest Benefit, 392.
Despite these quacks Ibid., 351.
The Lancet and the BMJ Ibid., 354.
As Conan Doyle described Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Romance of Medicine,” in Conan Doyle’s Tales of Medical Humanism and Values, Alvin E. Rodin and Jack D. Key, eds. (Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing, 1992), 466.
“These germs, they give us” Joseph Bell, Notes on Surgery for Nurses (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1887), 72. Bell’s book is dedicated to Florence Nightingale, chief of the nursing staff.
“His strong point” Conan Doyle, Memories and Adventures, (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), 15.
“Let me once get my footing” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Birmingham, March 1882, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 151–52.
Many physicians were willing Porter, Greatest Benefit, 317.
Indeed, to live in London William John Gordon, The Horse-World of London (London: Religious Tract Society, 1893), 113.
The average life span Eric Morris, “From Horse Power to Horsepower,” Access 30 (Spring 2007): 2–9.
“No doubt it will be said” Charles Dickens, “Inhumane Humanity,” All the Year Round 15, no. 360 (March 17, 1866): 238.
“They took a number” Frances Power Cobbe, “The Rights of Man and the Claims of Brutes,” Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country 68, no. 407 (Nov. 1863): 588–89.
In 1875, Cobbe founded Nicolaas A. Rupke, Vivisection in Historical Perspective (London: Croom, Helm, 1987), 269–71.
“Doctors are daily assuming” Frances Power Cobbe, “The Medical Profession and Its Morality,” Modern Review 2 (April 1881): 296.
“Are we to be leeched” Nadja Durbach, Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 13.
In London and other London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, The Vaccination Enquirer and Health Review 4 (April 1882), 54.
“vivisecting staffs of Koch and Pasteur” Frances Power Cobbe, “The Cholera in Egypt,” Zoophilist 3, no. 15 (Feb. 1, 1884): 220.
On some level Durbach, Bodily Matters, 7–11.
Start with whooping cough Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Pertussis Outbreaks,” accessed July 30, 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html.
In 2011 there were nearly World Health Organization, Weekly Epidemiological Record 86, no. 49 (Dec. 2, 2011): 557–64.
“We live in a society” Carl Sagan, “Why We Need to Understand Science,” Parade, September 10, 1989, 10.
“has opened up” Conan Doyle, “Life and Death in the Blood,” 178.
“For fear delicacy” Arthur Conan Doyle, letter to editor, Medical Times and Gazette, June 16, 1883, 671.
“The death rate varies” Rodin and Key, Medical Casebook, 104.
“Someone described our condition” Rodin and Key, Tales of Medical Humanism, 465.
“those magic letters” Arthur Conan Doyle to Louisa Hawkins, Southsea, Feb. 1885, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 238.
“His wife calls his attention” Rodin and Key, Medical Casebook, 88–89.
“that small square” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Southsea, July or Sept. 1885, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 243–44.
CHAPTER 6
Every November Sarah Freeman, Isabella and Sam (New York: Coward, McGann and Geoghegan, 1978), 178.
“My poor ‘Study’” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 247–48.
“This is, I feel sure” As quoted in Coulson Kernaham, “Personal Memories of Sherlock Holmes,” London Quarterly and Holborn Review 159 (Oct. 1934): 449–60, reprinted in Harold Orel, ed., Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Interviews and Recollections (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 42.
“We have read your story” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 247–48.
“for the shock I had suffered” Ibid., 240.
“After ten years” Arthur Conan Doyle, “My First Book,” McClure’s 3, no. 3 (Aug. 1894): 225.
“a man may put” Ibid., 227.
The publishing industry was“Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical Index,” accessed Nov. 14, 2012, http://www.sciper.org/introduction.html.
Some of these Geoffrey Cantor and Sally Shuttleworth, eds., Science Serialized: Representations of the Sciences in Nineteenth-Century Periodi
cals (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), 221.
Typesetting, which Melissa S. Van Vuuren, Literary Research and the Victorian and Edwardian Ages, 1830–1910 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011), 154.
In 1871, some 2,500 Bernard Lightman, Victorian Popularizers of Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 34.
Conan Doyle had little firsthand Russell Miller, The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle: A Biography (New York: St. Martin’s, 2008), 120.
“I had been reading” Arthur Conan Doyle, “The True Story of Sherlock Holmes, Westminster Gazette, Dec. 13, 1900.
“a little queer in his ideas” Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet (New York: Harper and Bros., 1904), 6.
“His zeal for certain” Ibid., 15.
“The man was a respectful” Conan Doyle, Memories, 15–16.
“How in the world” Conan Doyle, Scarlet, 25.
“Dr. Conan Doyle’s education” Joseph Bell, “Mr. Sherlock Holmes,” introduction to A Study in Scarlet, 1892 edition.
“It tinges the whole” Rodin and Key, Tales of Medical Humanism, 458.
“We have frequent cause” Editors, Popular Science Monthly 36 (Dec. 1889): 264.
“unpredictable new ideas” Freeman Dyson, The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 13.
“without which the whole” Lightman, Victorian Popularizers, 4.
These publications aimed Alan Rauch, Useful Knowledge: The Victorians, Morality, and the March of Intellect (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001); and William H. Brock, Science for All: Studies in the History of Victorian Science and Education (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1996).
“From a drop of water” Conan Doyle, Scarlet, 19.
In 1839 the British naturalist Laura J. Snyder, “Sherlock Holmes: Scientific Detective,” Endeavor 28, no. 3 (Sept. 2004): 104–8.
The bounty of words Jerry White, London in the 19th Century (London: Vintage Books, 2008), 323–43. See also “British Slang: Lower Class and Underworld,” accessed Dec. 18, 2012, http://www.tlucretius.net/Sophie/Castle/victorian_slang.html.
The 1850s and ’60s saw panic Jacqueline Banerjee, “How Safe Was Victorian London?” The Victorian Web, accessed Dec. 16, 2012, http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crime/banerjee1.html.
The Metropolitan Police“History of the Metropolitan Police,” accessed Dec. 17, 2012, http://content.met.police.uk/Site/historypolicing.
In fact, crime may have Stephen Inwood, City of Cities: The Birth of Modern London (London: Pan Macmillan, 2007), 230.
“I’ve found it!” Conan Doyle, Scarlet, 9.
In France, Alphonse Bertillon Snyder, “Sherlock Holmes: Scientific Detective,” 104–8.
“skin furrows of the hand” Ronald R. Thomas, Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 226.
“There is no branch” Conan Doyle, Scarlet, 142.
“I had high hopes” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 247.
“attracted some favourable” Conan Doyle, Memories, 53.
“we may then, I think” Arthur Conan Doyle to Charlotte Drummond, March 1888, Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 252.
it earned more than forty Conan Doyle, Memories, 53.
Conan Doyle dutifully Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 266.
“gave my patients a rest” Conan Doyle, Memories, 54.
The fee would be Miller, Adventures, 119–20.
For his part, Conan Doyle Lycett, Man Who Created, 160.
“Detection . . . is, or ought to be” Conan Doyle, A Sign of Four (New York: Harper and Bros., 1904), 151.
“all upon technical subjects” Ibid., 153.
“When you have eliminated” Ibid., 195.
“the excellence of its style” Advertisement, The Athenaeum 3033 (Feb. 14, 1891): 206.
“strength and sincerity” Miller, Adventures, 122.
“He said that He” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 277.
“My life had been a pleasant one” Conan Doyle, Memories, 60.
But in November 1890British Medical Journal 2, no. 1132 (Nov. 15, 1890).
“A great urge came upon me” Conan Doyle, Memories, 60–61.
CHAPTER 7
The most recent pandemic Barua and Greenbough, eds., Cholera, 12–14.
The major source Chas A. Cookson et al., Further Correspondence Respecting the Cholera Epidemic in Egypt (London: Harrison and Sons, 1883).
The Germans offered Koch Brock, Robert Koch, 141.
“Cholera has almost disappeared” Ibid., 151.
The French team, meanwhile Ibid., 153.
On the morning ofÉmile Roux to Louis Pasteur, Alexandria, Sept. 21, 1883, translated in The Lancet.
Koch, though, was not yet Brock, Robert Koch, 154–58.
“In all cases” Ibid., 161.
“WELCOME VICTORS!” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 194.
“Just as 13 years ago” Ibid., 195.
“In less than a decade” Brock, Robert Koch, 167.
“As far as we are concerned” Ibid., 183.
“Herr Koch has nothing” Ibid., 190.
“When he had travelled half the way” Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 146.
Jean-Paul Marat practicedDietetic and Hygienic Gazette 26, no. 7 (1910): 420.
leech usage soared Spink, Infectious Diseases, 13.
Some argued that playing Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 137.
“It frequently produces” Ibid., 139.
“many regular visitors” R. E. A. Dorr, “Guide to Chicago,” Columbus and Columbia (Philadelphia: Historical Publishing Co., 1892), 832.
“There has been neither pain”“Correspondence,” The American Lancet 15, no. 4 (April 1891): 137.
“more beneficial in the treatment” Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 140.
This enthusiasm, inevitably John Rayner, Cod Liver Oil: Its Uses, Modes of Administration, Etc. (New York: Rushton, Clark, and Co., 1849), 7–8.
“It is pure water” Daniel R. Barnett, “William Radam and the Microbe Killer,” North Texas Skeptic 18, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–4.
Inside these facilities Bates, Bargaining for Life, 41.
“We have tried in vain” R. Harvey Reed, “The Climate of Our Homes, Public Buildings, and Railroad Coaches, a Leading Factor in the Production of the Annual Crop of Pulmonary Diseases,” The Sanitarian 26, no. 259 (June 1891): 519.
“I firmly believe” Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Currents and Counter-Currents in Medical Science,” The Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1892), 203.
By the summer of 1890 Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 99.
“rather melts or wastes” Brock, Robert Koch, 200.
“in the 5th hour” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 122.
“the least reliable results” Ibid., 118.
On August 3, 1890 Stefan H. E. Kaufmann, “Robert Koch’s Highs and Lows in the Search for a Remedy for Tuberculosis,” Nature Medicine: Special Web Focus: Tuberculosis (2000), accessed Oct. 13, 2011, http://www.nature.com/nm/focus/tb/historical_perspective.html.
On the main platform Winslow Anderson, “Correspondence: The International Congress,” Pacific Medical Journal 33 (October 1890): 618–25.
“In this imperfect world” Ibid.
“What has been achieved” Robert Koch, “On Bacteriological Research,” from Codell Carter, trans., Essays of Robert Koch, 179.
“Dr. Koch was shrewd” Anderson, ”Correspondence: The International Congress,” 621.
“Dr. Koch’s address” “From Our Special Correspondent,” The Lancet 2, no. 3493 (Aug. 9, 1890): 301.
The politicians had pushed Brock, Robert Koch, 203.
&n
bsp; “Koch, like all scientific men” Editorial, The Lancet 2, no. 3509 (Nov. 29, 1890): 1169–71.
“Indeed, apart from the fact”“Dr. Koch’s Investigations upon the Treatment of Tuberculosis,” The Lancet 2, no. 3505 (Nov. 1, 1890): 932–33.
“It was originally my intention” Robert Koch, “A Further Communication on a Cure for Tuberculosis,” Medical News 57, no. 20 (Nov. 15, 1890): 521–27.
“I have purposely” Donald S. Burke, “Of Postulates and Peccadilloes: Robert Koch and Vaccine (Tuberculin) Therapy for Tuberculosis,” Vaccine 11, no. 8 (1993): 795–804.
“He has given the world” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 128.
“the seed of a discovery” Editors, “Koch’s Discovery,” Medical News 57, no. 20 (Nov. 15, 1890): 526.
“as one greater than”“Koch’s Great Discovery,” New York Times, Nov. 16, 1890, 1.
Some desperate souls Dubos and Dubos, White Plague, 148–52.
“He assured me” Conan Doyle, Memories, 62.
“simply not to be had” Ibid., 61–62.
Conan Doyle turned toward This episode was well told in a wonderful essay by Howard Markel, “The Medical Detectives,” New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 23 (2005): 2426–28.
“A long and grim array” Arthur Conan Doyle, “Dr. Koch and His Cure,” Review of Reviews 2, no. 12 (Dec. 1890): 552–56.
“Great as is Koch’s discovery” Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Consumption Cure,” Daily Telegraph, Nov. 20, 1890, 3.
CHAPTER 8
And so, every day Conan Doyle, “Dr. Koch and His Cure,” 552–56.
“There was no stopping” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 129.
Charles Pratt lived in Minneapolis Bates, Bargaining for Life, 38.
From Paris, Pasteur Brock, Robert Koch, 205.
“All the world rejoices” Burke, “Of Postulates,” 800.
“according to the rule” William Thomas Stead, “Dr. Robert Koch: A Character Sketch,” Review of Reviews 2, no. 12 (Dec. 1890): 547–51.
The basic structure Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2005), 95–100.
“Let those who engage” W. Bruce Fye, “The Power of Clinical Trials and Guidelines, and the Challenge of Conflicts of Interest,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41, no. 8 (2003): 1237.
