by Thomas Goetz
“Randomize, always randomize!” Klim McPherson, “The Best and the Enemy of the Good: Randomised Controlled Trials, Uncertainty, and Assessing the Role of Patient Choice in Medical Decision Making,” Journal of Epidemiological Community Health 48 (1994): 6–15.
Koch appears to have Burke, “Of Postulates,” 800.
“Day after day” Ibid., 801.
Each facility followed Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 139.
Even how to administer Burke, “Of Postulates,” 796.
“Against a background” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 129.
In terms of patient response Ibid., 130–32.
“The effects . . . are simply” Brock, Robert Koch, 206.
On November 22 Ibid., 199.
He was keenly aware Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 102.
A London paper reported“Koch and Tuberculosis,” The Chemist and Druggist 37 (Dec. 6, 1890): 778–79.
By December, his institute Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 104.
“thousands of medical men” Brock, Robert Koch, 202.
“the clinician finds himself” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 133.
“the unease that creeps” Ibid., 141.
By year’s end Ibid., 128.
Of 242 patients Brock, Robert Koch, 210.
On January 7, 1891 Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 136.
“My new remedy” Brock, Robert Koch, 211.
“You must know” Ibid., 233.
“It is a capital mistake” Arthur Conan Doyle, “A Scandal in Bohemia,” Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (New York: Harper and Bros., 1892), 7.
“we are . . . assisting” Burke, “Of Postulates,” 800.
“the present speaker allowed” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 146.
“When, six months ago” Nicholas Senn, Away with Koch’s Lymph! (Chicago: R. R. McCabe and Co., 1891), 3.
“did not meet” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 149.
A German magazine Ibid., 152.
“He is the one man” Harold C. Ernst, Koch’s Treatment of Tuberculosis (Boston: Damrell and Upham, 1891), 2.
“is always found” Edwin Chadwick, “Report on Sanitary Conditions,” Report from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (London: W. Clowes and Sons, 1842), 369–72.
“A vast deal of the suffering” Florence Nightingale, Notes on Hospitals, 3rd ed. (London: Longman, Green, 1863), 8.
“What does ‘contagion’ mean?” Ibid., 6.
In the 1880s and ’90s Andrew McClary, “Germs Are Everywhere: The Germ Threat as Seen in Magazine Articles, 1890–1920,” Journal of American Culture 3 (1980): 33–46.
The New York City Board of Health Warren W. Hilditch, “A Bacteriological Study of Soiled Paper Money,” Popular Science Monthly 73, no. 7 (August 1908): 157.
“although the reception” Nancy Tomes, The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 80.
“The man who hawks” Morris Gibbs, “The Anti-Spitting Association Again,” Modern Medicine and Bacteriological Review 2, no. 4 (April 1893): 91.
“How necessary it is” J. M. Emmert, “Prevention of Tuberculosis,” Biennial Report of the Veterinary Surgeon of the State of Iowa (Des Moines, IA: State Printer, 1885), 30.
“Le crachat” David S. Barnes, The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-Century France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 83.
In 1892 the first organization Tomes, Gospel of Germs, 115.
Koch arrived and soon Brock, Robert Koch, 320.
A decade later . . . Biggs opened 1886–1914: Immigration, the Bateriological Revolution, and Hermann Biggs, New York City Department of Public Health, accessed Jan. 10, 2013, http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/bicentennial/historical-booklet-1886-1913.pdf.
“The knowledge we now have” Hermann Biggs, “To Rob Consumption of Its Terrors,” The Forum 16 (1894): 758–67.
In New York, fatalities Barnes, Social Disease, 8.
“There must be no more” Brock, Robert Koch, 219.
“would be placed” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 104.
At the time, critics gossiped Brock, Robert Koch, 239–42.
CHAPTER 9
“I came back” Conan Doyle, Memories, 62.
“I am leaving Southsea”Portsmouth Evening Mail, Nov. 24,1890.
“a gloomy, ominous reception” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 283.
The couple quickly Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Vienna, Jan. 5, 1891, in ibid., 284.
His output was prodigious Lycett, Man Who Created, 172.
In London, the Conan Doyles Conan Doyle, Memories, 66.
And as Conan Doyle considered Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 293.
The Strand seemed the ideal Miller, Adventures, 133.
“There was no mistaking” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 293.
“gratuitous and a waste” Miller, Adventures, 145–46.
As it happened, 1891“Influenza,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1911).
Conan Doyle was in Conan Doyle, Memories, 67.
“It was one of the great” Ibid.
“I can testify how great” Rodin and Key, Tales of Medical Humanism, 458.
“Whoever sets sail”The Book Buyer 9 (1892): 440.
Paget wasn’t the first Miller, Adventures, 140.
“it has long been an axiom”“A Case of Identity,” Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1892), 63.
“Ours would be remembered” “The Age of Science,” Nature 42, no. 1092 (Oct. 2, 1890): 556–57.
“show that the public delights” H. G. Wells, “Popularising Science,” Nature 50, no. 1291 (July 26, 1894): 301.
“read The Memoirs” Henry Edward Armstrong, The Teaching of Scientific Method (London: Macmillan and Co., 1910), 16.
Even the bacteriologists Arthur M. Silverstein, Paul Ehrlich’s Receptor Immunology: The Magnificent Obsession (San Diego: Academic Press, 2002), 148. Also Rodin and Key, Medical Casebook, 296.
Strand editor George Newnes Miller, Adventures, 141.
On one such jaunt Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, South Norwood, Jan. 6, 1892, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 304.
In October 1892 Miller, Adventures, 143.
“I think of slaying Holmes” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, South Norwood, Nov. 11, 1891, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 300.
“He still lives” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, South Norwood, Jan. 6, 1892, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 305.
In early 1892 Lycett, Man Who Created, 189.
He considered turning Miller, Adventures, 144–45.
The official purpose Ibid., 151.
“The torrent, swollen by” Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Truth About Sherlock Holmes,” Collier’s, Dec. 29, 1923. Reprinted in The Complete Sherlock Holmes, Vol. 2 (New York: Barnes and Noble Classics, 2003), 684.
“I am in the middle” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, South Norwood, April 6, 1893, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 319.
“Killed Holmes.” Arthur Conan Doyle, Diary, “The Norwood Notebook,” accessed Nov. 12, 2012, http://www.bestofsherlock.com/ref/200405christies.htm.
One day, when she couldn’t Conan Doyle, Memories, 84–85.
“He seemed to think” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, London, Oct. 1893, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 322.
“The organizer of half” Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Final Prob-lem,” The Complete Sherlock Holmes, Vol. 2, 559.
“What excuse” The Literary News
15, no. 2 (March 1894): 75.
For years afterward Ron Miller, “Doyle vs. Holmes,” PBS Mystery!, Jan. 2001, accessed Jan. 9, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/mystery/essays/doylevholmes.html.
“Ah, but I did it”“The Story of Dr. Doyle’s Life,” The Bookman 2, no. 8 (May 1894): 50–51.
“What an infernal microbe” Miller, Adventures, 163.
CHAPTER 10
“In Europe” Brock, Robert Koch, 243.
“At home” Ibid., 237.
“I should estimate the extent” Robert Koch, “Address Before the British Congress on Tuberculosis,” London, 1901, quoted in Allen K. Krause, “Essays on Tuberculosis,” Journal of the Outdoor Life 15, no. 11 (Nov. 1918): 327.
But Koch’s opinion couldn’t Brock, Robert Koch, 254–55.
And Koch no doubt heard“Behring’s Recent Announcement in Regard to Tuberculosis of Cattle,” Journal of Comparative Medicine 23 (1902): 36.
Then, in November 1904 The announcement simply stated, “It is reported that the Nobel prize for medicine will this year be awarded to Dr. Robert Koch.” Science 20, no. 515 (Nov. 11, 1904): 652.
“improved knowledge of the risk” Robert Koch, “The Current State of the Struggle Against Tuberculosis,” Nobel Lecture, Dec. 12, 1905, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-lecture.html.
“Dr. Koch isolated the” Brock, Robert Koch, 283.
“Your letter most vividly” Gradmann, Laboratory Disease, 113.
The clinic had opened“Baden-Baden Facts,” accessed Jan. 11, 2013, http://www.bad-bad.de/gesch/r_koch.htm.
“a real Creeper” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 478.
“I owe you many apologies”“The Adventure of the Empty House,” The Return of Sherlock Holmes (New York: W. R. Caldwell and Co., 1905), 13.
“You can find your way” Arthur Conan Doyle, Diary, May 1900, accessed Oct. 18, 2012, http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/LotDetailsPrintable.aspx?intObjectID=4290311.
“The outbreak was a terrible” Conan Doyle, Memories, 114.
Then, in September 1901 Lycett, Man Who Created, 261.
“Sherlock is going to be a record” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 481.
After the Conan Doyles Lycett, Man Who Created, 231.
“This is a high” Arthur Conan Doyle to Mary Doyle, Under-shaw, Feb. 1902, in Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters,490–91.
By June 1906 Lycett, Man Who Created, 311.
“She passed in peace” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 534.
“these people are destined” Arthur Conan Doyle, The Coming of the Fairies (New York: George H. Doran Co., 1922), 55.
“Is Conan Doyle Mad?” Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 682.
“I thought it was a joke” Miller, Adventures, 410.
In the audience Stashower and Lellenberg, eds., Life in Letters, 683.
“In every literary or dramatic” Rodin and Key, Tales of Medical Humanism, 467.
“the most successful” Issac Asimov, “Why I Love Sherlock Holmes,” Newsday Magazine, Sept. 2, 1984.
EPILOGUE
This first agent to prove Ryan, Forgotten Plague, 122.
Schatz’s new agent Ibid., 125.
“We feared that disbelief” Horton Hinshaw, “Historical Notes on Earliest Use of Streptomycin in Clinical Tuberculosis,” American Review of Tuberculosis 70, no. 1 (1954): 9–14.
“a new drug which is very” “Streptomycin,” Life, Feb. 4, 1946, 57–60.
“Our streptomycin studies” Frank Ryan, Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told (Bath, UK: Swift Publishers, 1992), 280–81.
The problem of resistance Hugo L. David, “Probability Distribution of Drug-Resistant Mutants in Unselected Populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” Applied Microbiology 20, no. 5 (Nov. 1970): 810–14.
In the early 1970s Lawrence Geiter, ed. Ending Neglect: The Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States (Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 2000), 35–36.
Between 1985 and 1992, rates among adults Centers for Disease Control, “Tuberculosis Morbidity: United States, 1992,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42, no. 36 (Sept. 17, 1993): 696–97.
when two Wall Street commodities Thomas J. Lueck, “Two TB Cases Prompt Commodities Exchange to Require Testing,” New York Times, July 23, 1992.
As many as 80 percent TB Alliance, “MDR-TB/XDR-TB,” accessed July 28, 2013, http://www.tballiance.org/why/mdr-xdr.php.
Still, for those willing Robert M. Jasmer et al., “Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes,” Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 170, no. 5 (Sept. 2004): 561–66.
In some countries TB Alliance, “MDR-TB/XDR-TB.”
On the last day of 2012“FDA News Release,” Dec. 31, 2012, accessed July 24, 2013, http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm333695.htm.
As far back as 1976 Franco Borruto and Marc De Ridder, eds., HPV and Cervical Cancer: Achievements in Prevention and Future Prospects (New York: Springer, 2012), 12–14.
In 1982, Australian scientists “Interview: Barry Marshall,” Academy of Achievement, accessed July 18, 2013, http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/mar1int-1.
Heart disease, of course, kills Melanie Nichols et al., European Cadiovascular Disease Statistics 2012 (Oxford: European Society of Cardiology, 2012), 10–12.
But in 2013, at least one W. H. Wilson Tang et al., “Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk,” New England Journal of Medicine 368 (April 25, 2013): 1575–84.
The science of the microbiome J. Lederberg and A. T. McCray, “’Ome Sweet ’Omics—A Genealogical Treasury of Words,” The Scientist 15, no. 8 (2001).
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Abbe, Ernst, 44
Abbe condenser, 44
Agar, 71
All the Year Round (Dickens), 144
Amplification, 173–174
Anatomy Act, 126, 132
Animal experiments, 127–130, 132.See also Antivivisectionists
Anthrax, 22–24. See also Black bane; Siberian pest
dormancy, 28–29
etiology, 73, 78–79
Pasteur research, 61–64
Pasteur vaccine, 65–67
Robert Koch isolating, 56
Antibiotics, 245–248
Antiseptics, 12–13, 31, 45, 60–61, 175
Antivivisectionists, 128–131
Asimov, Isaac, 242
Asthma, 35
Babbage, Charles, 122
Bacillus anthracis, 25, 29, 45, 79
Bacon, Francis, 48
Bacteria, 23–24
deadly power, 28–29
disease and, 15
filaments, 28
Klebs on, 14–15
Robert Koch isolating, 50–51
septicemia and, 82
tuberculosis and, 88, 96
Balas, E. Andrew, 117–118
Barber, Bernard, 33
Barrie, James, 220
Basic reproduction number, 97, 101
Bayonets, 11
Beeton, Samuel, 139–140
Beeton’s Book of Household Management, 139
Bell, Joseph, 124–125, 146–147, 181
Bennett, John Hughes, 31
Berlin Physiology Institute, 85–87
Bettany, G. T., 140
Biggs, Hermann, 207–209
Bismarck, Otto von, 165
Black bane, 22
Bloodletting,
122
Bodington, George, 92, 170
Body snatching, 12–126
The Bookman, 225
Boren, Suzanne A., 117–118
Boric acid, 81
Bovine tuberculosis, 102, 229–233
Bowditch, Henry, 98–99
British Medical Association, 69
British Medical Journal, 95, 106, 114–115, 123
Broussais, François, 13
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 93
Budd, William, 103
Bunn, Alfred, 94–95
Bunyan, John, 99
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, 68
Burke, William, 126
Byron, George Gordon, 93
Calcium, 81
Cancer, 101, 172, 251–252
Carbolic acid, 81
Cash register, xvii
Causation, 50–51
Cell theory of disease, 20, 30
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 249
Chadwick, Edwin, 203
Chassepot, 10–11
Chekhov, Anton, 93
Childbirth fever, 30
Chlorine, 81
Cholera
pandemic, 161–162
Pasteur research, 60
research in Egypt, 162–163
research in India, 164, 207
research in Pennsylvania, 207
water supply and, 207
waves of, 89–90
Cobbe, Frances Power, 128–131, 134
Cochrane Archie, 192
Cod-liver oil, xix, 169
Cohn, Casper, 205
Cohn, Ferdinand, 73, 161
on epidemics, 38
Robert Koch meeting,39–41
Cohnheim, Julius, 40–41, 51
Collier’s Weekly, 238
Competition, 72
Comptes rendus, 72
Conan Doyle, Arthur
background and education, 112–113
in Berlin, 180–183
covering Robert Koch, 158–159
death of, 240
defender of causes, 136
essays, 116–117, 134, 185, 239–240
giving up medicine, 215–216
influenza contracted by, 215
letters, 114–115, 135, 213
medical practice, xix
memoirs, 157, 211–212
with new guard, 124
novels, 141, 143, 154–155, 212
