The History of Jihad: From Muhammad to ISIS

by Robert Spencer

  16. Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453-1924 (St. Martin’s Griffin, 1995), 437.

  17. “1930: The City of Constantinople Renamed to ‘Istanbul,’” History.info, http://history.info/on-this-day/1930-the-city-of-constantinople-renamed-to-istanbul/

  18. Kevork B. Bardakjian, Hitler and the Armenian Genocide (Zoryan Institute, 1985), 17.

  19. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 410.

  20. H. C. Armstrong, The Gray Wolf (Penguin Books, 1937), 206.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Mansel, Constantinople, 414.

  23. Armstrong, The Gray Wolf, 205.

  24. Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (New York University Press, 2000), 212–13.

  25. Ibid., 221.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Ibid., 233.

  28. Ibid., 284.

  29. Ibid., 295.

  30. Will Martin, “From an unexplored desert to a $2 trillion IPO: The 84-year history of Saudi Aramco in pictures,” Business Insider, December 4, 2017, https://www.businessinsider.my/the-history-of-saudi-aramco-timeline-2017-11/

  31. Malo Tresca, “How Saudi Arabia exports Wahhabism,” LaCroix International, August 22, 2017, https://international.la-croix.com/news/how-saudi-arabia-exports-wahhabism/5095

  32. Carlotta Gall, “How Kosovo Was Turned Into Fertile Ground for ISIS,” The New York Times, May 21, 2016.

  33. Ibid.

  34. Ibid.

  35. Tresca, “How Saudi Arabia exports Wahhabism.”

  36. “What is Wahhabism? The reactionary branch of Islam from Saudi Arabia said to be ‘the main source of global terrorism,’” The Telegraph, May 19, 2017, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/29/what-is-wahhabism-the-reactionary-branch-of-islam-said-to-be-the/

  37. Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt (Ithaca Press, 1998), 28.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Ibid., 33.

  40. Ibid., 68–69, 75–76.

  41. Ibid., 80.

  42. Ibid., 153–54.

  43. Ibid., 155.

  44. Jonathan Raban, “Truly, madly, deeply devout,” The Guardian, March 2, 2002.

  45. John Roy Carlson, Cairo to Damascus (Alfred A. Knopf, 1951), 89–90.

  46. Shaker El-sayed, “Hassan al-Banna: The leader and the Movement,” Muslim American Society, http://www.maschicago.org/library/misc_articles/hassan_banna.htm

  47. Carlson, Cairo to Damascus, 91.

  48. Ibid., 91–92.

  49. Robert Irwin, “Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?” The Guardian, November 1, 2001.

  50. John Calvert, “‘The World is an Undutiful Boy!’ Sayyid Qutb’s American experience,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 11, no. 1 (2000): 95, 99, 100.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Ibid.

  54. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, The Mother Mosque Foundation, n.d., 7.

  55. Ibid., 10–11.

  56. Ibid., 58.

  57. Ibid., 58–59.

  58. Ibid., 59–60.

  59. Carlson, Cairo to Damascus, 92.

  60. Ibid., 90–91.

  61. Martin Kramer, “Fundamentalist Islam at Large: The Drive for Power,” Middle East Quarterly (June 1996).

  62. Calvert, “‘The World is an Undutiful Boy!’” 94.

  63. David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the Arabs (Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 251–52.

  64. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (Vintage Books, 1996), 36.

  65. Ibid.

  66. Edy Cohen, “How the Mufti of Jerusalem Created the Permanent Problem of Palestinian Violence,” The Tower, November 2015, http://www.thetower.org/article/how-the-mufti-of-jerusalem-created-the-permanent-problem-of-palestinian-violence/

  67. Ibid.

  68. Ibid.

  69. Jeffrey Herf, “Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration,” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 5, 2016, http://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration/

  70. Saul S. Friedman, A History of the Middle East (McFarland, 2006), 243; David G. Dalin, “Hitler’s Mufti,” First Things, August 2005, https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/08/hitlers-mufti.

  71. Jeffrey Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (Yale University Press, 2009), 125–26.

  72. “The Arab Higher Committee: its origins, personnel and purposes, the documentary record submitted to the United Nations, May, 1947,” (The Nation Associates, 1947).

  73. Ibid.

  74. Friedman, A History of the Middle East, 243.

  75. Dalin, “Hitler’s Mufti.”

  76. Gilbert Achcar, The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives (Henry Holt and Company, 2010), 157.

  77. “Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Arab Nationalist and Muslim Leader,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007666

  78. Dalin, “Hitler’s Mufti.”

  79. Ibid.

  80. Richard Paul Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Oxford University Press, 1993), 56.

  81. Ibid.

  82. Joseph Lelyveld, His Final Battle: The Last Months of Franklin Roosevelt (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2017), 79.

  83. Joseph B. Schechtman, The United States and the Jewish State Movement: The Crucial Decade, 1939-1949 (Herzl Press, 1966), 110.

  84. Friedman, A History of the Middle East, 249.

  85. David Barnett and Efraim Karsh, “Azzam’s Genocidal Threat,” Middle East Quarterly

  (Fall 2011): 85–88.

  86. Friedman, A History of the Middle East, 249.

  87. Ibid.

  88. Bruce Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917-1947 (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2015), 10.

  89. Mark Urban, Generals: Ten British Commanders Who Shaped the World (Faber and Faber, 2005), 233.

  90. Bruce Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers, 10–11.

  91. Carlson, Cairo to Damascus, 110.

  92. Ibid., 163.

  93. Ibid., 60.

  94. Al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 4, bk. 56, no. 3030.

  95. Jamie Glazov, “From Russia With Terror,” FrontPageMagazine.com, March 31, 2004, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=13975

  96. Ion Mihai Pacepa, “The KGB’s Man,” The Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2003.

  97. Ion Mihai Pacepa, “Russian Footprints,” National Review, August 24, 2006.

  98. James Dorsey, “Wij zijn alleen Palestijn om politieke redden,” Trouw, March 31, 1977. https://brabosh.com/2016/02/18/pqpct-bbo/

  99. Ion Mihai Pacepa, “The KGB’s Man.”

  100. “The Charter of Allah: The Platform of the Islamic Resistance movement (Hamas),” translated and annotated by Raphael Israeli, The International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, April 5, 1998. http://www.ict.org.il/documents/documentdet.cfm?docid=14

  101. Ibid.

  102. Ibid.

  103. Ibid.

  104. Ibid.

  105. Ibid.

  106. Ibid.

  107. Esther Schapira and Georg M. Hafner, Muhammad Al Dura: the TV Drama: Our Search for the Truth in the Middle East Media War (La Maison d’Edition, 2016).

  108. Sanjeev Nayyar, “So who was really responsible for Partition?” Rediff News, September 17, 2009, http://www.rediff.com/news/column/so-who-was-really-responsible-for-partition/20090917.htm

  109. Jeff Kingston, “The unfinished business of Indian partition,” The Japan Times, August 12, 2017.

  110. Shamil Shams,
“India’s partition and 70 years of proxy jihad,” DW, August 14, 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/indias-partition-and-70-years-of-proxy-jihad/a-40083688

  111. Ibid.

  112. Ibid.

  113. Praveen Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004, (Routledge, 2006), 53–54.

  114. Hari Om Mahajan, “What’s political now? It’s Islamic jihad,” The Pioneer, May 26, 2017, http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/big-story/whats-political-now-its-islamic-jihad.html

  115. Baqer Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 75.

  116. Ibid., 78.

  117. Ibid., 84.

  118. Ibid., 88.

  119. Ruhollah Khomeini, “Islamic Government,” in Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, translated by Hamid Algar (Mizan, 1981), 40.

  120. Ibid.

  121. Ibid., 55.

  122. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval and Modern Iran (Yale University Press, 2009), 322.

  123. Ibid.

  124. Mark Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis—The First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam (Grove/Atlantic, 2006), 70.

  125. James Buchan, Days of God: The Revolution In Iran and Its Consequences (Simon & Schuster, 2012), 257.

  126. Ibid., 265.

  127. Moin, Khomeini, 228.

  128. “Iran Hostage Crisis Fast Facts,” CNN, December 25, 2015, updated October 20, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/meast/iran-hostage-crisis-fast-facts/index.html

  129. Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran (Free Press, 2000), 68.

  130. Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (Basic Books, 1990), 111, 221–22; Moin, Khomeini, 219–20.

  131. Moin, Khomeini, 219.

  132. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Hutchinson, 1985), 20, 45.

  133. Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: Inside the World of Islamic Terrorism (Sphere, 1987), 225–26.

  134. Ibid., 226–27.

  135. Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, 263–64.

  136. “Iran Responsible for 1983 Marine Barracks Bombing, Judge Rules,” CNN, May 30, 2003, https://archive.li/TX460

  137. Gordon Thomas, “William Buckley: The Spy Who Never Came in from the Cold,” Canada Free Press, October 25, 2006, https://canadafreepress.com/2006/thomas102506.htm

  138. Ibid.

  139. “Hizballah’s Brash U.S. Supporters,” IPT News, November 18, 2010, https://www.investigativeproject.org/2331/hizballah-brash-us-supporters; “Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words,” Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), July 26, 2006, http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=11&x_article=1158

  140. Phil Hirschkorn, Rohan Gunaratna, Ed Blanche, and Stefan Leader, “Blowback,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, August 1, 2001.

  141. Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, section k29.5; r40,1–3.

  142. Abdullah Azzam, “Who was Abdullah Azzam?” in Join the Caravan (Azzam Publications, 2001), 8.

  143. Ibid., 9.

  144. Tayseer Allouni with Usamah bin Laden, “A Discussion on the New Crusader Wars,” translated by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Markaz Derasat, October 2001). Pious exclamations of peace upon Muhammad removed for ease of reading.

  145. Azzam, Join the Caravan, 51.

  146. Al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 4, bk. 56, no. 2790; cf. Azzam, Join the Caravan, 40.

  147. Tawfiq Tabib, “Interview with Sheikh al-Mujahideen Abu Abdel Aziz,” Al-Sirat Al-Mustaqeem [The straight path], August 1994, http://www.seprin.com/laden/barbaros.html

  148. Azzam, Join the Caravan, 39.

  149. Ibid., 39.

  150. Ibid., 23.

  151. “What is Wahhabism? The reactionary branch of Islam from Saudi Arabia said to be ‘the main source of global terrorism,’” The Telegraph, May 19, 2017.

  152. Andrew Wander, “A history of terror: Al-Qaeda 1988-2008,” The Guardian, July 12, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/13/history.alqaida

  153. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, translated by Anthony F. Roberts (The Belknap Press, 2002), 250.

  154. Tabib, “Interview with Sheikh al-Mujahideen Abu Abdel Aziz.”

  155. Kerim Fenari, “The Jihad of Imam Shamyl,” Q-News, http://www.amina.com/article/jihad_imamshamyl.html

  156. Mark Riebling and R. P. Eddy, “Jihad @ Work,” National Review, October 24, 2002.

  157. Osama bin Laden, “Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places,” August 1996, https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2010/MVZ203/OBL___AQ__Fatwa_1996.pdf

  158. Ibid.

  159. Ibid.

  160. Ibid.

  161. World Islamic Front, “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,” February 23, 1998, https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm

  162. Ibid.

  163. Ibid.

  164. Wander, “A history of terror.”

  165. Bill Clinton, “Remarks by the President to the Opening Session of the 53rd United Nations General Assembly,” White House Press Release, September 21, 1998.

  Chapter Ten

  1. “Bin Laden: Goal is to bankrupt U.S.,” CNN, November 1, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/11/01/binladen.tape/

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Osama bin Laden, “Letter to the American People,” The Guardian, November 24, 2002, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver

  5. Ibid.

  6. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Walid bin ‘Attash, Ramzi bin As-Shibh, ‘Ali ‘Abd Al-’Aziz ‘Ali, and “Mustafa Ahmed Al-Hawsawi, “The Islamic Response to the Government’s Nine Accusations,” Jihad Watch, March 11, 2009. https://www.jihadwatch.org/2009/03/911-defendants-we-ask-to-be-near-to-god-we-fight-you-and-destroy-you-and-terrorize-you-the-jihad-in

  7. “‘Islam is Peace’ Says President: Remarks by the President at Islamic Center of Washington, D.C.,” The White House, September 17, 2001. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010917-11.html

  8. Ibid.

  9. Jim Sciutto, Ryan Browne, and Deirdre Walsh, “Congress releases secret ‘28 pages’ on alleged Saudi 9/11 ties,” CNN, July 15, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/15/politics/congress-releases-28-pages-saudis-9-11/index.html; Fred Kaplan, “The Idealist in the Bluebonnets: What Bush’s meeting with the Saudi ruler really means,” Slate, April 26, 2005. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2005/04/the_idealist_in_the_bluebonnets.html; Alex Spillius, “Barack Obama criticised for ‘bowing’ to King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia,” The Telegraph, April 8, 2009, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/5128171/Barack-Obama-criticised-for-bowing-to-King-Abdullah-of-Saudi-Arabia.html

  10. “Declassified ‘28 pages’ on 9/11—full text,” CNN, July 15, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/15/politics/28-pages-released-full-text/index.html

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Rowan Scarborough, “Saudi government funded extremism in U.S. mosques and charities: report,” The Washington Times, July 19, 2016, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jul/19/911-report-details-saudi-arabia-funding-of-muslim-/

  15. “Declassified ‘28 pages’ on 9/11,” CNN.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Helene Cooper and Jim Rutenberg, “A Saudi Prince Tied to Bush Is Sounding Off-Key,” The New York Times, April 29, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/washington/29saudi.html

  19. Scarborough, “Saudi government funded extremism in U.S. mosques and charities: report.”

  20. “Declassified ‘
28 pages’ on 9/11,” CNN.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Scarborough, “Saudi government funded extremism in U.S. mosques and charities: report.”

  28. Ibid.

  29. David Aufhauser, “An Assessment of Current Efforts to Combat Terrorism Financing,” testimony of Hon. David D Aufhauser (Government Printing Office, June 15, 2004), 46. Hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg95189/html/CHRG-108shrg95189.htm

  30. Haviv Rettig, “Expert: Saudis have radicalized 80% of US mosques,” The Jerusalem Post, December 5, 2005, http://www.jpost.com/International/Expert-Saudis-have-radicalized-80-percent-of-US-mosques

  31. Justin Huggler, “German vice-chancellor accuses Saudi Arabia of funding Islamic extremism in the West,” The Telegraph, December 6, 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/12035838/German-vice-chancellor-accuses-Saudi-Arabia-of-funding-Islamic-extremism-in-the-West.html.

  32. “Extremist Recruitment on the Rise in Southern Punjab,” WikiLeaks, November 13, 2008, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08LAHORE302_a.html

  33. Office of the Secretary of State, “Terrorist Finance: Action Request for Senior Level Engagement on Terrorism Finance,’” WikiLeaks, December 30, 2009, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09STATE131801_a.html

  34. Zaid Jilani, “In Secret Goldman Sachs Speech, Hillary Clinton Admitted No-Fly Zone Would ‘Kill a Lot of Syrians,’” The Intercept, October 10, 2016, https://theintercept.com/2016/10/10/in-secret-goldman-sachs-speech-hillary-clinton-admitted-no-fly-zone-would-kill-a-lot-of-syrians/

  35. “U.S. District Court Rules Iran Behind 9/11 Attacks,” PR Newswire, December 23, 2011, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-district-court-rules-iran-behind-911-attacks-136148008.html

  36. Ibid.

  37. Ibid.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Kenneth R. Timmerman, “Iran’s Dirty 9/11 Secrets,” Frontpage Mag, September 8, 2011, https://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/104395/irans-dirty-911-secrets-kenneth-r-timmerman

  41. Ibid.

  42. “U.S. District Court Rules Iran Behind 9/11 Attacks,” PR Newswire.