The History of Jihad: From Muhammad to ISIS

by Robert Spencer

  159. Aye Chan, “The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar),” SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, Autumn 2005, p. 406.

  160. Kyaw Zan Tha, “Background of Rohingya Problem,” Scribd, December 28, 2008.

  161. Angsuman Chakraborty, “Complete Background of Rohingya crisis,” Medium, September 15, 2017.

  162. Angsuman Chakraborty, “Complete Background of Rohingya crisis,” Medium, September 15, 2017.

  163. George Sprantzes, “Constantine Palaologus XI speaks before his officers and allies before the final siege of Constantinople by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed Bey,” World Historia, June 24, 2009, http://www.worldhistoria.com/speech-by-constantine-xi_topic124058.html

  164. Al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 4, bk. 56, no. 2977.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  This book represents the crown and summit of everything I have to say that anyone who doesn’t know me personally may care to listen to. I’ve written a guide to the Qur’an and a biography of Muhammad, and with this book, the case is complete—that is, the case that there are elements within Islam that pose a challenge to free societies, and that free people need to pay attention to this fact before it is, quite literally, too late. It is necessary for me to repeat yet again that this does not mean that every individual Muslim, or any given Muslim, embodies that challenge and is posing it individually, but as this book makes clear, the Islamic jihad imperative remains regardless of whether or not any Muslim individual decides to take it up.

  I am grateful to David S. Bernstein of Bombardier Books for giving me the chance to write this book, and for his careful and insightful editorial touch, as well as that of Elena Vega and J. M. Martin. Thanks also to Hugh Fitzgerald, the most erudite and engaging commentator on the contemporary scene, for his extraordinarily helpful suggestions and guidance; Pamela Geller for alerting me to some original and important documents on the Mufti of Jerusalem; and Ibn Warraq for his keen historian’s eye. I’m grateful also to the eagle-eyed Loren Rosson for his proofreading help.

  Hugh and Christine Douglass-Williams have valiantly held the fort at our news and commentary site on contemporary jihad activity, Jihad Watch (www.jihadwatch.org), which is held together in the face of regular and massive cyber jihad assaults by the mysterious and indefatigable technical expert known to the world only as Marc. What would I do without them, or without David Horowitz and Mike Finch of the David Horowitz Freedom Center, whose ongoing support makes it all possible?

  There are so many others. As always, I cannot name them all, for fear of giving today’s jihadis marching orders. But I would be remiss if I did not once again thank the man without whom none of this would ever have happened, Mr. Jeffrey Rubin.

  If any of my work over the years has had any value, I owe it to these folks, and to the others who shine no less brightly for remaining unnamed.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Hadith and Life of Muhammad

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  3.Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah, translated by Alfred Guillaume (Oxford University Press, 1955).

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  5.Abu Abdur Rahman Ahmad bin Shu’aib bin ‘Ali an-Nasa’i, Sunan an-Nasa’i, translated by Nasiruddin al-Khattab, (Darussalam, 2007).

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  7.Ibn Sa’d, Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir, translated by S. Moinul Haq and H. K. Ghazanfar, two vols. (Kitab Bhavan, n.d.).

  8.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 7, The Foundation of the Community, translated by M. V. McDonald (State University of New York Press, 1987).

  9.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 8, The Victory of Islam, translated by Michael Fishbein (State University of New York Press, 1997).

  10.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 10, The Conquest of Arabia, translated by Fred M. Donner (State University of New York Press, 1993).

  Origins of Islam

  11.Fred Donner, Muhammad and the Believers at the Origins of Islam (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010).

  12.Ignaz Goldziher, Muslim Studies, translated by C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern (George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1971).

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  16.Robert Spencer, The Truth About Muhammad: Founder of the World’s Most Intolerant Religion (Regnery, 2006).

  The Rightly-Guided Caliphs

  17.Agha Ibrahim Akram, Islamic Historical General Khalid Bin Waleed (Lulu Press, 2016).

  18.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 11, The Challenge to the Empires, translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship (State University of New York Press, 1993).

  19.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 12, The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, translated by Yohanan Friedman (State University of New York Press, 1992).

  20.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 13, The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt, translated by Gautier H. A. Juynboll (State University of New York Press, 1989).

  The Sunni/Shi’a split

  21.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 15, The Crisis of the Early Caliphate, translated by R. Stephen Humphreys (State University of New York Press, 1990).

  22.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 16, The Community Divided, translated by Adrian Brockett (State University of New York Press, 1997).

  23.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 17, The First Civil War, translated by G. R. Hawting (State University of New York Press, 1996).

  24.Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai, Shi’ite Islam, 2nd ed., translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr (State University of New York Press, 1977).

  The Umayyad Caliphate

  25.G. R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 (Routledge, 1986).

  26.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 18, Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu’awiyah, translated by Michael G. Morony (State University of New York Press, 1987).

  27.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 19, The Caliphate of Yazid b. Mu’awiyah, translated by I. K. A. Howard (State University of New York Press, 1990).

  28.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 24, The Empire in Transition, translated by David Stephan Powers (State University of New York Press, 1989).

  29.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 25, The End of Expansion, translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship (State University of New York Press, 1989).

  30.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 26, The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate, translated by Carole Hillenbrand (State University of New York Press, 1989).

  Dhimmitude

  31.Bat Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam:
From Jihad to Dhimmitude (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996).

  32.Bat Ye’or, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, translated by David Maisel, Paul Fenton, and David Littman (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985).

  33.Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism (Prometheus, 2007).

  34.Antoine Fattal, Le statut légal des non-Musulmans en pays d’Islam (Université Saint-Joseph Institut de lettres orientales, 1958).

  35.John Hunwick, Jews of a Saharan Oasis: The Elimination of the Tamantit Community (Markus Wiener Publishers, n.d.).

  36.Israel and Ishmael: Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations, edited by Tudor Parfitt (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).

  37.Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (Perennial Library, 1987).

  38.Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton University Press, 1984).

  The Byzantine Empire

  39.L. W. Barnard, The Graeco-Roman and Oriental Background of the Iconoclastic Controversy (E. J. Brill, 1974).

  40.Warren Carroll: The Glory of Christendom: A History of Christendom, vol. 3 (Christendom Press, 1993).

  41.Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1782).

  42.Aristakes Lastiverts’i, History, translated by Robert Bedrosian (Sources of the Armenian Tradition, 1985).

  43.Michael the Syrian, The Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians, translated by Robert Bedrosian (Sources of the Armenian Tradition, 2013).

  44.John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Apogee (Alfred A. Knopf, 1992).

  45.John Julius Norwich, A Short History of Byzantium (Vintage Books, 1999).

  46.Theophanes the Confessor, The Chronicle of Theophanes: Anni Mundi 6095-6305 (A.D. 602-813), translated by Harry Turtledove (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982).

  The Jihad in Spain

  47.Warren H. Carroll, The Building of Christendom (Christendom College Press, 1987).

  48.Reinhart Dozy, Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain, translated by Francis Griffin Stokes (Goodword Books, 2001).

  49.Darío Fernández-Morera, The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise (ISI Books, 2016).

  50.Richard Fletcher, Moorish Spain (University of California Press, 1992).

  51.Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Dhikr Fath Al-Andalus (History of the Conquest of Spain), translated by John Harris Jones (Williams & Norgate, 1858).

  52.Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065-1109, Library of Iberian Resources Online, n.d..

  53.Kenneth Baxter Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

  The Abbasid Caliphate

  54.J. J. Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam (Routledge, 1965).

  55.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 27, The Abbasid Revolution, translated by John Alden Williams (State University of New York Press, 1985).

  56.Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 32, The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate, translated by C. E. Bosworth (State University of New York Press, 1987).

  The Crusades

  57.Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine 634-1099 (Cambridge University Press, 1992).

  58.Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Routledge, 2000).

  59.Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes (Schocken Books, 1984).

  60.Thomas Madden, The New Concise History of the Crusades (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).

  61.R. Scott Peoples, Crusade of Kings (Wildside Press LLC, 2007).

  62.Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (Yale University Press, 1987).

  63.James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History, vol. 1 (Ginn and Co., 1904).

  64.Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge University Press, 1951).

  65.Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (Cambridge University Press, 1965).

  66.Kenneth Meyer Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (American Philosophical Society, 1976).

  Slavery

  67.Murray Gordon, Slavery in the Arab World (New Amsterdam Books, 1989).

  68.Jan Hogendorn, “The Hideous Trade: Economic Aspects of the ‘Manufacture’ and Sale of Eunuchs,” Paideuma 45 (1999).

  69.Joseph Kenny, The Spread of Islam Through North to West Africa (Dominican Publications, 2000).

  70.Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (Oxford University Press, 1994).

  71.Giles Milton, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam’s One Million White Slaves (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004).

  72.Ronald Segal, Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001).

  The Jihad in India and Central Asia

  73.B. R. Ambedkar, Thoughts on Pakistan (Thacker and Company Ltd., 1941).

  74.H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (AMS Press, 1970).

  75.Sita Ram Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India (Voice of India, 1982).

  76.Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (Routledge, 2016).

  77.Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir, written by himself; and translated from a Persian manuscript, by Major David Price (Oriental Translation Committee, 1829).

  78.Abdul Hamid Lahori, Badshanama of Abdul Hamid Lahori, translated by Henry Miers Elliot (Hafiz Press, 1875).

  79.K. S. Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India (Aditya Prakashan, 1992).

  80.Derryl N. MacLean, Religion and Society in Arab Sind (Brill, 1989).

  81.Ahmad Shayeq Qassem, Afghanistan’s Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised (Ashgate Publishing, 2009).

  82.Justin Marozzi, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World (Da Capo Press, 2004).

  83.Rudolph Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (Mouton Publishers, 1979).

  84.Arun Shourie, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi, Ram Swarup, and Sita Ram Goel, Hindu Temples: What Happened to Them, 2 vols. (Voice of India, 1990).

  85.Vincent Arthur Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 (Clarendon Press, 1920).

  86.Praveen Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004, (Routledge, 2006).

  The Assassins

  87.Bernard Lewis, The Assassins: A Radical Sect In Islam (Basic Books, 1967).

  88.Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, translated by Henry Yule, edited and annotated by Henri Cordier (John Murray, 1920).

  The Ottoman Empire

  89.H. C. Armstrong, The Gray Wolf (Penguin Books, 1937).

  90.Gábor Ágoston, “Muslim Cultural Enclaves in Hungary Under Ottoman Rule,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 45, no. 2/3 (1991).

  91.Richard Bonney, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)

  92.Umar Busnavi, History of the War in Bosnia During the Years 1737-1739, translated by C. Fraser (Oriental Translation Fund, 1830).

  93.Vahakn N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide (Berghahn Books, 1995).

  94.Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (Basic Books, 2007).

  95.Godfrey Goodwin, The Janissaries (Saqi Books, 1997).

  96.Thomas Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution (T. Cadell, 1833).

  97.Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (Morrow Quill Publishers, 1977).

  98.Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453-1924 (St. Martin’s Griffin, 1995).

  99.Andrew James McGregor, A Military History of Modern
Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006).

  100.Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire (Oxford University Press, 1993).

  101.Nomikos Michael Vaporis, Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christians, Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437-1860 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2000).

  102.Andrew Wheatcroft, Infidels: A History of the Conflict Between Christendom and Islam (Random House, 2005), 195.

  Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia

  103.Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Islamic Publications International, 2002).

  104.Charles Allen, God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad (Da Capo Press, 2006).

  105.Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (New York University Press, 2000).

  The Barbary Wars

  106.Frank Lambert, The Barbary Wars (Hill and Wang, 2005).

  107.United States Department of State, The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, vol. 1 (Blair & Rives, 1837).

  The Mahdi revolt

  108.Daniel Allen Butler, The First Jihad: The Battle for Khartoum and the Dawn of Militant Islam (Casemate, 2006).

  109.Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader (Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).

  The Muslim Brotherhood

  110.John Roy Carlson, Cairo to Damascus (Alfred A. Knopf, 1951).

  111.Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt (Ithaca Press, 1998).