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The Pope of Physics

Page 36

by Gino Segrè


  Italian Physical Society

  Italian Society for the Advancement of Science

  Italy

  academic life and institutions

  anti-Semitism in

  currency

  education

  Ethiopian campaign

  Fascism

  Fermi returns to

  inflation

  Jews

  physics in

  postwar

  press

  propaganda

  railroads

  unification

  World War I

  World War II

  Japan

  atomic bombs dropped on

  attack on Pearl Harbor

  physics in

  World War II

  Jewett, Frank

  Jews

  academia and

  American

  anti-Semitism and

  German

  Holocaust

  Italian

  Joe-1

  Joint Committee on Atomic Energy

  Joliot, Frédéric

  Jordan, Pascual

  k

  Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft

  Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry

  Khvolson, Orest

  Kistiakowsky, George

  Kodoma, Michiko

  Korean War

  Kristallnacht

  Krupp steel foundries

  Kyoto

  Large Hadron Collider

  lasers

  Lateran Pacts

  Latin

  Laval University

  Lawrence, Ernest

  League of Nations

  Lee, Tsung Dao

  Leiden

  Leipzig

  Leonia, New Jersey

  Levi-Civita, Tullio

  Life magazine

  Lilienthal, David

  lithium

  Little Boy

  littori

  London

  Los Alamos

  aftermath of Japanese bombings

  Bathtub Row

  “Big House”

  Fermi in

  the Hill

  hydrogen bomb research

  life in

  nuclear stockpile

  postwar

  spies

  wives

  See also Manhattan Project; specific scientists

  Los Alamos Primer

  Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL)

  Lo Surdo, Antonio

  magnetism

  Majorana, Ettore

  disappearance of

  paranoia and isolation of

  Manchuria, Soviet invasion of

  Manhattan Project

  aftermath of Japanese bombings

  bomb used on Japan

  British Mission

  choice of site

  decision to use bomb on Japan

  secrecy

  Smyth report

  Trinity test

  Manifesto degli Scienziati Razzisti

  March on Rome

  Marconi, Guglielmo

  Marshall, George

  Marshall, John

  Marshall, Leona. See Woods Marshall, Leona

  mass

  mathematics

  matrix mechanics

  Matteotti, Giacomo

  Matterhorn

  MAUD Committee

  report

  Mayer, Maria Goeppert

  May-Johnson bill

  McCarthyism

  McKibbin, Dorothy

  McMahon, Brien

  McMillan, Edwin

  medical technology

  Meitner, Lise

  discovery of fission

  transuranics and

  mesons

  Messina

  Met Lab

  Committee on Political and Social Problems

  CP-1 experiment

  secrecy

  Milan

  Missouri, USS

  MIT

  Radiation Laboratory

  Monsanto

  Montel, Alberto

  Montel, Anna

  Morocco

  Moscow

  motion, laws of

  MRIs

  Munich

  Murrow, Edward R.

  music

  Mussolini, Benito

  academia and

  anti-Semitic campaign

  ascent to power

  Ethiopian campaign

  fall of

  Fermi and

  Hitler and

  science and

  use of propaganda

  World War II and

  Mussolini Prizes

  mustard gas

  Nagasaki

  atomic bomb dropped on

  aftermath of bombing

  Napoleon Bonaparte

  National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

  National Accelerator Laboratory

  National Carbon Company

  National Defense Research Council (NDRC)

  National Recovery Administration

  National Research Council

  National Security Council

  Nature

  Naturwissenschaften

  Nazism

  neptunium

  discovery of

  naming of

  Netherlands

  neutrinos

  neutrons

  beta decay theory

  discovery of

  slow

  New Jersey

  New Mexico

  Trinity test

  New York

  New Yorker

  New York Herald Tribune

  New York Times

  Nobel Prize

  of Fermi

  prejudice against women

  Noddack, Ida

  nuclear medicine

  nuclear physics

  beta decay theory

  chain reaction

  CP-1 experiment

  discovery of fission

  discovery of neutron

  fission

  Manhattan Project

  Met Lab project

  postwar

  U.S. research and funding for atomic bomb

  See also specific areas, scientists, and theories

  nuclear reactors

  CP-1

  CP-2

  Hanford

  nucleus

  discovery of

  discovery of fission

  fission

  Nuovo Cimento, Il

  Oak Ridge

  Office of Demography and Race

  Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)

  Office of the Inquiry into the Social Aspects of Atomic Energy

  Oliphant, Marcus

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert

  communist affiliations

  Manhattan Project and

  McCarthy hearings

  opposition to H-bomb

  postwar nuclear debate and

  Oppenheimer, Kitty

  Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism (OVRA)

  Oro alla Patria

  Ossietsky, Carl von

  Padua

  Pact of Steel

  Palermo

  paraffin

  Paris

  World War II

  particle accelerators. See also cyclotron

  patents

  slow neutron

  Pauli, Wolfgang

  Exclusion Principle

  Pauli Effect

  Pauli Principle

  Pauling, Linus

  Pearl Harbor, attack on

  Pegram, George

  Peierls, Genia

  Peierls, Rudolf

  Pentagon

  Periodico di Matematiche

  periodic table

  discovery of neptunium

  transuranics

  See also specific elements

  Persico, Enrico

  Philippines

  photons

  Physical Review

  physics

  anti-Semitism and

  beta decay theory

  discovery of f
ission

  fission

  German

  Italian

  Japanese

  postwar

  in United States

  Volta Congress

  See also specific areas, scientists, and theories

  piles

  CP-1 experiment

  pions

  Pisa

  Fermi in

  Leaning Tower

  Pittarelli, Giulio

  Pius IX, Pope

  Placzek, George

  Planck, Max

  concept of quanta

  plutonium

  bomb

  naming of

  production

  pogroms

  Poincaré, Henri, Théorie des Tourbillons

  Poland

  German invasion of

  polonium

  Pontecorvo, Bruno

  Pontremoli, Aldo

  positrons

  Potsdam Conference

  Po Valley

  press

  anti-Semitic

  on discovery of fission

  Italian

  Scandinavian

  United States

  See also specific publications

  Princeton University

  Institute for Advanced Study

  Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

  Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

  protons

  Puccianti, Luigi

  Pu-239

  Pu-240

  quanta, concept of

  quantum field theory

  quantum physics

  Exclusion Principle

  rise of

  See also specific areas, scientists, and theories

  Quebec

  Quick and the Dead, The (documentary)

  Rabi, Isidor

  Racah, Giulio

  radiation

  radiation poisoning

  radioactivity

  induced

  radio frequencies

  Radiology

  radiosodium

  radium

  Radium Institute

  radon

  Raphael

  Rasetti, Franco

  at Caltech

  in Canada

  Fermi and

  relativity

  Renaissance

  Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei

  Resphighi, Ottorino

  Reviews of Modern Physics

  Ribbentrop, Joachim

  Ricerca Scientifica, La

  Roberts, Richard

  Rockefeller, John D., Jr.

  Rockefeller Foundation fellowship

  Rome

  Allied liberation of

  ancient

  Fermi professorship in

  March on

  physics upheaval of 1936–37

  postwar

  World War II

  See also Via Panisperna

  Rome Meteorological Institute

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.

  death of

  nuclear policy

  war policy

  Rosenbluth, Marshall

  Rosenfeld, Leon

  Rossi, Bruno

  Rotblat, Józef

  Royal Italian Academy

  Rutherford, Ernest

  death of

  Radioactive Substances and Their Radiation

  Sachs, Alexander

  San Francisco Chronicle

  Santa Cristina

  Santa Fe

  Sardinia

  Sarfatti, Margherita

  Schrödinger, Erwin

  “On the Relation of the Heisenberg-Born-Jordan Quantum Mechanics to Mine”

  wave mechanics

  Science magazine

  Scientific Panel

  Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa

  Seaborg, Glenn

  secrecy

  atomic bomb

  hydrogen bomb

  postwar

  Segrè, Angelo

  Segrè, Emilio

  Holocaust and

  last visit with Fermi

  in Los Alamos

  semiconductors

  Serber, Robert

  Sicily

  Allied invasion of

  Siegbahn, Manne

  Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle

  Site W

  Site X

  Site Y

  slow neutrons

  patent

  Smith, Cyril

  Smyth, Henry de Wolf

  Smyth report

  sodium

  solar eclipse

  Solvay Conference

  of 1927

  of 1930

  of 1933

  Sommerfeld, Arnold

  Atombau und Spektralinien

  sound

  South America

  Soviet Union

  Cold War

  invasion of Manchuria

  nuclear weapons

  spies

  World War II

  Spain

  Civil War

  spectroscopy

  Spedding, Frank

  spies

  square dancing

  Stalin, Joseph

  Standing By and Making Do

  Stanford University

  statistical mechanics

  Stimson, Henry

  Stockholm

  Stone & Webster

  Strassmann, Fritz

  Strauss, Lewis

  Super, the

  supernova

  Sweden

  Switzerland

  synagogues

  synchrocyclotron

  Szilard, Leo

  chain reaction and fission research

  Fermi and

  immigration to United States

  Target Committee

  technology transfer

  television

  Teller, Edward

  hydrogen bomb and

  testimony against Oppenheimer

  Tennessee

  Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

  tennis

  theoretical physics

  beta decay theory

  See also specific areas, scientists, and theories

  Theoretical Physics Institute, Copenhagen

  thermodynamics

  Thomas, Llewellyn

  Thomas-Fermi equation

  thorium

  Tibbets, Paul

  Tinian

  Tokyo

  Trabacchi, Giulio Cesare

  transistors

  transuranics

  Trinity test

  Truman, Harry

  hydrogen bomb and

  nuclear policy

  Turin

  Tuve, Merle

  Uffizi Gallery, Florence

  Uhlenbeck, George

  Ulam, Françoise

  Ulam, Stan

  uncertainty principle

  unified field theory

  United Nations

  United States

  academia

  Cold War

  decision to use bomb on Japan

  Depression

  isolationism

  Jews

  Manhattan Project

  McCarthyism

  Met Lab

  Pearl Harbor attack

  physics in

  postwar nuclear policy and research

  press

  research and funding for atomic bomb

  uses atomic bomb on Japan

  World War II

  U.S. Army

  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

  U.S. Congress

  U.S. Navy

  University of Berlin

  University of Cagliari

  University of California

  University of Chicago

  CP-1 experiment

  Institutes of Basic Research

  Laboratory School

  Met Lab

  postwar physics and

  Stagg Field

  University of Chicago Press

  University of Messina

  University of Michigan

  University
of Naples

  University of Pennsylvania

  University of Pisa

  University of Rochester

  University of Rome

  University of Vienna

  uranium

  CP-1 experiment

  Met Lab project

  neutron bombardment of

  oxide dust

  research and funding

  Uranverein

  Urey, Harold

  Uruguay

  U-235

  bomb

  U-238

  U-239

  Vatican

  Venice

  Via Panisperna

  Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy

  Volta, Alessandro

  Volta Congress

  Volterra, Vito

  von Braun, Wernher

  von Neumann, John

  Wagner, Richard, Götterdämmerung

  War Production Board

  Washington Conference

  Washington Evening Star

  Wattenberg, Al

  wave mechanics

  Weil, George

  Weisskopf, Victor

  Weizmann, Chaim

  Wheeler, John

  Wick, Giancarlo

  Wigner, Eugene

  Wilson, Robert R. (Bob)

  Wilson, Volney

  wireless telegraphy

  Women’s Army Corps (WACs)

  Woods Marshall, Leona

  World War I

  chemical weapons

  World War II

  beginning of

  decision to use to bomb on Japan

  end of

  events leading to

  X-rays

  Yalta Conference

  Yang, Chen-Ning

  Yukawa, Hideki

  Zeitschrift für Physik

  Zinn, Jean

  Zinn, Walter

  CP-1 experiment

  Zionism

  Zip control rod

  Zurich

  Young Fermi (middle) with his siblings, Giulio and Maria, 1905.

  Letter written by Fermi from Göttingen to his friend Enrico Persico, March 1923. Both drawings are meant to be comical. One is a mock-up of an electron hitting an atom; the other is a caricature of a female Göttingen physicist.

  Hiking with friends, the only three physics students enrolled at the University of Pisa, in the nearby Apuanian Alps, 1921. Left to right: Fermi, Nello Carrara, Franco Rasetti.

  Laura Capon in 1924. “[You have] no idea how beautiful the teenage Laura was,” Enrico commented many years later to a female colleague.

  The stars of Knabenphysik (boys’ physics), whose brilliant research changed physics: (left to right) Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli at the Volta Conference on Lake Como, 1927. Pauli, age twenty-seven, was the oldest of the three.

  Fermi entering data in one of the many notebooks he wrote and then relied upon for his observations and learnings, 1928.

  The wedding of Fermi to Laura Capon with friends and family on the Campidolgio steps in Rome. Note Laura’s father, the admiral, in his white suit and Orso Corbino, Fermi’s mentor, to the admiral’s left. July 1928.

  The Boys of Via Panisperna, the famous group that led the field of neutron scattering. Left to right: Oscar D’Agostino, Emilio Segrè, Edoardo Amaldi, Franco Rasetti, and Fermi, 1934.

  Fermi holding his first born—Nella—in the Dolomites, summer 1931.

  Fermi and American novelist Pearl Buck at the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm, 1938.

  The new Americans: the Fermi family arriving in America. Giulio, age two (left), and Nella, age seven, on January 2, 1939.

 

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