Neither Peace nor Freedom

by Patrick Iber

  Conte Agüero, Luis, 125

  Cortázar, Julio, 143, 207

  Cosío Villegas, Daniel, 197, 217

  “Cosmopolitanism,” 51, 56–59, 64, 70, 77, 80

  Costa Amic, Bartolomeu, 43–44, 109

  Coutinho, Afrânio, 181, 184–185

  Cuadernos, 85, 94, 98, 174, 186, 189–190, 209–210, 213, 215–216, 225–226, 241; and the coup in Guatemala, 101; lack of influence, 109–111, 186, 189–190, 204–205, 213; and the Cuban Revolution, 118, 128, 141; and criticism of U.S. policy, 203–204, 241–242; circulation figures, 310n11

  Cuevas, José Luis, 114, 202, 285n58

  Cultural Cold War, 3, 5–7, 21–22, 47–48, 235–238; in Latin America, 8–10, 13–18, 205, 211–212; and the CCF, 62, 84–85, 94–95; and the WPC, 64; and the Cuban Revolution, 140; and the MLN, 147–148, 173; and the Black Legend, 239

  Cultural diplomacy, 3, 11–12, 255n20

  Dalton, Roque, 8, 230, 313n32

  “Democratic Left.” See Anti-Communist Left

  Dependency theory, 176–177

  Dewey, John, 37–38, 45, 88

  Dies Committee, 40–41, 84

  Donoso, José, 198

  Dorticós, Osvaldo, 134, 137, 160

  Dos Passos, John, 58, 102–103, 263n38

  Draper, Theodore, 118, 141, 204

  Dumont, René, 222

  Edwards, Jorge, 92, 206, 228–229

  Ehrenburg, Ilya, 35, 57

  “El Siglo XX: La Experiencia de la Libertad” conference, 232–234

  Encounter, 88, 109–110, 118, 141, 187, 191, 203–204, 213, 230

  “End of ideology,” 102, 193–194, 281n35

  Fadeyev, Alexander, 58–59, 62, 73

  Farfield Foundation, 94, 187, 189, 208, 304n31

  Fernández Retamar, Roberto, 140, 176, 201–206, 222; and Calibán, 223–226

  Figueres, José, 96, 106, 129, 134, 289n28

  Ford Foundation, 193, 222, 236, 314n41; and the CIA, 89, 190–191, 277n9; funding for CCF/IACF, 94, 197–199, 207–208, 215–219, 220, 310n15

  Formalism, 29, 56, 61, 69, 79, 113, 142

  Free Trade Union Committee, 54, 85, 98

  Frei, Eduardo, 92, 107, 236

  Frente Cívico Mexicano de Afirmación Revolucionaria (FCMAR), 168, 297n39

  Frente Revolucionario Democrático, 137, 138–139

  Freyre, Gilberto, 180

  Fuentes, Carlos, 1, 162, 166, 170, 222–223, 225, 229–230; and the CCF, 187–188; and International PEN, 189, 199; and Mundo Nuevo, 198, 201–202, 205

  Furtado, Celso, 181–184, 311n17

  Gallegos, Rómulo, 53, 55, 102, 103, 110–111, 122

  García Márquez, Gabriel, 5, 8, 111, 166, 198, 207, 227

  García Treviño, Rodrigo: and antipeace campaigns, 87–88; and the CCF, 93, 114, 128, 130, 177–178, 185–186, 215; and the FCMAR, 149, 164, 168, 177–178

  Germani, Gino, 192–196

  Gide, André, 33, 35–36

  Ginsberg, Allen, 200–201

  Gómez Sicre, José, 114

  González, Valentín “El Campesino,” 83–84, 122

  González Videla, Gabriel, 49, 76

  Gorkin, Julián, 13, 19–22, 30–31, 42–48; and the Spanish Civil War, 34–35, 83–84; and Octavio Paz, 36, 113; and the Dies Committee, 41; and the CIA, 84–85; and the CCF, 85–86, 90, 94, 98–99, 107, 109–110, 177–178; and antipeace campaigns, 92; and the coup in Guatemala, 99–101, 104–105; and “universalism” in the arts, 109–110, 114–115, 144; and Cuba, 122, 128, 130–131, 138, 144; and anti-Neruda campaign, 191–192, 304n35

  Goulart, João, 181–184

  Gramsci, Antonio, 6, 242; ironic Gramscianism, 18, 243

  Grant, Frances, 97

  Grau San Martín, Ramón, 120–122

  Guerrilla warfare, 63, 83, 124, 129, 145–146, 172, 209, 211–212, 219, 221, 230

  Guevara, Che, 100, 117, 129, 135, 141, 145–146, 171–172, 211–212; and ideas about culture, 10, 140, 221, 223; and foco theory, 124, 145–146, 219

  Guillén, Nicolás, 35, 79, 140, 142

  Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl, 95–96, 98

  Hook, Sidney, 45, 97, 243; and Leon Trotsky, 37; and the Committee for Cultural Freedom, 39, 42; and the Ad Hoc Committee for Cultural Freedom, 61–62, 88–89

  Humanismo, 116–118

  Hunt, E. Howard, 90

  Hunt, John, 89, 178–180, 184–191, 199, 204, 210, 213–215, 241

  Ibáñez, Roberto, 86, 278n17

  Ibargüengoitia, Jorge, 188–189, 210, 230

  Instituto di Tella, 197

  Instituto Latinoamericano de Relaciones Internacionales (ILARI), 197, 209, 214–217, 219, 220

  Intellectuals: in Latin America, 1–2, 4–5, 8–10, 251n2, 254n17; and the Cultural Cold War, 2, 5–7, 234, 237–238; and Sartre-Camus debates, 3–5; and commitment in revolution, 8–10, 79, 141–142; privatization after the Cold War, 233–234

  Inter-American Association for Democracy and Freedom (IADF), 97–98, 122, 129–130, 137, 227

  International Association for Cultural Freedom (IACF). See Congress for Cultural Freedom

  International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 54–55

  International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace among Peoples, 67, 79, 172

  International Peace Prize, 76, 79

  International PEN, 188–189, 199, 205, 208

  International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace among Peoples, 67, 79, 151, 154–156, 171–172

  International Writers’ Congress for the Defense of Culture, 29–31

  Jara, Heriberto, 150–154, 156–157, 164, 169

  Jaspers, Karl, 88

  J. M. Kaplan Fund, 196

  Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 63, 152, 271–272n30

  Josselson, Michael, 89, 93, 106–107, 109–110, 178, 186, 196, 214; and Cuadernos, 190, 213–215

  Kahlo, Frida, 36, 38, 41, 82, 153

  Kennedy, John F., 12, 141, 168, 175

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 79, 111, 152, 171

  Kibalchich, Vlady, 45, 285n58

  Lewis, Oscar, 222, 311n17

  Libre, 229–230

  Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios, 33, 36

  Llerena, Mario, 118, 127–130; and the CCF, 102, 127–130, 138, 288n25; and coletillas, 134–137; recruiting for Castro, 139–140, 291n45

  Lombardo Toledano, Vicente, 31–33, 80, 156; and the CTAL, 32–33, 55, 96–97, 154; and World War II, 39, 42–44, 46; and the Partisans for Peace, 71–73, 122, 149, 150; and the MLN, 148, 154, 162, 164–165, 169–170

  López Mateos, Adolfo, 156, 163, 165, 167–168, 170

  Lovestone, Jay, 54, 83–85, 96

  Lowell, Robert, 182–183, 186

  Lundkvist, Artur, 192, 304n35

  Lunes de Revolución, 134, 140–142, 198

  Machado, Gerardo, 26–27, 120

  Madariaga, Salvador de, 103, 106, 204, 306n50

  Magdaleno, Mauricio, 103, 114

  Mañach, Jorge, 118, 120–121, 123, 128, 135, 138; and “History Will Absolve Me,” 125; and the CCF, 126–127, 131; and Casa de las Américas, 132

  Marcha, 198, 204, 209, 306n50

  Marcué Pardiñas, Manuel, 166–167, 169

  Marinello, Juan, 73, 274n45

  Maritain, Jacques, 88, 91

  Matos, Huber, 129, 134

  Matthews, Herbert, 129

  Mella, Julio Antonio, 26–27, 120

  Mercier Vega, Luis, 178–179, 181, 185, 189–190; and ILARI, 197, 216–221; and CIA revelations, 204–205, 214–215, 241

  Mexican Pro-Peace Committee. See World Peace Council

  Mexican Revolution, 13, 22–23, 71–72, 150, 255n19; and Lázaro Cárdenas, 31–33, 147–148, 150, 158, 160

  Meyer, Cord, 208

  Milla, Benito, 179, 199, 215, 300–301n9

  Miller, Arthur, 58, 189, 199, 200, 307n52

  Mistral, Gabriela, 66–68, 72

  Modernization theory, 175, 177, 193–195, 210, 220

  Modotti, Tina, 25–28, 120

  Monge, Luis Alberto,
106, 133

  Monteforte Toledo, Mario, 104–106, 115

  Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN), 17, 146–149, 157, 159, 160, 162–163, 172–173, 188, 240; campaigns to undermine, 164–168; internal divisions, 169–170; and the Tricontinental Conference, 171–172

  Mujal, Eusebio, 122–124, 132–133, 139

  Mundo Nuevo, 14–16, 196; relationship with the CCF, 190, 199, 205–207, 210, 216–218, 242, 301n9; and the “boom,” 198, 203, 206–207; and tension with Cuba, 200–203, 225–226; aesthetic position, 201–202, 307n55; circulation figures, 216, 310n11

  Murena, Héctor, 179, 190, 204–205

  Nabokov, Nicolas, 61–62, 181

  National Endowment for Democracy, 231–232

  National Student Association, 107, 208

  Neoliberalism, 176, 233, 236, 237

  Neruda, Pablo, 2, 14, 240; and the Spanish Civil War, 35–36; and David Álfaro Siqueiros, 41, 161, 264n42; and the Partisans of Peace, 49–51, 60, 64–65, 73–78, 80; and Joseph Stalin, 74, 76, 111; and the Continental Cultural Congress, 91–92, 153; and the Nobel Prize, 191–192; and International PEN, 199–200, 205; and Cuban criticism, 202, 205–206; and Mundo Nuevo, 206; and Salvador Allende, 227–229

  Nicolai, Georg, 93

  Niemeyer, Oscar, 59

  Nin, Andreu, 34, 36

  Obregón, Álvaro, 24–26

  Ocampo, Victoria, 65–67, 191, 199

  Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 66

  Oliver, María Rosa, 51, 65–68, 206

  Organización Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores, 55, 154, 162; and the CCF, 106, 107, 282n39; and Cuba, 123, 133, 289n32; criticism of, 162; funding, 287n13

  Orrego-Salas, Juan, 91

  Ortega, Daniel, 231

  Orwell, George, 45, 53

  Padilla, Heberto, 140, 221–223, 228, 311n20, 312n25; Padilla affair, 223–227, 229, 312n27

  Parra, Nicanor, 115, 199, 238

  Partido Comunista do Brasil, 59, 68–69

  Partido Comunista Mexicano, 25, 148, 154, 156–157; and peace campaigns, 149–150, 153; and the MLN, 162, 170

  Partido Obrero-Campesino Mexicano, 156–157

  Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, 34, 44–45, 83, 216

  Partisan Review, 38, 45

  Partisans for Peace. See World Peace Council

  Paz, Octavio, 36, 45, 65–66, 113, 186, 229–230, 232–233, 236; declining to participate in the CCF, 197, 285n56, 306n47

  Peace Movement. See World Peace Council

  Perón, Juan Domingo, 53, 108, 193, 237

  Picasso, Pablo, 14, 50, 60, 62

  Pinochet, Augusto, 108, 229, 233, 236, 238

  Pivert, Marceau, 19–22, 47, 83

  Política, 159–160, 166–167

  Prado Júnior, Caio, 69

  Praeger, Frederick A., 108–109

  Prebisch, Raúl, 176

  Prío Socarrás, Carlos, 120, 122, 124, 126, 129, 139

  Proenza, Teresa, 153

  Project Camelot, 176–177, 195, 200

  Rama, Ángel, 8, 195–196, 226

  Ramparts, 208–209, 214

  Reyes, Alfonso, 90–91, 102, 103

  Rivera, Diego, 13, 24–25, 27–28, 33, 111–113, 241; and the WPC, 2, 14, 51, 64, 65, 72, 74, 79–82, 149, 153, 240; and Leon Trotsky, 36, 37, 38; as U.S. State Department informant, 41

  Roa, Raúl, 102, 116, 118, 120, 128, 130–131, 139, 291n44

  Rockefeller, Nelson, 66, 68

  Rockefeller Foundation, 94, 186

  Rodó, José Enrique, 23, 225

  Rodríguez, Horacio Daniel, 190, 214, 217

  Rodríguez Monegal, Emir, 178, 212, 226, 229, 242; and Mundo Nuevo, 198–209, 216–218; and International PEN, 199, 200, 208, 304n31

  Romero, José Luis, 102, 106

  Romualdi, Serafino, 55, 90, 96, 123, 220

  Rostow, Walt, 175, 194

  Rousset, David, 62, 65, 84

  Rulfo, Juan, 187, 210

  Rushdie, Salman, 231–232

  Sánchez, Luis Alberto, 95, 102, 104

  Sánchez Arango, Aureliano, 119–120, 122–123, 126, 128, 137, 139

  Santa Cruz, Hernán, 53, 92

  Santamaría, Haydée, 131, 200, 211

  Sarduy, Severo, 140, 198

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 4–5, 58, 73, 140, 142, 192, 223

  Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 97, 141, 175

  Second International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture, 35–36

  Serge, Victor, 13, 19–22, 30–31, 35–36, 42–47, 83–84, 109, 113

  Shedd, Margaret, 186–187

  Shils, Edward, 102, 193, 302n22

  Shostakovich, Dmitri, 60–62, 65

  Siempre!, 166, 187, 267n56

  Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da, 236

  Siqueiros, David Álfaro, 13, 25, 33, 112; and the Spanish Civil War, 34, 46; and assassination attempt of Trotsky, 40–41, 191; and the Partisans for Peace, 72, 74, 78, 122, 149; and imprisonment for “social dissolution,” 160–161, 170

  Social democracy, 47, 52–56, 86, 96, 277n6; and the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 3, 85; relative scarcity in Latin America, 15–18, 218, 227, 243–244; and U.S. hegemony, 98, 208, 235, 308n67; and the Cuban Revolution, 128, 134; after the Cold War, 233, 236. See also Anti-Communist Left

  Socialist realism, 14, 29, 51, 56, 61, 70, 74–75, 78, 80, 82, 240; and its absence in Cuba, 142

  Solari, Aldo, 195–196, 220

  Soriano, Juan, 114

  Spanish Civil War, 33–36, 66; influence on Cultural Cold War, 3, 13, 22, 198; veterans active in Cultural Cold War, 19, 30, 40, 44, 46, 83–84, 91, 129, 178

  Stalin, Joseph, 26, 34, 41–42, 53, 61–63, 74, 111; and culture, 2, 29, 56, 142

  Stalin Peace Prize. See International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace among Peoples

  Stockholm Appeal, 63, 149–150

  Stone, Shepard, 215–217, 220

  Sur, 65–67, 70, 179, 190–191, 301n10

  Taller de Gráfica Popular, 33, 72

  Tamayo, Jorge L., 157, 164–165, 167

  Tamayo, Rufino, 112–114

  Tannenbaum, Frank, 103, 155–156, 241–242, 265n49

  Thomas, Norman, 97, 103, 106, 263n38

  Totalitarianism, 5, 37, 44, 57, 65, 66, 97; and Leon Trotsky, 37; and the CCF, 86, 90, 93, 95, 99, 107, 108, 113, 115, 181, 186, 215; and Cuba, 138, 145, 174; and the end of the Cold War, 233, 235–236, 237

  Tresca, Carlo, 21

  Tricontinental Conference, 171–173, 221, 228

  Trotsky, Leon, 13, 19, 22–23, 28–30, 36–41, 140

  Urrutia, Manuel, 130, 133

  Varela, Alfredo, 70, 273n39

  Vargas, Getúlio, 52, 68–70, 78

  Vargas Llosa, Mario, 4–5, 199, 209, 223, 229–230, 232–233; and the “Literature is fire” speech, 211–212

  Vázquez Gómez, Elena, 153

  Veríssimo, Érico, 91, 102

  Vidali, Vittorio, 21, 26–27, 46, 267n55

  Waldeen, 74

  Wallace, Henry, 72, 153, 274n45

  Whitman, Walt, 75–76

  Wisner, Frank, 62

  Women’s International Democratic Federation, 52, 164

  World Federation of Trade Unions, 52, 54–55

  World Peace Council (WPC), 2, 14, 17, 50–52, 62–64, 152, 164, 294n12; and the World Congress of Partisans for Peace (Paris, 1949), 50, 62; and anticosmopolitanism, 51, 56–59, 64, 70, 80; and the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace (Wroclaw, 1948), 58–60; and the Cultural and Scientific Congress for World Peace (New York City, 1949), 60–61, 88–89; and anti-Communist counterreaction, 61–62, 64, 68, 87–89, 91; and the Stockholm Appeal, 63, 149–150; in Argentina, 65–68, 70; and the São Paulo State Congress for Peace (São Paulo, 1949), 68–70; in Uruguay, 71; and the Continental Congress for Peace (Mexico City, 1949), 71–76, 87, 153; and socialist realism, 74–76, 77–78, 82; and the Continental Cultural Congress (Santiago, 1953), 76–77, 91–92; and the Mexican Pro-Peace Committee, 78, 149, 151, 153, 157, 169; financing, 78–79, 153–154
, 275n54; and the MLN, 147–148, 156–157, 161, 163; and Guatemala, 154; and the Tricontinental Conference, 171–172; black legend of, 239–240, 243

  Yupanqui, Atahualpa, 70, 273n38

  Zaid, Gabriel, 230

  Zhdanov, Andrei, 56, 61, 70, 78