by Jack Beatty
25 For “Johnny,” see Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 393.
26 Katz, Pancho Villa, 77.
27 For “barely able to,” see Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 75. Zapata’s threat to Madero from Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, 127.
28 For “anarchy,” see Katz, Pancho Villa, 115. “Durnovo,” see Frank Alfred Golder, Documents of Russian History 1914–1917 (New York: The Century Co., 1927), 19–21.
29 For “Attila of the South,” see Samuel Brunk, “The Sad Situation of Civilians and Soldiers: The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution,” American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (April 1996): 331–53. For “energetic purification,” see Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 88–89. “English estate owner,” see Katz, Pancho Villa, 121; “There is no respect,” 132; “Suppose a wealthy white man,” 121.
30 For the forerunner of coups to come, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 193–95.
31 For man “of unstable temper” and details of Villa’s return to Mexico, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 205–06.
32 For “nine rifles,” see Guzmán, Memoirs of Pancho Villa, 95.
33 For “The time for leaving,” see Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 353, 55. “In fact” and “He once said,” see Link, The New Freedom, 67–68.
34 For “Taft wanted,” see Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality, 88.
35 For “the mere existence” and “to inquire,” see Peter V. N. Henderson, “Victoriano Huerta and the Recognition Issue in Mexico,” in Americas 41, no. 2 (October 1984): 151–76.
36 For “Huerta,” see Michael C. Meyer, Huerta: A Political Portrait (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), 138.
37 For assassinated deputy, see Charles G. Cumberland, The Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972), 67. “The force of America,” Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality, 84.
38 For “the only satisfactory,” see Cumberland, The Mexican Revolution, 105. ASARCO, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 313. For Wilson at Mobile, see Mark T. Gilderhus, “Revolution, War, and Expansion: Woodrow Wilson in Latin America,” in John Milton Cooper Jr., ed., Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 171.
39 Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 149. For U.S. racial attitudes toward Mexicans, see Mark C. Anderson, “What’s to Be Done with ’Em? Images of Mexican Cultural Backwardness, Racial Limitations, and Moral Decrepitude in the United States Press, 1913–1915,” Mexican Studies 14, no. 1 (Winter 1998): 23–70.
40 Anderson, Pancho Villa’s Revolution by Headlines, 45–48.
41 For “bribe,” see Meyer, Huerta, 119; “settling a revolution” is from Kendrick A. Clements, “Emissary from a Revolution: Luis Cabrera and Woodrow Wilson,” Americas 35, no. 3 (January 1979): 358.
42 “So long as,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 229; “My ideal,” 516, and “for the land,” 519. For “John Reed,” see the New York Times, April 27, 1913.
43 For “Mr. Bryan considered” and Hohler, see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 255–61. For “messenger,” the London Times, February 4, 1914. “Supposing a man,” Katz, Secret War, 257. “A patriot and,” Anderson, Pancho Villa’s Revolution by Headlines, 25.
44 For “bloodbath,” see Clements, “Emissary from a Revolution,” 364.
45 Katz, Pancho Villa, 326–30.
46 For “undertaken the obligation” and “Mexico is on,” see the London Times, February 23, 1914.
47 For “You have the” see Anderson, Pancho Villa’s Revolution by Headlines, 24. For Fierro, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 329. “An examination would,” the London Times, February 24, 1914.
48 For “He seems, so,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 293.
49 For “stealing pretty women,” see Katz, Pancho Villa, 289; for Juárez, see 224.
50 For “intellectual,” see Katz, Pancho Villa, 179. For the limits of Villa’s radicalism, see Alan Knight, “Peasant and Caudillo in Revolutionary Mexico 1910–1917,” in D. A. Brading, ed., Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 33–34.
51 For “press gang,” see Andrés Reséndez Fuentes, “Battleground Women,” 532–33. For paragraph, Katz, Pancho Villa, 229–52.
52 For “What is your role,” see Katz, Pancho Villa, 296.
53 For “I formed the,” see Guzmán, Memoirs, 96–97.
54 For “Some of them,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 123. For all other references, see Andrés Reséndez Fuentes, “Battleground Women,” 533, 543, 544.
55 Katz, Pancho Villa, 544.
56 For Jaurès quotation, see Brynjolf J. Hovde, “French Socialism and Franco-German Relations, 1893–1914,” Journal of Political Economy 35, no. 2 (April 1927): 268. For fear of revolution, see Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York: Pantheon, 1981), 304. For war and counterrevolution, see Arno J. Mayer, Dynamics of Counterrevolution in Europe, 1870–1956: An Analytical Framework (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1971), 134–49. For attitudes of European powers toward the Mexican Revolution, see Katz, Secret War, 550–78. For Morning Post, see Dennis R. Hidalgo, “The Evolution of History and the Informal Empire: La Decena Trágica and the British Press,” Mexican Studies 23, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 347–49. Quotation on the international significance of the Mexican Revolution is from Lloyd C. Gardner, “Woodrow Wilson and the Mexican Revolution,” in Arthur S. Link, ed., Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913–1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 4.
57 For massacre, see Joshua Charles Walker, “Immigrants at Home: Revolution, Nationalism, and Anti-Chinese Sentiment in Mexico, 1910–1935,” senior honor thesis, presented by Ohio State University, 2008, Walker quotes from a U.S. consul on the scene. Washington Post, April 24, 1914. “Their soldiers numbered,” Guzmán, Memoirs, p. 153.
58 For movie men, see John Womack Jr., “Pancho Villa: A Revolutionary Life,” Journal of the Historical Society 11, no. 1 (Winter 2002): 27–29. “So that it seemed,” Andrés Reséndez Fuentes, “Battleground Women,” 541, n. 77.
59 For “They are able,” see the London Times, January 6, 1914. “What are you,” Katz, Pancho Villa, 293.
60 For “Villa led charges,” see Guzmán, Memoirs, 150; for “[The federals] were dying,” see 159. Details of battle taken from the Washington Post, March 24–29, 1914. For casualties, see the London Times, April 3, 1914. For the seven rings of dead, and French and German gunners, see the New York Times, April 4, 1914. For retreat of federals, see the New York Times, April 5, 1914.
61 Katz, Pancho Villa, 304. Description of Villa holding court at the hotel is from the New York Times, April 4, 1914.
62 For “Huerta had roughly,” see Katz, Secret War, 248. For “the utter demoralization,” see Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 163. Huerta’s farewell, the New York Times, July 16, 1914.
63 For officers pocketing pay of dead soldiers, see Meyer, Huerta, 101.
64 Lind-Wilson follows the discussion in Knight, The Mexican Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 150–55. Also see Lind’s March 12 letter to Bryan, in Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 338. Also Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality, 11. For Lind’s “very violent language,” see Larry D. Hill, Emissaries to a Revolution: Woodrow Wilson’s Executive Agents in Mexico (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1973), 175.
65 Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 151; “gun by gun” from the London Times, April 19, 1914.
66 For speech, see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 471–74.
67 For “President Wilson did,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 30, 235, 223.
68 For battleships, see the New York Times, April 15, 1914. For Mexican Navy, see Holger H. Herwig and Chri
ston I. Archer, “Global Gambit: A German General Staff Assessment of Mexican Affairs, November 1913,” Mexican Studies 1, no. 2 (Summer 1985): 311, n. 20.
69 See the colorful account in Michael C. Meyer, “The Arms of the Ypiranga,” Hispanic American Historical Review 50, no. 3 (August 1970): 543–56. For a slightly different telling, see Thomas Baecker, “The Arms of the Ypiranga: The German Side,” Americas 30, no. 1 (July 1973): 1–17.
70 For Tumulty, and for a vivid rendering of the Veracruz fighting, see Jack Sweetman, The Landing at Veracruz (Annapolis: United States Naval Academy Press, 1968), 48. For “Wilson may also,” see Lloyd C. Gardner, “Woodrow Wilson and the Mexican Revolution,” in Arthur S. Link, ed., Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 23–24.
71 For “levas and taxes,” see Hill, Emissaries to a Revolution, 175. For “unnerved,” see Link, The New Freedom, 402. For speeches, see Michael C. Meyer, Huerta, 199ff.
72 “Huertista press,” Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 58. “Zapata,” see Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, p. 186. For “Villa,” the New York Times, April 21, 1914.
73 For “Dresden,” see the New York Times, April 27, 1914. For demonstrations in Mexico, Meyer, Huerta, 200–01.
74 For Paris Journal, The New Freedom, 402, and the New York Times, April 25–26, 1914.
75 For “Hart,” see John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 312. For more on Hart’s work, see John Foran, “Reinventing the Mexican Revolution: The Competing Paradigms of Alan Knight and John Mason Hart,” Latin American Perspectives 23, no. 4 (Autumn 1996): 115–31. “Had either work [Hart’s book and Knight’s The Mexican Revolution] appeared in the absence of the other, it would likely have been hailed as the definitive English-language study of the revolutionary years,” 116.
76 For House, see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 135. “Little evidence” follows Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 157.
77 “German General Staff,” see Herwig and Archer, “Global Gambit,” 324–25. “War plans,” Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality, 90. For “Tasker Bliss,” see Linda B. Hall and Don E. Coerver, Revolution on the Border: The United States and Mexico, 1910–1920 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990), 50. For harsh assessment of U.S. “offensive” military capacity, see the military correspondent of the London Times, April 24, 1914.
78 For European reaction, see Link, The New Freedom, 402, and the New York Times, April 25–26, 1914.
79 For “editor of the Nation,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 496; for Wilson’s speech, 110–12.
80 For reaction in United States, the New York Times, April 21–23, 1914, and (for Theodore Roosevelt) April 29, 1914.
81 Details from Knight, The Mexican Revolution, 156, and the New York Times, April 21–22, 1914. For Borah, see Hall and Coerver, Revolution on the Border, 55.
82 For “war enthusiasm,” see the Washington Post, April 21, 1914. For “events must take,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 30, 360, 362; for Argentina, Chile, and Brazil meditation, 524. Also the New York Times, April 26, 1914.
83 For Villa, see the New York Times, May 1, 1914. For emerging tension, see Link, Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 237.
84 For “Daniels,” see Meyer, “The Arms of the Ypiranga,” 555. For “The Americans’ transfer,” see Hart, Revolutionary Mexico, 312.
85 Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 326, 334. “If history were just a matter of economic statistics, it would not be far from the truth to say that virtually nothing changed in the course of the Mexican Revolution, and that all things considered there was no revolution.” For “the power and,” see Alan Knight, “The Mexican Revolution: Bourgeois? Nationalist? Or just a ‘Great Rebellion’?” Bulletin of Latin American Research 4, no. 2 (1985): 18. For “status legitimized,” see John Gibler, Mexico Unconquered, 38.
86 For Pershing, see Link, Confusions and Crises, 280–318; for skirmish, see 305. For “plea for help,” see Katz, Pancho Villa, 612.
87 For Columbus State Bank, see James A. Sando, “German Involvement in Northern Mexico, 1915–1916: A New Look at the Columbus Raid,” Hispanic American Review 50, no. 1 (February 1970): 70–88.
88 For answer to plea for help, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 612. For Baker, see Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 198–99. For Carranza and Germany, see Mark T. Gilderhus, “The United States and Carranza, 1917: The Question of De Jure Recognition,” Americas 29, no. 2 (October 1972): 219–22.
89 Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram, 184–200.
90 Katz, Pancho Villa, 612. For Britain’s submission within six months, see Dirk Steffen, “The Holtzendorff Memorandum of 22 December 1916 and Germany’s Declaration of Unrestricted U-boat Warfare,” Journal of Military History 68 ( January 2004): 216–17. For von Hindenburg, see the essay by Ernst Fraenkel in Wilson’s Diplomacy, 74. For cartoonists, see Eberhard Demm, “Propaganda and Caricature in the First World War,” Journal of Contemporary History 28, no. 1 ( January 1993): 185. For Bethmann, see Konrad H. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor: Bethmann Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 295–305. “Having sacrificed his own better judgment and used his integrity to defend a step about which he had the gravest reservations, Bethmann became the scapegoat for the failure of the ultimate weapon to perform the expected miracle.”
91 For “bushwacker,” see Knight, “Peasant and Caudillo,” 33.
92 Katz, Pancho Villa, 732ff.
93 Ibid., 628.
94 Ibid., 764–805; quotation from the intelligence agents is on 781. Katz’s discussion of the assassination is exhaustive.
95 Ibid., 740, 745. For “mule,” see John Womack Jr., “Pancho Villa: A Revolutionary Life,” Journal of the Historical Society 11, no. 1 (Winter 2002): 41.
NOTES FOR CHAPTER 5
1 For the epigraph, see Robert A. Kann, “Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Count Berchtold,” in Robert A. Kann, Dynasty, Politics and Culture: Selected Essays, ed. Stanley B. Winters (Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs, 1991), 295. For collar, see Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), 66. For “Bosnian station,” see 308. For walks in Ischl, see Frederic Morton, Thunder at Twilight, Vienna 1913/1914 (New York: Da Capo, 2001), 86–88. For “all are dying,” see Joachim Remak, Sarajevo: The Story of a Political Murder (New York: Criterion, 1959), 167.
2 Annika Mombauer, “The First World War: Inevitable, Avoidable, Improbable or Desirable? Recent Interpretations on War Guilt and the War’s Origins,” German History 25, no. 1 (2007): 82–85. The last clause is from a historian, Graydon A. Tunstall, quoted by Mombauer. Also see Samuel R. Williamson Jr. and Ernest R. May, “An Identity of Opinion: Historians and July 1914,” Journal of Modern History 79 (June 2007): 359.
3 For question, see Lieutenant General Baron von Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph and His Times (New York: Doran, 1924), 302.
4 For three times as much, see Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815–1918 (New York: Longman, 1989), 262. For Napoleon, see Andrew Wheatcroft, Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe (New York: Perseus Books, 2008), 254.
5 For Treitschke, the Francis Joseph quotation, and honor, see Avner Offer, “Going to War in 1914: A Matter of Honor?” Politics & Society 23, no. 2 (June 1995): 213–41. For manifesto, see Robert A. Kann, “Dynastic Relations and Power Politics 1848–1918,” Journal of Modern History 45, no. 3 (September 1973): 409.
6 For meetings, see Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 312. For details on Francis Joseph, see Jean-Paul Bled, Franz Joseph (Cambridge, UK: Blackwell, 1992), 49, 206; for “crushed” private self, 209.
7 Daniel Unowsky, The Pomp and Circumstance of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848–
1916 (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2005), 29.
8 For mobilization orders, see Norman Stone, “Army and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1900–1914,” Past and Present, no. 33 (April 1966): 100. Description taken from Joseph Roth’s novel, The Radetsky March (Woodstock: Overlook Press, 1995), 192–93.
9 For old man, see Brigitte Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man (New York: Taurus Parke, 2010), 90. London Times, April 19, 1902.
10 First quotation is from Joseph Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1929), 475. For comment of fifteen-year-old Sisi, see Bled, Franz Joseph, 87.
11 For Francis Joseph’s affair with Anna see Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 219–20.
12 For Katharina, see ibid., 237, 243–44.
13 Joseph Baernreither, Fragments of a Political Diary (London: Macmillan, 1936), 176, 231. For 1881, see Steven Beller, Francis Joseph (New York: Longman, 1996), 136.
14 For Serbian overture, see Theodor Wolff, The Eve of War (London: Victor Gollancz, 1935), 207–08. For false report, see Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph and His Times, 332.
15 Rural folk is from Peter Urbanitsch, “Pluralist Myth and National Realities: The Dynastic Myth of the Habsburg Monarchy—A Futile Exercise in the Creation of Identities,” Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2004): 124.
16 Baernreither, Fragments of a Political Diary, 176. For lights, see Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 1996), 41–42. For chamber pot, see Bled, Franz Joseph, 199. For tank, see William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 55.
17 For children, see Maureen Healy, Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 218. For Austrian idea, see George V. Strong, “The Austrian Idea: An Idea of Nationhood in the Kingdom and Realms of the Emperor Franz Joseph,” History of European Ideas 5, no. 3 (1984): 293–305. For soldiers, see Mark Cornwall, ed., The Last Years of Austria-Hungary: Essays in Political and Military History, 1908–1918 (Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1990), 103.
