by Jack Beatty
12 For “ordinary people,” see A. T. Q. Stewart, The Ulster Crisis: Resistance to Home Rule, 1912–1914 (London: Faber & Faber, 1967), 27. For Kipling, see Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 59.
13 For mixed marriages, see Buckland, Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland, xxxvi. Devlin quoted in letter to the editor of the Times, March 20, 1914. For close to Catholic hierarchy, see Thomas C. Kennedy, “War, Patriotism, and the Ulster Unionist Council,” Éire-Ireland 30, 3 and 4 (Fall/Winter, 2005): 190.
14 For Lady Londonderry, see Thomas C. Kennedy, “Troubled Tories: Dissent and Confusion Concerning the Party’s Ulster Policy, 1910–1914,” Journal of British Studies 46 (July 2007): 574. For Carson, see Geoffrey Lewis, Carson: The Man Who Divided Ireland (New York: Humbledon, 2005), 42–45.
15 For the trial, see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (New York: Knopf, 1988), 447–62. For classmate, see Hesketh Pearson, The Life of Oscar Wilde (London: Metheun, 1946), 26.
16 For “morning Home Rule passes,” see Lewis, Carson: The Man Who Divided Ireland, 80 and “a foreign, probably hostile,” xii. The words are Lewis’s. For “savage,” see Kennedy, “Troubled Tories,” 574.
17 For “rodomontade,” see Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 97. For Law’s speech, see Buckland, Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland, 85.
18 For Churchill in Belfast, see Lewis, Carson: The Man Who Divided Ireland, 88–90. For “confetti” see Buckland, Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland, 56.
19 Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 234–36.
20 For “Orange card,” see ibid., 13, 100–03. For the Siege of Derry, see Thomas Babington Macaulay, History of England, vol. 5 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 140ff.
21 See Churchill’s speech in the Times, March 16, 1914.
22 Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1923).
23 For “green glasses” and “very much the same,” see Patricia Jalland, “A Liberal Chief Secretary and the Irish Question: Augustine Birrell, 1907–1914,” Historical Journal 19, no. 2 (June 1976): 423, 428, n. 30. For “holding girls’ hands,” see Williamson, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 311.
24 For “Covenant,” see Robert Rhodes James, ed., Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897–1963, vol. 3, 1914–1922 (New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 2228. Also see Jackson, Home Rule, 131. Quotation from pledge seen in Thomas C. Kennedy, “War, Patriotism, and the Ulster Unionist Council,” 193.
25 For letter, see Muenger, The British Military Dilemma in Ireland, 177. Census figures from Iain McLean and Tom Lubbock, “The Curious Incident of the Guns in the Night Time: Curragh, Larne and the U.K. Constitution,” 28. Paper presented at the Political Studies Association of the UK Annual Conference, Bath, April 2007.
26 For “working of the Irish executive,” see A. P. Ryan, Mutiny at the Curragh (London: Macmillan, 1956), 115. For “Irish-American low class politicians,” see Ian Beckett, ed., The Army and the Curragh Incident, 1914 (London: Bodley Head, 1986), 36. For “extremist limit,” see Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England, 275. Carson quotation from Lewis, Carson: The Man Who Divided Ireland, 135.
27 Patricia Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland: The Ulster Question in British Politics to 1914 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976), 220.
28 For “The Coup,” see Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance Since 1844 (London: Oxford University Press, 1983), 251–52. For “Carson,” see Nicholas Mosley, Julian Grenfell, His Life and the Times of His Death, 1888–1915 (London: Persephone Books, 1999), 324.
29 Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland, 223.
30 Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, 484. For “hellish insinuation,” see John Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory (New York: Harcourt, 1993), 94. For details see “The Plot That Failed: A Chapter of History,” the London Times, April 27, 1914.
31 Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland, 222.
32 For “war man,” see Arthur J. Marder, ed., Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, vol. 2, Years of Power 1904–1914 (London: Cape, 1954), 363. For Clementine’s note to Asquith, see Jenkins, Churchill, 275.
33 For “battleships,” see Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, 482. For “proximity to the coasts,” see Rhodes James, Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 2273. For “by every means,” see Dangerfield, The Strange Death, 274–75. For “shot and shell,” see Beckett, The Army and the Curragh Incident, 236, and K. M. Wilson, “Sir John French’s Resignation over the Curragh Affair: The Role of the Editor of the ‘Morning Post,’ ” English Historical Review 99, no. 393 (October 1984): 809.
34 For Riddell, see Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, 471.
35 Jenkins, Churchill, 238.
36 London Times, March 16, 1914.
37 The Earl of Oxford and Asquith, Fifty Years of Parliament, vol. 1 (London: Cassell, 1926), 239. For “olive branch,” see Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland, 219.
38 For “Army Annual Act,” see Thomas C. Kennedy, “Troubled Tories: Dissent and Confusion Concerning the Party’s Ulster Policy, 1910–1914,” Journal of British Studies 46 (July 2007): 587. For “Wilson,” see the Marquess of Anglesey, A History of the British Cavalry 1816 to 1919, vol. 7 (London: Leo Cooper, 1996), 10. For the debate, see the transcript in the London Times, March 20, 1914. For Carson’s brogue, see Roy Foster and Alvin Jackson, “Men for All Seasons? Carson, Parnell, and the Limits of Heroism in Modern Ireland,” European History Quarterly 39, no. 3 (July 2009): 423. For Carson striking the brass bound books, see A. P. Ryan, Mutiny at the Curragh (New York: Macmillan, 1956), 123.
39 For the Times obituary, see Anglesey, A History of the British Cavalry, 10. For two battalions, see Rhodes James, Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 2279. For meeting, see A. P. Ryan, Mutiny at the Curragh (New York: Macmillan, 1956), 120–21. For “bloody fool,” see Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland, 225.
40 For “grave emergencies,” see Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, 477, also Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland, 229. For the “whole place,” see Beckett, The Army and the Curragh Incident, 285.
41 For “two camps,” see Beckett, The Army and the Curragh Incident, 287. For “mutinous disaffection,” see Jeffrey, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 121. “It was not, in fact, a ‘mutiny,’ since no one actually disobeyed orders.” For telegram, see Ryan, Mutiny at the Curragh, 127. For navy, see Ian F. W. Beckett and Keith Jeffrey, “The Royal Navy and the Curragh Incident,” Historical Research 62, no. 147 (February 1989): 54–69. For “general mutiny,” see Charles Townshend, “Military Force and Civil Authority in the United Kingdom,” Journal of British Studies 28, no. 3 (July 1989): 271.
42 For Venetia Stanley, see Cameron Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, July 1914 to May 1915 (New York: Knopf, 1971), 169. For “Lloyd George,” see Jalland, The Liberals and Ireland, 227.
43 For Seely, see Anglesey, A History of the British Cavalry, 7. For Wilson on both sides, see McLean and Lubbock, “The Curious Incident of the Guns in the Night Time,” 10, 11. For “I dictated the terms,” see Stephen Mark Duffy, “ ‘No Question of Fighting’: The Army, The Government and the Curragh Incident, 1914,” diss., Texas A&M, 1993, 166. Seely added two one-sentence paragraphs. The last read: “But [the Government] have no intention whatever of taking advantage of this right [to maintain law and order in support of the civil power] to crush political opposition to the policy or principles of the Home Rule Bill.” General Gough asked his superior, General French, “whether he might interpret the last two paragraphs … to mean that the Army would not be used to coerce Ulster. Sir J. F. added to the paper over his initials, ‘This is how I read it.’ ” From a memorandum written by H. A. Gwynne, on April 2, 1914, after speaking with his friend, Sir J
ohn French. See Wilson, “Sir John French’s Resignation over the Curragh Affair,” 809.
44 London Times, March 21, 1914.
45 See letter to the editor, the London Times, March 30, 1914.
46 Seen in “The Curragh ‘Mutiny’ 1914,” Curragh Historical Articles, at http://www.curragh.info/articles/mutiny.htm.
47 See Beckett, The Army and the Curragh Incident, 281.
48 For regular law and houghing above, see Townshend, Political Violence, 51, 7. See F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (London: Fontana, 1973), 320, 336, 387.
49 For mood in the North and Roscommon Herald, see London Times, May 19, 1914. For “blind eye,” see Beckett and Jeffrey, “The Royal Navy and the Curragh Incident,” 68.
50 For Churchill, see Rhodes James, Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 2285. For “seventy-five thousand,” see Lyons, 323.
51 For Nationalist MP above, see Stephen Gwynn, John Redmond’s Last Years (London: Arnold, 1919), 61. For Asquith to the king, see Iain McLean, “The Constitutional Position of the Sovereign: Letters Between King George V and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Autumn 1913,” Nuffield College, University of Oxford Working Paper, No. 3, 2008, 11. A Project Gutenberg eBook. For Churchill, see Rhodes James, Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 2285.
52 For the failure of government, see Townshend, Political Violence, 276. Churchill, from The World Crisis, 181.
53 Churchill, The World Crisis, p. 181. For “complete disaster,” see the London Times, June 29, 1914. For the kaiser’s summer cruise and Bethmann Hollweg, see John C. G. Röhl, “Wilhelm II in July 1914,” in Afflerbach and Stevenson, An Improbable War, 81. For “deliberately deceived,” see David Stevenson, “The European Land Arms Race,” in same volume, 140. For Lloyd George at Guildhall, see the London Times, July 9, 1914; for “none of the snarling,” see London Times, July 23, 1914. Also see Cameron Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, July 1915 to May 1915 (New York: Knopf, 1971), 61. For headlines, see London Times, July 6, 10, 11, 1914.
54 For “my house,” see Kennedy, “War, Patriotism, and the Ulster Unionist Council,” 196. For Redmond, see Gwynn, John Redmond’s Last Years, 65.
55 London Times, July 25, 1914.
56 Seen in Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, 488–89.
57 London Times, July 28, 1914.
58 For Mausers, see Townshend, Political Violence, 260.
59 For montage of Irish reaction, see D. George Boyce and Alan O’Day, eds., The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 (New York: Palgrave, 2005), 200–01.
60 London Times, July 28, 1914.
61 London Times, July 30, 1914.
62 For Asquith and Redmond after the failure of the Buckingham Palace Conference, see Donald Lammers, “Arno Mayer and the British Decision for War: 1914,” Journal of British Studies 12, no. 2 (May 1973): 145–46, n. 30.
63 For Sava River, see Samuel R. Williamson, Jr., “Aggressive and Defensive Aims of Political Elites? Austro-Hungarian Policy in 1914,” in Afflerbach and Stevenson, An Improbable War, 72. For Asquith’s speech, see Gwynn, John Redmond’s Last Years, 67.
64 London Times, August 2, 1914. For Asquith and Churchill, see Dominic D. P. Johnson and Dominic Tierney, “The Rubicon Theory of War: How the Conflict Reaches the Point of No Return,” International Security 36, no. 1 (Summer 2011): 35.
65 See Keith M. Wilson, The Policy of the Entente: Essays on the Determinants of British Foreign Policy 1904–1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 141–47.
66 For note to Lloyd George, see Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 294–95.
67 London Times, August 5, 1914.
68 For Craig, see A. T. Q. Stewart, The Ulster Crisis, Resistance to Home Rule, 1912–1914 (London: Faber & Faber, 1967), 238; for Milner, 232. For Asquith, see Roy Jenkins, Asquith (London: Collins, 1964), 322–23.
69 For “grave miscalculation,” see Röhl, “Wilhelm II in 1914,” 79.
70 For “I am going,” see Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England, 339. For Redmond’s speech, see Gywnn, John Redmond’s Last Years, 69–71. For Redmond’s son, see Joseph P. Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 1912–1918 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004), 212.
71 For speech, see Gwynn, John Redmond’s Last Years, 81–82. For Wicklow comment, see Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, 328; for “Dev,” 383; for “Proclamation,” 369; for “green-liveried servants,” 249. Also see James McConnel, “Recruiting Sergeants for John Bull? Irish Nationalist MPs and Enlistment During the Early Months of the Great War,” War in History 14, no. 4 (2007): 406–28.
72 Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 2.
73 Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, 386.
74 For conscription, see Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War, Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1986), 566, 645. For toast, see Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 4.
NOTES FOR CHAPTER 4
1 Epigraphs are from Mark Cronland Anderson, Pancho Villa’s Revolution by Headlines (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), 171, and Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: Confusions and Crises 1915–1916 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964), 292. For Norris, see Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The New Freedom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), 336.
2 For great and crying wrongs, see Link, Confusions and Crises, 394.
3 Friedrich Katz, The Life & Times of Pancho Villa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 311–12. For “greatest Mexican,” see Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality 1914–1915 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 239. For Wilson on “the man on the make,” see John Morton Blum, Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), p. 62. London Times, February 4, 1914.
4 For smuggling, see Andrés Reséndez Fuentes, “Battleground Women: Soldaderas and Female Soldiers in the Mexican Revolution,” Americas 51, no. 4 (April 1995): 543.
5 Katz, Pancho Villa, 337.
6 For La Nación, Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The New Freedom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), 405, for “Remember that God,” 5. “President Wilson,” see Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, Dec. 2, 1913–May 5, 1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 94. For American diplomat’s wife, see Lloyd C. Gardner, “Woodrow Wilson and the Mexican Revolution,” in Arthur S. Link, ed., Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913–1921 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 6. For “You cannot,” see Link, The New Freedom, 321. For Fourth of July speech, see Thomas A. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 28.
7 Friedrich Katz, “Rural Uprisings in Preconquest and Colonial Mexico,” in Friedrich Katz, ed., Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 65–95.
8 Adolfo Gilly, The Mexican Revolution (London: Verso, 1983), 22–23, 368, n. 16. For branding of Indians, see John Gibler, Mexico Unconquered: Chronicles of Power and Revolt (San Francisco: City Light Books, 2009), 27.
9 Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 23; Friedrich Katz, “Rural Rebellions after 1810,” in Katz, ed., Riot, Rebellion, and Revolution, 521–61. “Something is scaring politicians here,” reports Nicholas Casey in the January 15, 2010, edition of the Wall Street Journal. “It’s the number 10.” He quotes a historian who says that “[Revolution] is like a tradition that happens every hundred years.” A leading Mexico City newspaper ran three columns on one day headlined THE FEAR OF 2010, THE IMPENDING REVOLUTION, and 2010: THIRD REVOLUTION.
10 Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 23–25.
11 Carlos Fuentes, The Old Gringo (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1985), 61–62.
12 Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 25.
13 “Over half the nation’s territory” seen in Gilbert G. González and Raúl Fernandez, “Empire and the Origins of Twentieth-Century Migration from Mexico to the United States,” Pacific Historical Review
71, no. 1 (February 2002): 38; “fifty thousand villages,” see Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 46, 373.
14 For details on diet, see González and Fernandez, “Empire and the Origins,” 31–38. Katz, “Rural Rebellions after 1810,” 533. “When [the revolution] is over,” see Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 46.
15 Details on the Díaz system of social containment are taken from Frank McLynn, Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution (London: Jonathan Cape, 2000), 53–4, 7, and Katz, Pancho Villa, 123.
16 For Madero, see John Womack Jr., Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1970), 55. McLynn, Villa and Zapata, 25–32. Gilly, The Mexican Revolution, 59–63.
17 For the text of the plan, see Nora E. Jaffary, Edward W. Osowski, and Susie S. Porter, Mexican History: A Primary Source Reader (Boulder: Westview, 2009), 298–300. Also see Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, 70. Katz, Pancho Villa, 54. Eric R. Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 16.
18 Katz, Pancho Villa, 63.
19 For “school,” see McLynn, Villa and Zapata, 58. For “A rifle sight” see Anderson, Pancho Villa’s Revolution by Headlines, 7. Martín Luis Guzmán, Memoirs of Pancho Villa (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976), 3.
20 For Reed, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 7. For “Robin Hood,” see Link, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, 229.
21 For Villa’s early life, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 67–77. Eric Hobsbawm, Bandits (New York: Pantheon, 1981), 17, 33.
22 Katz, Pancho Villa, 72.
23 McLynn, Villa and Zapata, 68–69. For Villa’s descent into barbarism, see Thomas H. Naylor, “Massacre at San Pedro de la Cueva: The Significance of Pancho Villa’s Disastrous Sonora Campaign,” Western Historical Quarterly 8, no. 2 (April 1977): 125–150. “In Sonora, Villa lost his capacity for responsible leadership. He became instead a callous, vindictive demon,” 150.
24 For American doctor, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 75. For reporter, see Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 234. For Villa’s fear of poisoning, see Katz, Pancho Villa, 242; for “scores of promises,” see 148.
