Cleopatra and Antony
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Walker, S., and P. Higgs, eds. Cleopatra of Egypt from History to Myth. London: British Museum Press, 2001.
Winkes, R. Livia, Octavia, Iulia—Porträts und Darstellungen. Louvain: Archaeologica Transatlantica XIII, Publications d’Histoire de L’Art et d’Archéologie de l’Université Catholique de Louvain, 1995.
JOURNALS
Art in America
The Classical Journal
Historia
Latomus
Smithsonian
PICTURE CREDITS
1 Sandstone relief: photo Michael Preston.
2/3 Green basanite bust of Julius Caesar, beginning of first century AD, Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen, Berlin: photo Scala/Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Berlin; head from a full-length bronze statue of the Emperor Augustus (eyes inlaid with alabaster, colored stone and glass), c. 30–25 BC, found at Meroe, Sudan: British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; marble bust of Octavia, wife of Mark Antony, from Velletre, c. 39 BC, Museo Nazionale Romano delle Terme, Rome: akg-images; bust of Antony: The Art Archive/Museo Capi-tolino, Rome/Gianni Dagli Orti.
4/5 Pompey’s pillar with sphinx in the foreground, Alexandria: photo Michael Preston; upper arm bracelet of Queen Amanishakete of Nubia as the goddess Nut, gold set with paste, end of the first century BC, Meroe, Sudan, Staatliche Sammlung Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich: INTER-PHOTO Pressebildagentur/Alamy; Horus and Caesarion: photo Michael Preston; reconstruction of Alexandria seen from the south: watercolor by J-C Colvin.
6/7 Reconstruction bust of Cleopatra by Dr. Martin Weaver: photo Michael Preston; Roman terra-cotta lamp with a caricatured scene, c. AD 40–80, British Museum: British Museum Images; Giambattista Tiepolo, Cleopatra’s Banquet, detail, 1746–47, Palazzo Labia, Venice: Cam-eraphoto Arte Venezia/Bridgeman Art Library; Jean-André Rixens, The Death of Cleopatra, 1874, Musée des Augustins, Toulouse: © Visual Arts Library (London)/Alamy.
8 Fritz Leiber and Theda Bara in Cleopatra, 1917: Fox Films/The Kobal Collection; Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in Cleopatra, 1963: 20th Century Fox/The Kobal Collection.
WHO WAS WHO IN THE
FIRST CENTURY BC
THE ROMANS
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius. Loyal friend of Octavian and his chief commander.
Antonia the Elder and Antonia the Younger. Antony’s daughters by Octavia.
Antonius, Lucius. Mark Antony’s brother.
Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony). Caesar’s loyal general; member of the Second Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus; husband of, among others, Fulvia and Octavia and lover of Cleopatra.
Antyllus. Antony’s son by Fulvia.
Atia. Niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Octavian and Octavia.
Aurelia. Mother of Julius Caesar.
Brutus, Decimus. One of Caesar’s murderers and later governor of Cisalpine Gaul and opponent of Antony.
Brutus, Marcus Junius. Son of Servilia, rumored to be fathered by Julius Caesar and a ringleader of his assassins. Also a nephew of Cato the Younger.
Caesar, Gaius Julius. Politician, general and author; member of the First Triumvirate and later dictator for life; father of Julia and of Cleopatra’s son Caesarion.
Calpurnia. Daughter of Piso and wife of Julius Caesar.
Canidius Crassus, Publius. One of Antony’s chief generals, faithful to him to the end.
Cassius Longinus, Caius. With Marcus Brutus a ringleader of the plot to kill Caesar.
Catiline, Lucius. Demagogue and instigator of a conspiracy.
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Younger). Republican, constitutionalist and guardian of old moral values.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Politician, author, orator and defender of republican orthodoxies.
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius. Politician, later ally of Marius.
Clodia. One of the sisters of Clodius, with whom she is said to have committed incest.
Clodia. Daughter of Clodius and Fulvia, stepdaughter of Antony and first wife of Octavian.
Clodius Pulcher, Publius. Demagogue, street fighter and husband of Fulvia.
Cornelia. Daughter of Cinna and first wife of Julius Caesar.
Cornelia. Wife of Publius Crassus and later of Pompey the Great.
Crassus, Marcus Licinius. Richest man in Rome; member of the First Triumvirate; killed at Carrhae fighting the Parthians.
Crassus, Publius. Son of Marcus Licinius Crassus; also killed at Carrhae.
Curio, Gaius Scribonius. Politician, youthful friend of Antony and Clodius and second husband of Fulvia.
Dellius, Quintus. One of Antony’s leading generals and advisers who later defected to Octa-vian.
Enobarbus (Ahenobarbus), Lucius Domitius. Republican and later ally of Antony before defecting to Octavian.
Fulvia. Politically ambitious wife of, successively, Clodius, Curio and Antony.
Gabinius, Aulus. Politician, general and Roman governor of Syria.
Julia. Daughter of Julius Caesar by Cornelia and wife of Pompey the Great.
Julia. Mother of Antony.
Julia. Daughter of Octavian and Scribonia.
Labienus, Quintus. Former republican; later in the pay of the Parthians.
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius. Politician and Caesar’s master of horse; later member with Antony and Octavian of the Second Triumvirate.
Livia. Third wife of Octavian.
Marius, Gaius. General and politician; Julius Caesar’s uncle by marriage.
Milo, Titus Annius. Politician, street fighter and enemy of Clodius.
Octavia. Sister of Octavian; later wife of Antony and mother of two daughters by him.
Octavian. Caesar’s great-nephew and heir; member of the Second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus and later the Emperor Augustus.
Piso, Calpurnius Lucius. Politician and Caesar’s father-in-law.
Pompeia. Granddaughter of Sulla and second wife of Julius Caesar.
Pompeius, Gnaeus. Elder son of Pompey the Great.
Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Great). Politician, general, “conqueror of the east,” member of the First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus, later leader of the republican army against Caesar.
Pompeius, Sextus. Younger son of Pompey the Great; opponent of the Second Triumvirate.
Rabirius Postumus. Roman banker who lent money to Cleopatra’s father, Auletes.
Scribonia. Relative of Sextus Pompeius, Octavian’s second wife and mother of their daughter, Julia.
Servilia. Caesar’s mistress and mother of Marcus Brutus.
Sosius, Gaius. Politician, general and ally of Antony.
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius. General and politician; the first man to bring the legions onto Rome’s streets; later dictator.
THE PTOLEMIES
Alexander Helios. Cleopatra VII’s elder son by Antony and twin brother of Cleopatra Selene.
Arsinoe. Younger half sister of Cleopatra VII.
Auletes (Ptolemy XII). Father of Cleopatra VII.
Berenike IV. Elder sister of Cleopatra VII.
Caesarion (Ptolemy XV of Egypt). Cleopatra VII’s son by Julius Caesar.
Cleopatra V. Wife of Ptolemy XII and probable mother of Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra VI. Elder sister of Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra VII. Final queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Cleopatra Selene. Cleopatra VII’s daughter by Antony and twin sister of Alexander Helios.
Ptolemy XIII. Younger half brother of Cleopatra VII and her co-ruler; killed during the Alexandrian War.
Ptolemy XIV. Younger half brother of Cleopatra VII, her co-ruler, probably killed on her orders.
Ptolemy Philadelphus. Cleopatra VII’s younger son by Antony.
THE PTOLEMAIC COURT
Achillas. Military commander, member of Ptolemy XIII’s regency council and chief instigator of the assassination of Pompey the Great.
Ganymedes. Eunuch, military commander and adviser to Arsinoe.
Charmion. Cleopatra’s waiting woman.
Iras. Cleopatra’s wait
ing woman. Some modern scholars have suggested that Iras’ name derives from the Greek word for wool and means “wool-head,” suggesting that Iras may have been black and perhaps from Nubia.
Pothinus. Eunuch and member of Ptolemy XIII’s regency council.
Sosigenes. Celebrated astronomer from the Museon of Alexandria.
Theodotus. Professor of rhetoric and member of Ptolemy XIII’s regency council.
JUDEANS
Alexandra. Friend of Cleopatra and mother-in-law of Herod.
Antigonus. Nephew of Hyrcanus of Judaea and usurper of his throne.
Antipater. Minister to Hyrcanus of Judaea and father of Herod and Phasael.
Aristobolus. Grandson of Hyrcanus and son of Alexandra; probably murdered by Herod.
Herod. Son of Antipater and appointed king of Judaea by the Roman Senate.
Hyrcanus. Ruler of Judaea and member of the priestly Hasmonaean dynasty.
Mariamme. Granddaughter of Hyrcanus, daughter of Alexandra and wife of Herod.
Phasael. Son of Antipater, brother of Herod.
OTHERS
Amyntas. Appointed ruler of Galatia by Antony.
Artavasdes. King of Armenia.
Artavasdes. King of Media.
Bogud. King of Mauretania.
Eunoe. Queen of Mauretania and Caesar’s mistress.
Eurycles. Ruler of Sparta and later ally of Octavian.
Glaphyra. A princess of Cappadocia and reputed mistress of Antony.
Juba II, Numidian prince, later made king of Mauretania. Husband of Cleopatra Selene.
Malchus. King of the Nabataean Arabs.
Mithridates. King of Pontus.
Mithridates. King of Pergamum.
Nicomedes. King of Bithynia.
Orodes. King of Parthia.
Pacorus. Son of Orodes of Parthia.
Pharnaces. King of Pontus and son of Mithridates of Pontus.
Phraates. Son of Orodes of Parthia, whom he later murdered to take the throne.
Polemo. Appointed ruler of Pontus by Antony.
Vercingetorix. Chieftain of the Gauls.
A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR
Diana Preston is an Oxford University–educated historian and author of Before the Fallout: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima, which won the 2006 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Science and Technology; Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy; The Boxer Rebellion; A First Rate Tragedy; and The Road to Culloden Moor. With her husband, Michael Preston, she has coauthored A Pirate of Exquisite Mind and Taj Mahal.
Table of Contents
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Map
Prologue
I. Dynasty of Eagles
1. Keeping It in the Family
2. Siblings and Sibylline Prophecies
II. Romulus’ Cesspit
3. The Race for Glory
4. “Odi et Amo”
5. Crossing the Rubicon
III. Queen of Egypt, Mistress of Rome
6. Like a Virgin
7. The Alexandrian War
8. “Veni, Vidi, Vici”
9. “Slave of the Times”
10. The Ides of March
IV. Isis Alone
11. “Flight of the Queen”
12. Ruler of the East
V. Taming Heracles
13. Mighty Aphrodite
14. “Give It to Fulvia”
15. Single Mother
16. “The Awful Calamity”
VI. Gods of the East
17. Sun and Moon
18. “Theatrical, Overdone and Anti-Roman”
19. “A Woman of Egypt”
20. The Battle of Actium
21. After Actium
22. Death on the Nile
23. “Too Many Caesars Is Not a Good Thing”
Postscript: “This Pair So Famous”
Acknowledgments
Appendix: Putting a Face to a Famous Name
Notes and Sources
Bibliography
Picture Credits
Who Was Who in the First Century BC