The Ocean of Life
Page 46
industrialization and, 40–41
with kites, 40
with longlines, 39–40, 49, 50, 315,322–23, 325, 345
Marine Stewardship Council and, 312–13, 314–15
with nets, 33–34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 54, 161, 178, 303, 315
overfishing, 47–48, 53, 55, 74, 79, 117, 128, 131, 175, 189, 210, 216, 218, 219, 221, 225, 226, 231–33, 239, 252, 260, 296–98, 300, 308, 313
politicians and, 56
quotas for, 308–9
regulation of, 49, 322
reserves and, 294–306
and size of animals, 51, 52
with traps, 31–32, 34
with trawlers and dredges, see trawling and dredging
fishmeal, 250–52
fish oil, 250–51, 252
flags of convenience, 329–30
flame retardants, 147, 148, 161
flatfish, 287
Florida, 127, 297
Flotsametrics (Ebbesmeyer), 152
fluoxetine, 146
Folger, Timothy, 58
food chain, 249–50
food production, 237
foraminifera, 107, 113–14, 221
fossil fuels, 7, 62–64, 107, 113, 273, 283, 336
fossils, 15, 17, 21–22, 25, 28, 111
France, 235–36, 345
Franklin, Benjamin, 58, 61
Frantzis, Alexandros, 169–70
fungi, 199–200, 206, 209
future, 317–18, 335–36, 338
Gadir, 34, 35–36
Galápagos Islands, 86, 110, 293
Galen, 37
Gandhi, Mahatma, 317
garbage, 156–57, 158, 266
garbage patches, 267
Garstang, Walter, 45
gas, 4, 140
exploration for, 168, 347
gene banks, 339
genetic engineering, 258
global warming, see climate change
goatfish, 194
Gough Island, 341
granite, 14, 15
Great Barrier Reef, 1–2, 5, 108
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 137
Great Lakes, 189
Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 267
greenhouse gases, 7, 16, 18, 57, 64–65, 71–72, 79, 92, 179, 273–74, 315,316, 337
see also carbon dioxide; methane
Greenland, 87, 93–94
groupers, 4, 32, 175, 184, 214, 228, 248,297, 300, 316, 319, 297, 300, 319
grunts, 4
Gulf of Maine, 201, 221, 258, 263–64
Gulf of Mexico, 121, 122, 135, 140, 221–22, 319, 325
artificial reefs in, 291
oil spills in, 133–36
Gulf Stream, 58, 60, 62, 66–67
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 203
gyres, 152–56, 158, 159, 162, 267
haddock, 38, 55, 87, 300, 302, 303, 307, 310
Haeckel, Ernst, 332
hake, 216, 315
halibut, 40, 43, 45, 248, 300, 307, 310
handfish, 194
Hanifaru Bay, 320–22
Hawaii, 128, 190, 245–46, 266, 268, 281
Hawkins, Julie, 1–2, 5, 81
heavy metals, 142, 143–44, 263
lead, 143, 257
mercury, 143–44, 163, 207, 257, 265
herpes, 203
herring, 38, 39, 40, 54–55, 87, 207, 215, 249, 252, 315
Herubel, Marcel, 243, 247
Heyerdahl, Thor, 156
Hilborn, Ray, 308
Hixon, Mark, 184
Holland, 95–96, 104
Holocene epoch, 194
Hoover Dam, 98
hormones, 142, 144–46, 172–73
Hoskins, Rebecca, 266
hot springs, 16
Houston, Tex., 99
Howes, Rupert, 312, 314
human evolution, 27–31
human population growth, 38, 95, 101, 214, 216–18, 237, 243, 248, 271, 315, 318, 334–38
Humber Estuary, 102
hunting, 7, 27–28, 30, 57
hurricanes, 279, 348–39
Katrina, 100, 237
Hussein, Saddam, 134
hydrogen sulfide, 17, 20, 73–75, 220, 235, 284
hydrophones, 171, 325
hydropower, 274, 276
ibuprofen, 146
ice:
cores, 67, 68
melting of, 93–94, 100, 190, 215, 349
ice ages, 2, 18, 31, 62–63, 90–91, 98, 234, 288, 340
Iceland, 240
immune system, 173, 202, 205, 207
Indian Ocean, 2
industrialization, 7, 217, 318
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 63, 65, 69, 92–94, 95, 104, 110, 277
International Maritime Organization, 180
invasive species, 7, 86, 164, 181–97, 226
aquaculture and, 186, 197, 257–58
extinctions and, 194
lionfish, 183–84, 186
at poles, 190–91
seaweeds, 185, 186–88, 226, 227, 258
ships and, 181–82, 184–86, 189–91, 197
successful, 188
iron, 18–19, 20, 116, 280–81
irrigation, 91, 218
Ischia, 105, 110, 117, 118, 221
Ixtoc oil spill, 134–35
Jack Hills, 11–12, 13
Japan, 50, 249, 292, 333
endangered species and, 328
tsunami and, 156, 320
Jefferson, Thomas, 61
jellyfish, 128–31, 216, 218–19, 221, 269,329, 337
john dory, 83
Kattegat, 303
kelp, 31, 32, 185, 299, 333
Kettering, Charles, 215
Kingman Reef, 342
Kleypas, Joanie, 107, 108
krill, 216, 253
Kuwait, 85
Lafferty, Kevin, 201, 202
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de, 80–81
Lamlash Bay, 294–95
lampreys, 189
land height, average, 14
lead, 143, 257
Leigh Marine Reserve, 298
Leopold, Aldo, 338
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 192
life, 288–90
abundance of, 288–89, 294, 316
beginnings of, 15–16
diversity of, 193, 196, 227, 288–89, 294, 303, 304, 316, 338–40, 343
limpets, 212
ling, 300
lionfish, 183–84, 186, 226
lobsters, 73, 107, 117, 302
London, England, 99, 119–20
Lubchenco, Jane, 77–78
Lucullus, 245
Lum, Henry, 90
Macinko, Seth, 311
mackerel, 55
magma, 14
mahi-mahi, 322–23
maigres, 175
Maldives, 85, 96–97, 98, 108, 317,320–22, 331
manatees, 127
mangrove trees, 31, 84, 90, 99, 101, 104, 134, 228, 259, 261, 263, 286, 292,293, 337
Manila Bay, 152
manta rays, 320–22, 331
Marcus Aurelius, 221
Marine Stewardship Council, 312–13,314–15
Martin, John, 280, 281
Maury, Matthew, 152–55
Maya civilization, 5
McCarthy, Jim, 65
McClenachan, Loren, 4
Mediterranean, 192–93, 329
menhaden, 46, 47, 249
mercury, 143–44, 163, 207, 257, 265
Mesopotamia, 5
metals, see heavy metals
meteorites, 13
methane, 16, 18, 25, 64, 68, 73, 113, 273
in Arctic Ocean, 94–95
Deepwater Horizon spill and, 140
Miami, Fla., 99
microbes, 16–17, 19, 20, 23, 75–76, 219, 234
Micronesia Challenge, 344
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 236
mining, 4
Miocene epoch, 24
Mississippi Delta, 98, 120–21, 136, 221
Molasses Reef, 297
Monterey Bay National MarineSanctuary, 137
Moon, 12–13, 14, 64
Moore, Charles, 158–59
Mount Pinatubo, 284, 285
movement of species, 80–89, 221
invasive, see invasive species
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 173
Muir, John, 223
mullet, 36, 193–94, 261
mussels, 51, 84, 107, 195–96, 248, 262
toxins and, 127, 147
Namibia, 73–74, 220
nanoparticles, 146–47
Native Americans, 32
natural disasters, 237, 348–49
Nature, 107
Nature Conservancy, 340
Nelson, Gaylord, 329
neutrinos, 171
New Bedford Harbor, 147
New Deal for the oceans, 287–306
New Orleans, La., 99–100
New York, N.Y., 99, 100
New York Times, 308
New Zealand, 292, 298
Nile, 122–23, 221
nitrogen, 20, 123, 126, 170, 218, 256,279–80
noise, see sound and noise
North Atlantic Drift, 60
North Sea, 82–84, 125, 132–33,221, 282
nuclear power, 273–74, 276
nuclear tests, 61
Nugues, Maggy, 207
ocean:
deep sea, 70, 75
depth of, 14
golden age of, 238–39
hills and valleys in, 154
levels, see sea levels
origin of, 13–14
size of, 15
surface waters, 70, 75
thermocline, 70, 75
volume of water in, 90–91
ocean fertilization scheme, 279–82
Ocean Nourishment Corporation, 281
oil, 4, 140, 151, 286, 349
exploration for, 168, 347
oil spills, 132–37, 180
“chocolate mousse” oil in, 134, 136
Deepwater Horizon, 133–36, 140,325, 349
Ixtoc, 134–35
from recreational boats, 136–37
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 21
Oppian, 34–35, 36
orange roughy, 299
Öresund, 302–3
organic fish, 315
OSPAR, 331–32
otters, 206
oxygen, 7, 19–24, 75–79, 112, 114, 117, 121, 123–26, 218, 222, 257, 269, 270, 289, 293, 337
anoxia and, 23, 73, 74, 79, 117–18, 120, 125–27, 221
photosynthesis and, 17–18, 20
oyster reefs, 293
oysters, 84, 107, 117, 127, 134–35, 186, 201, 230, 258, 299
toxins in, 127
ozone, 64
ozone hole, 284–85
Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum, 113, 274, 337
parasites, 183, 186, 189, 196, 202, 206,209–11, 253–54, 316
parks, 342–43
parrotfish, 1, 32, 174, 184, 227, 297
Patagonia, 82
Pauly, Daniel, 56, 314
PCBs, 137–38, 140–43, 145–48, 161–63,207, 263
penguins, 65, 82, 253
periwinkles, 182
Permian period, 25, 26, 79, 82, 107, 274
Persistent organic pollutants, 138–43
pesticides, 140, 253, 256, 263
DDT, 138, 140, 142, 143, 147, 148, 207, 257, 263–65
Petit, Vincent, 235–36
Pew Global Ocean Legacy, 340
pharmaceuticals, 146–47, 265, 349
Philippines, 103, 231–32, 257, 261, 284, 293, 295–96
Phoenicians, 34, 36
phosphorus, 126, 218, 256, 270, 279–80
photosynthesis, 104, 112, 115, 220
oxygen and, 17–18, 20
sulfur and, 20–21
phthalates, 161–62
Physical Geography of the Sea, The (Maury), 152–53
pilchards (sardines), 74, 201, 203, 204, 252, 315
Pilkey, Orrin, 103
Pinnacle Point, 29–30
plaice, 55, 247, 300, 303, 315
plankton, 7, 54, 70, 73–76, 83–84, 88, 107, 114–17, 123, 125, 186, 218–20, 234, 262, 270–71
blooms of, 120, 123, 125–18, 221, 256–57, 269–71, 280, 337
coccolithophores, 107, 114–15, 221
diatoms, 122
oil spills and, 135
plastic and, 159, 162–63
toxic, 127–28
Planktos, 281
plants, vascular, 23–24
plastic, 7, 148, 149–64, 221, 263–68, 338
animals’ entanglement in, 161, 269
animals’ ingestion of, 159–61, 162–63
backlash against, 266
bags, 266, 268
bath toys, 149, 152, 156
breakdown of, 268
in cosmetics, 162–63, 265–66, 349
dumped from ships, 268–69
microplastics, 162–63, 265–66, 268, 349
as power source, 268
sea grass, 290, 292–93
toxic compounds in, 161–63
Playa del Coco, 323
Pleistocene epoch, 194
Pliny the Elder, 37
polar bears, 65, 82, 87
polar regions, 65–66, 86–87
acidification at, 110–11
alien species at, 190–91
see also Antarctica; Arctic Ocean
politicians, 56, 318
pollock, 111, 300
pollution, 5, 7, 132–48, 207, 217–18,235–36, 239, 253, 257, 259, 298
BFRs, 145–46
body fat and, 141–42
control of, 263–72
fertilizers, 7, 120, 122, 125, 209–10, 218, 235, 237, 263, 269, 337
flame retardants, 147, 148, 161
heavy metals, see heavy metals
invasive species and, 188
nanoparticles, 146–47
oil spills, see oil spills
PCBs, 137–38, 140–43, 145–48, 161–63, 207, 263
pesticides, see pesticides
pharmaceuticals, 146–47, 265, 349
plastic, see plastic
POPs, 138–43
trawling and dredging and, 264
polyethylene, 163
POPs, 138–43
porpoises, 47, 275
hunting of, 204
portfolio effect, 304, 338–39
power generation, 274–77, 283
wave, 276–77, 279
wind, 173, 274–76, 345
prawns, 55, 117, 216, 248, 259–60, 300,313–14, 315
Primavera, Jurgenne, 261
protected areas, 289, 294–306, 319, 320, 322, 326–27, 340–46
Prozac, 146
pteropods, 107, 111
pyrite, 22
Quaternary period, 194
rays, 224, 320–22, 331
Red Sea, 192
red tides, 127–28, 329
reefs:
artificial, 290–93
coral, see coral reefs
oyster, 293
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations, 309, 327, 329, 330
Remengesau, Tommy, 344
reproduction, 51–52, 84, 298–99
reptiles, 24
reserves, 289, 294–306, 319, 320, 322,326–27, 340–46
river deltas, 91–93, 98–101, 136, 218, 221
rivers, 91
rocks:
basalt, 13, 14
granite, 14, 15
oldest, 15
silicate, 283
Roman Empire, 38
Roosevelt, Theodore, 61
Rose, George, 304
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, 59, 60–61
Russ, Garry, 295
Russell, William, 105
Safina, Carl, 136
saithe, 54
Salm, Rod, 340
salmon, 38, 39, 46, 47, 246, 250, 251, 258, 303–4, 315, 322
farming of, 246–49, 253–54, 256
genetic engineering of,
258
salt, 59–62, 67, 288
salt marshes, 259, 286, 292, 293
San Francisco Bay, 185–86, 221
sardines (pilchards), 74, 201, 203, 204,252, 315
Sargasso Sea, 154–56, 163
sawfishes, 3, 53
scallops, 55, 117, 224, 262, 295, 300, 312, 313–14, 315
Scotland, 83, 98, 182, 254, 256, 301
Firth of Clyde, 42, 53–55, 221, 294–95, 303, 314
Scott, Peter, 81
sea anemones, 116
sea bass, 50, 233, 248, 249, 315
sea bream, 36
sea cucumbers, 261–62
sea fans, 198–200, 209, 210
sea grasses, 118, 128, 187–88, 201, 212, 215, 226, 286, 292–93, 299
plastic, 290, 292–93
sea lamprey, 189
sea lettuce, 235
sea levels, 7, 14, 90–104, 136, 221, 259, 288, 337–38
Maldives and, 96–97, 98, 317
Tuvalu and, 96, 98
see also coasts
sea lice, 253, 254
sea lions, 161, 204–5, 206, 269
sea otters, 206
seals, 30, 65, 201, 204–5, 253, 319, 333
diseases and, 205
hunting of, 204
plastic and, 160
Seaman, Owen, 229
sea ranching, 292
Seattle, Wash., 235
sea urchins, 117, 200, 202–4, 299
seawalls, 95, 98, 100, 101, 131, 188, 290, 292, 316–17, 338
seaweeds, 125, 128, 182, 225, 235–36, 269, 329
invasive, 185, 186–88, 226, 227, 258
sediment, 91, 98, 99, 104, 225, 226, 259, 264, 271, 273, 299
Semiletov, Igor, 94–95
Seneca, 37
Severn Barrage, 276
sewage, 7, 119–20, 200, 209, 265, 269,270, 337
sharks, 2, 4, 32, 76, 78, 217, 224, 233, 315, 320, 322, 333
basking, 47, 54
blue, 53
early, 23–24
whitetip, 3, 323
shellfish, 7, 28, 29, 117
toxins in, 127
shifting baseline syndrome, 4, 48, 214
ships and boats, 325–26
diseases and, 202–3
dumping from, 268–69
invasive species and, 181–82, 184–86, 189–91, 197
noise from, 166, 171, 172, 175, 177–80
oil from, 136–37
shoals, 215
shrimp, 107, 175
farming of, 254–55, 261
Silent World, The (Cousteau), 166
silicates, 283
silver, 147
Sirikit, Queen, 291
skates, 3, 299–300, 313, 300, 313
Smith, John, 42
snails, 195
snappers, 4, 47, 297, 298
soil erosion, 91
sole, 52, 303
sonar, 168, 169–70, 178
sound and noise, 7, 164, 165–80
from boats and ships, 166, 171, 172,175, 177–80
communication and, 171–72
echolocation and, 178
sound and noise
feeding and, 177
frequency and, 168
in global warming tracking, 170–71
from seismic exploration, 168, 347
sonar, 168, 169–70, 178
from wind farms, 173
Soviet Union, 50, 269