Alexander Hamilton

by Chernow, Ron

  37. The Minerva, and Mercantile Evening Advertiser, December 12, 1796.

  38. PAH, vol. 20, p. 42.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. xiv.

  41. PAH, vol. 18, p. 471, letter to James Nicholson, July 20, 1795.

  42. Ibid., p. 473, letter to James Nicholson, July 20, 1795.

  43. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 143.

  44. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 537, letter from James Hamilton, June 12, 1793.

  45. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 503, letter to Robert Troup, July 25, 1795.

  46. Ibid.

  47. Ibid., p. 505.

  48. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 13.

  49. LC-AHP, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.

  50. PAH, vol. 18, p. 481, “The Defence No. I,” July 22, 1795.

  51. Ibid., p. 478, letter from George Washington, July 29, 1795.

  52. Ibid., p. 524, letter from George Washington, July 20, 1795.

  53. Ibid., p. 493, “The Defence No. II,” July 25, 1795.

  54. Ibid., p. 498.

  55. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 75, “Horatius No. II,” July 1795.

  56. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 526, “Address on the Jay Treaty,” July 30, 1795.

  57. Ibid., p. 527, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 30, 1795.

  58. Ibid., p. 513, “The Defence No. III,” July 29, 1795.

  59. Ibid.

  60. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 102, “Philo Camillus No. II,” August 7, 1795.

  61. Ibid., p. 96, “The Defence No. V,” August 5, 1795. 62. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 357.

  63. PAH, vol. 19, p. 172, “The Defence No. X,” August 26, 1795.

  64. Ibid, p. 174.

  65. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 436. 66. PAH, vol. 18, p. 478.

  67. Ibid.

  68. Wills, James Madison, p. 42.

  69. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 454.

  70. PAH, vol. 20, p. 13, “The Defence No. XXX,” January 6, 1796.

  71. McCullough, John Adams, p. 459.

  72. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 315.

  73. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 143.

  74. PAH, vol. 20, p. 68, letter to George Washington, March 7, 1796.

  75. Ibid., p. 83, letter to George Washington, March 28, 1796.

  76. Ibid., p. 89, letter to George Washington, March 29, 1796.

  77. Ibid., p. 113, letter to Rufus King, April 15, 1796. 78. Smith, Patriarch, p. 264.

  79. PAH, vol. 20, p. 133, “To the Citizens Who Shall Be Convened This Day in the Fields in the City of New York,” April 22, 1796.

  80. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 138.

  81. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 350.

  82. Wills, James Madison, p. 42.

  83. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 364.

  84. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 138.

  85. PAH, vol. 20, p. 104, letter from George Washington, March 31, 1796.

  10. PAH, vol. 21, p. 451, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, April 28, 1798.

  11. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 324, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., April 10, 1795.

  12. Ibid., p. 511, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 28, 1795.

  13. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 295, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., September 26, 1795.

  14. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 236, letter to George Washington, September 4, 1795.

  15. LC-WPP, reel 2, letter from William Plumer to Jeremiah Smith, February 19, 1796.

  16. PAH, vol. 19, p. 356, letter from George Washington, October 29, 1795.

  17. Ibid., p. 395, letter to George Washington, November 5, 1795.

  18. Smith, Patriarch, p. 252.

  19. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 359.

  20. PAH, vol. 20, p. 239, letter from George Washington, June 26, 1796.

  21. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 111.

  22. PAH, vol. 20, pp. 173–74, letter from George Washington, May 10, 1796.

  23. Smith, Patriarch, p. 267.

  24. PAH, vol. 20, p. 293, letter from George Washington, August 10, 1796.

  25. Grafton, Declaration of Independence and Other Great Documents of American History, p. 53. 26. PAH, vol. 20, p. 164, letter from George Washington, May 8, 1796.

  27. Ibid., p. 282, “Draft of Washington’s Farewell Address,” July 30, 1796.

  28. Ibid., p. 280.

  29. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 119.

  30. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 160.

  31. Ibid., p. 126.

  32. PAH, vol. 20, p. 172.

  33. Ibid., p. 173.

  34. Ibid., p. 172.

  35. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 303.

  36. Wills, James Madison, p. xvii.

  37. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 440. 38. Callender, History of the United States for 1796, p. 208.

  39. Ferling, John Adams, p. 326.

  40. PAH, vol. 20, p. 376, letter to an unnamed recipient, November 8, 1796.

  41. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 193, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.

  42. MHi-TPP, reel 51, p. 133.

  43. PAH, vol. 25, p. 196, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.

  44. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 540.

  45. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 176.

  46. McCullough, John Adams, p. 463.

  47. PAH, vol. 25, p. 195.

  48. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 27.

  49. Smith, Patriarch, p. 284.

  50. PAH, vol. 12, pp. 504–5, “Catullus No. III,” Gazette of the United States, September 29, 1792. 51. “Phocion No. IV,” Gazette of the United States, October 19, 1796.

  52. “Phocion No. IX,” Gazette of the United States, October 25, 1796.

  53. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 287.

  54. Ibid., p. 296.

  55. “Phocion No. I,” Gazette of the United States, October 14, 1796.

  56. Ibid.

  57. “Phocion No. II,” Gazette of the United States, October 15, 1796.

  58. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 158.

  59. “Phocion No. I,” Gazette of the United States, October 14, 1796.

  60. “Phocion No. II,” Gazette of the United States, October 15, 1796.

  61. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 352.

  62. “Phocion No. II,” Gazette of the United States, October 15, 1796.

  63. Ibid.

  64. “Phocion No. VI,” Gazette of the United States, October 21, 1796.

  65. PAH, vol. 12, p. 510, “Catullus No. III,” Gazette of the United States, September 29, 1792.

  66. “Phocion No. VIII,” Gazette of the United States, October 24, 1796.

  67. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 394.

  68. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4,

  pp. 163–64.

  69. McCullough, John Adams, p. 464.

  70. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 440.

  71. Ibid.

  72. PAH, vol. 20, p. 515, letter to Rufus King, February 15, 1797.

  73. Ibid., p. 465, letter from Stephen Higginson, January 12, 1797.

  12. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 122.

  13. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 46.

  14. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 207.

  15. Ferling, John Adams, p. 440.

  16. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 97.

  17. Ferling, John Adams, p. 159.

  18. Ibid., p. 19.

  19. Ibid., p. 233.

  20. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 60.

  21. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 3, p. 598.

  22. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 217; Adams, Old Family Letters, p. 164.

  23. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 53.

  24. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 138.

  25. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 57.

  26. McCullough, John Adams, p. 373.

  27. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 146.

  28. Ferli
ng, John Adams, p. 312.

  29. Ibid.

  30. McCullough, John Adams, p. 48.

  31. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 116.

  32. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. vii.

  33. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 19.

  34. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 31; Adams, Statesman and Friend, p. 116; Gerlach, Proud Patriot, p. 400.

  35. Pickering, Review of the Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 156.

  36. Adams, Old Family Letters, pp. 163–64.

  37. Ferling, John Adams, p. 360.

  38. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 62.

  39. Adams, Old Family Letters, pp. 163–64.

  40. Adams, Statesman and Friend, pp. 157–58.

  41. Ferling, John Adams, p. 429.

  42. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 166.

  43. Ibid., p. 176.

  44. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 62.

  45. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 183.

  46. McCullough, John Adams, p. 471.

  47. PAH, vol. 25, p. 214, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.

  48. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 598.

  49. Ferling, John Adams, p. 424.

  50. PAH, vol. 25, p. 183.

  51. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.

  52. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 329.

  53. Ferling, John Adams, pp. 316–17.

  54. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 326.

  55. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 131.

  56. McCullough, John Adams, p. 526.

  38. PAH, vol. 21, p. 238, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Ibid., p. 240.

  41. Ibid., p. 243.

  42. Ibid., pp. 244–45.

  43. Ibid., p. 239.

  44. Ibid., pp. 243–44.

  45. Ibid., p. 267.

  46. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, p. 12.

  47. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 208.

  48. NYHS-RTP, letter from Robert Troup to Rufus King, September 3, 1797.

  49. CU-HPPP, box 272, letter from William Loughton Smith to Rufus King, December 14, 1797.

  50. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 408.

  51. PAH, vol. 21, p. 140.

  52. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 33.

  53. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 713.

  54. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 33.

  55. PAH, vol. 21, p. 139.

  56. McCullough, John Adams, p. 480.

  57. MHi-TPP, reel 51, pp. 164–65.

  58. McCullough, John Adams, p. 493.

  59. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 159. 60. Fleming, Duel, p. 360.

  61. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, pp. 208–9.

  62. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 161.

  63. PAH, vol. 21, p. 214, letter from George Washington, August 21, 1797.

  64. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 59.

  65. PAH, vol. 21, p. 259, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.

  66. Ibid., p. 159, letter from Abraham B. Venable, July 10, 1797.

  67. Ibid., p. 157, letter to James Monroe, July 10, 1797.

  68. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 30.

  69. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 12.

  70. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 106.

  71. Ibid., p. 168.

  72. PAH, vol. 21, p. 160, “David Gelston Account of a Meeting Between Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe,” July 11, 1797.

  73. Ibid.

  74. Ibid.

  75. Ibid.

  76. Ibid.

  77. Aurora General Advertiser, July 17, 1797. 78. PAH, vol. 21, pp. 180–81, letter to James Monroe, July 21, 1797.

  79. Ibid., p. 186, letter to James Monroe, July 25, 1797. 80. PAH, vol. 21, p. 201.

  81. Ibid., p. 202.

  82. Ibid., p. 211.

  83. Ibid., p. 317.

  84. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 434. 85. PAH, vol. 21, p. 286, letter to George Washington, August 28, 1797.

  86. Aurora General Advertiser, September 19, 1797. 87. PAH, vol. 21, p. 163, letter from John B. Church, July 13, 1797. The word scoundrels appears in brackets because Hamilton’s editors guessed at the difficult-to-decipher word.

  88. Aurora General Advertiser, September 19, 1797. 89. PAH, vol. 21, p. 164, letter from John B. Church, July 13, 1797.

  90. Ibid., p. 175, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 19, 1797.

  91. Ibid., p. 177, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 21, 1797.

  92. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, pp. 417–18.

  93. Ibid.

  94. PAH, vol. 21, p. 295.

  95. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 294, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, September 12, 1797.

  96. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Dr. David Hosack to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 1, 1833. 97. Ibid.

  98. PAH, vol. 25, p. 436.

  99. Ibid.

  13. Ellis, Founding Brothers, pp. 188–89.

  14. PAH, vol. 21, p. 99, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 6, 1797.

  15. Ibid., vol. 20, p. 558, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 30, 1797.

  16. Harcourt, Memoirs of Madame de la Tour du Pin, p. 248.

  17. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 75.

  18. Ibid., p. 195.

  19. Smith, John Marshall, p. 198.

  20. Ibid., p. 226.

  21. PAH, vol. 21, p. 365, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 17, 1798.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Ferling, John Adams, p. 354.

  24. PAH, vol. 21, p. 371, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 25, 1798.

  25. The New Republic, July 2, 2001.

  26. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 329.

  27. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 196.

  28. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 588.

  29. Smith, John Marshall, p. 227.

  30. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 149; Ketcham, James Madison, p. 392.

  31. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 67.

  32. PAH, vol. 21, p. 432, “The Stand No. V,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 16, 1798.

  33. Ibid., p. 442, “The Stand No. VII,” The [New Yo r k ] Commercial Advertiser, April 21, 1798.

  34. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 186.

  35. PAH, vol. 21, p. 436, “The Stand No. VI,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 19, 1798.

  36. Wood, American Revolution, p. 106.

  37. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, p. 456.

  38. Wills, James Madison, p. 62.

  39. Ferling, John Adams, p. 355.

  40. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.

  41. Lind, Hamilton’s Republic, p. 136.

  42. PAH, vol. 21, p. 462, letter to James McHenry, May 17, 1798.

  43. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 169.

  44. PAH, vol. 21, p. 435, “The Stand No.VI,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 19, 1798.

  45. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 330.

  46. PAH, vol. 21, p. 482, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, June 3, 1798.

  47. Ibid., p. 496, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, June 8, 1798.

  48. Ibid., p. 434, letter from John Jay, April 19, 1798.

  Twenty-eight: Spare Cassius

  1. PAH, vol. 20, p. 515, letter to Rufus King, February 15, 1797.

  2. CU-JCHP, box 20.

  3. PAH, vol. 18, p. 397, letter from William Bradford, July 2, 1795.

  4. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 343.

  5. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 381.

  6. King, Life and
Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 98.

  7. PAH, vol. 20, p. 353, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, October 25, 1796.

  8. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 225.

  9. Gottschalk, Letters of Lafayette to Washington, p. 363.

  Twenty-nine: The Man in the Glass Bubble

  1. McCullough, John Adams, p. 414.

  2. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 50.

  3. Ferling, John Adams, p. 98.

  4. McCullough, John Adams, p. 106.

  5. Ferling, John Adams, p. 203.

  6. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 440.

  7. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 695.

  8. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, p. 293.

  9. Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 64. 10. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 67. 11. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 123.

  Thirty: Flying Too Near the Sun

  1. PAH, vol. 21, p. 79, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.

  2. Ibid., pp. 78–79.

  3. Ibid., p. 78.

  4. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 227.

  5. PAH, vol. 18, p. 287, letter to Angelica Church, March 6, 1795.

  6. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 24, 1795.

  7. Menz, Historic Furnishing Report, p. 65.

  8. PAH, vol. 20, p. 56, letter from Angelica Church, February 19, 1796.

  9. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 108.

  10. PAH, vol. 20, p. 236, letter to Angelica Church, June 25, 1796.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 266, letter to Angelica Church, October 2, 1791.

  13. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 9, 1796.

  14. NYHS-RTP, letter from Robert Troup to Rufus King, June 3, 1797.

  15. PAH, vol. 21, p. 259, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.

  16. Ibid., p. 149, letter to John Fenno, July 6, 1797. 17. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 331. 18. Ibid., p. 470.

  19. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 319; Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 132.

  20. Callender, History of the United States for 1796, p. 204.

  21. Ibid., p. 205.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Ibid., p. 220.

  25. Ibid., p. 222.

  26. Ibid., p. 207.

  27. “Phocion No. IV,” Gazette of the United States, October 19, 1796.

  28. PAH, vol. 21, p. 132.

  29. Ibid.

  30. Ibid., p. 133.

  31. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, p. 30.

  32. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 335.

  33. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 317.

  34. PAH, vol. 21, p. 145, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 3, 1797.

  35. Ibid., p. 194, letter from Jeremiah Wadsworth, August 2, 1797.