The Invisible Emperor
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surrender of, xviii
French Revolution, 5, 34, 157–58
Gabelle fort, 249, 250
Garciá Marquez, Gabriel, 285n
Gazette de France, 192
General in His Labyrinth, The (Garciá Marquez), 285n
Genoa, 187, 252
Ghent, Treaty of, 188
Golfe-Juan, France, 217, 218, 263, 269
Napoleon’s landing at, 248–51
Gopnik, Adam, 304n, 307n
Gorgona Island, 230, 234, 246
Gottmann, Major, 110–11
Gourgaud, Gaspard, Baron, 128–29, 245, 249–50, 295n
Grasse, France, 251
Grasshopper, HMS, 115, 122
Grattan, Henry, 236–37, 237n, 239–40
Great Britain:
and choice of Elba for Napoleon’s exile, 8, 287n–88n
cost of Napoleonic Wars to, 289n, 305n
Great St. Bernard Pass, 55
Greece, in war with Algiers, 137
Grenoble, 189, 261, 269
Gualandi (mayor of Rio), 66
Guizot, François, 145–46
Hazareesingh, Sudhir, 268
Herold, J. Christopher, 278, 279, 315n
Hitler, Adolf, 272
Hobhouse, John Cam, 61, 194–95, 295n, 320n
on Campbell’s character, 264–65
on Napoleon’s ordinariness, 26
Hobsbawm, Eric, 292n
Holland, Baroness, 166
House of Commons, British, 330n
Hugo, Victor, 269, 270
Hundred Days, 19, 267, 268
Hurault de Sorbée, Captain, 131–32
Hussey, Andrew, 314n
Hyde de Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, Baron, 113–14
Campbell’s meeting with, 168
on possibility of Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 168–69
Imperial Guard, 62–63
see also Old Guard
Inconstant (corvette), 24, 32, 75, 80, 82, 91, 110, 131, 132, 134, 185–86, 199, 204, 206, 213–14, 221, 223, 226, 236, 240, 251, 304n
in escape from Elba, 228–29, 230–35
food supplies loaded onto, 209
guns and shells loaded onto, 168, 175
near wreck of, 186–87, 320n
repairs to, 196
Tunisian corsair’s contact with, 153, 172
Zéphir’s encounter with, 233–34, 325n
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 29
islands, as exile sites, 10, 289n–90n
Italy, Campbell’s trips to, 112–16, 133–34, 137–38, 141, 153, 167, 183, 187, 202–3, 208–11, 221, 252–53, 264
Jerzmanowski, Colonel, 234, 250, 264
Joséphine, Empress of the French, 18, 90, 120
death of, 83–84, 88, 128, 134, 311n–12n
extravagance of, 315n
final correspondence of Napoleon and, 84
Napoleon’s divorce from, 42–43
Journal des débats, 85, 87
Junot, Madame, 84
Knights of the Faith, 145, 314n
Koller, Baron of Austria, 14, 70, 183, 187
Kundztow, 200
Łączyński, Teodor, 136
Laffrey, France, 261–62, 269, 329n
Lamouret, Captain, 249
French capture of, 250–51
Lapi, Dr., 66, 216, 227–28, 274
Campbell’s meeting with, 237–38
Las Cases, Emmanuel de, 269, 284n
Leclerc, Charles, 291n
Leipzig, battle of, 295n, 305n
Letizia, 90
Ligurian coast, 246, 264
as Napoleon’s possible destination, 174, 240
Lilti, Antoine, 314n
Liverpool, Lord, 268, 284n, 287n–88n, 319n
Livorno, 97–98, 108, 113, 115, 133, 141, 168, 171–72, 202, 203, 209, 217, 221, 230, 231, 239–40, 252, 256
London, peace celebration in, 86
London Gazette, 109, 167, 309n
London Times, 264
Louis XVI, King of France, 5
execution of, 192, 287n
Louis XVIII, King of France, 5, 69, 87, 113, 118, 143, 145–46, 154, 169, 172, 190, 192, 275, 300n–301n
ailments of, 142
caricatures of, 63
Constitutional Charter granted by, 144, 147, 314n
as constitutional monarch, 61
in England, 59–60
entry into Paris of, 61–63, 301n
first post-coronation public appearance of, 146–47
in flight from Paris, 255
and Fontainebleau treaty terms, 289n
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 254, 257, 258
payment of Napoleon’s promised pension denied by, 147, 164
and possibility of Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 174
returned to French throne, 268
in 1791 flight from France, 59
see also Bourbon restoration
Louvre, 25
Lucca, 113
Macdonald, Marshal, 254
MacKenzie, Norman, 301n, 306n–7n, 318n, 323n, 324n, 326n, 327n
Macnamara, John, Napoleon’s meeting with, 194–95
Macpherson, James, 291n
Madame Mère, see Bonaparte, Letizia
Malmaison, Château de, 43, 83–84
Mameluke mercenaries, as part of Napoleon’s Elba forces, 77
Marat, Jean-Paul, 287n
Marchand (valet), 157, 219, 235, 245, 248
Marciana, Elba, 31, 105, 122, 135, 136
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 277–78
Maret, Hugues-Bernard, duc de Bassano, 201
Maria Ludovica, Empress Consort of Austria, 43
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 42, 118, 287n
Marie-Caroline, Queen of Naples, 118
Marie Louise, Empress of the French (Duchess of Parma), 3, 6, 73, 116
at Aix-des-Bains, 120–21, 130–31
Bertrand’s letter to, 118
childhood of, 42
correspondence of Napoleon and, 17–18, 25, 41, 44, 46–47, 70, 104, 117, 118–19, 121, 129, 130–31, 132, 135, 267
death of, 272
honeymoon of, 45
Italian territorial claims of, 17, 46, 163–64, 270
Joseph Bonaparte’s reported sexual advances on, 47, 298n
last letter to Napoleon from (undelivered), 181–82
letters to Francis from, 270
and Napoleon’s abdication, 287n
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 258
and Napoleon’s surrender terms, 17
Neipperg as escort to, 120–21, 130–31, 132, 138
Neipperg’s affair with, 161–62
Neipperg’s marriage to, 271
in Parma, 271–72
planned escape to Elba blocked by, 132
pregnancy and childbirth of, 45–46
in return to Vienna, 161–62
in trip to Aix-les-Bains, 119–20
in Vienna, 117–18
wedding of Napoleon and, 45, 298n
as wishing to avoid marriage with Napoleon, 43, 297n
Marie-Therèse, Madame Royale, 147
Mariotti, François Antoine, 184, 190, 214, 232, 233, 325n
intelligence on Napoleon’s Elba activities gathered by, 171–72
Oil Merchant’s reports to, 252, 318n
Marmont, Auguste de, xviii, 71
“Marseillaise,” 157, 229, 261
Marseille, 127–28, 217
Marx, Karl, 297n
Masséna, André, 197
Mauvaises pensées et autres (Valéry), 277
Maxwell
, Montgomery, 139, 140–41
Medici, Cosimo de’, 38, 49
Melpomène, 190, 230, 231, 232
Méneval, Claude François, baron de, 73, 118, 120, 123, 130, 131, 161–62, 258, 260
Metternich, Klemens von, 6, 8, 17–18, 43–44, 83, 120, 132, 161, 162, 172, 257, 286n, 297n, 305n
at Congress of Vienna, 164
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 256–57
Michelet, Jules, 298n
Mind of Napoleon, The (Herold, ed.), 278
Miniaci, Contessa, 113–14, 134, 141, 202
Moniteur, 87, 192
Montcabrié, Captain, 24, 75, 77
Monte Orello, 54–55
Montesquiou, Madame de, 118
Montholon, Charles Tristan, marquis de, 285n
Mouche, 80, 196, 213
Mulini palace (Napoleon’s Portoferraio residence), 48–49, 50, 67, 70, 75, 76, 93, 123, 128, 156, 157, 159, 183, 194, 205, 225, 227
garden at, 102
library of, 103–4
Napoleon’s final evening at, 219
Napoleon’s move to, 73
renovation of, 102–4
Murat, Joachim, 8, 32, 91, 137, 172, 185–86, 197, 297n
fall and execution of, 270–71
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 221, 223–24, 226, 232, 240, 241, 250, 251, 252, 258
recruiting efforts of, 115
Nancy, France, 142
Naples, Kingdom of, 114, 115, 251
as Napoleon’s possible destination, 240–41
in war with Algiers, 137
“Napoleon: The Man of the World” (Emerson), 266
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, ix
abdication of, xviii–xix, 4, 59, 60–61, 286n–87n
assassination attempts against, 16, 145, 297n
assassination fears of, 16, 22, 23, 38, 74, 188
budgets and fiscal planning of, 315n
Corsica as fallback destination of, 218
death of, 269–70
in departure from Fontainebleau, 18–19, 77
disguises adopted by, 23
Egyptian campaign of, 18, 25–26, 106, 308n–9n
health of, 27, 295n
in Hundred Days, 19, 267, 268
in journey to Fréjus, 20–26
Louis XVIII’s refusal to pay promised pension of, 164
as mythic figure, xix–xx, 268–69, 270
portraits and caricatures of, 28–29, 60, 295n
San Martino villa of, 105–7, 158, 159
self-image of, 277–80
and siege of Toulon, 34
southern French antipathy to, 22–23
suicide attempt of, 3, 284n–85n
surrender terms of, 5–6, 9–10, 17, 283n–84n
in surrender to British after Waterloo, 268
Tuscan recruiting efforts of, 138
value of public opinion understood by, 78
as voracious reader, 103–4, 277, 308n
in voyage to Elba, 27–33
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, on Elba:
Algerians and, 137–38
arrival at, 37–41
back taxes demanded by, 99–100, 133–34, 152, 167
Britain praised by, 15, 79, 173, 291n
British visitors’ meetings with, 173
and Campbell’s trips to Italy, 133, 137–38
cheating on games by, 125
Corsicans and, 156
daily routine of, 123–26
details of escape plan revealed to inner circle by, 217
in discourses to Campbell on military matters, 70–71, 139
Elbans’ diminished respect for, 152
escape plans of, 196–97, 204, 209, 212–15, 216
exploratory rides of, 55–56
favorite horses greeted by, 78–79
in final evening at Mulini, 219
financial problems of, 151–52, 175, 198
and Fleury’s report on French unrest, 201–2, 204
Forty-fifth birthday celebration of, 135
and George III’s birthday celebration, 91–92
government organized by, 66–67
in hunt for country residence, 104–5
imperial chamberlains named by, 66
imperial palace of, see Mulini palace
imperial stables of, 74
and Inconstant’s arrival, 75
increasing inactivity and isolation of, 154–55, 196, 198
increasing opposition to, 100–101
in interactions with ordinary people, xx
Italian landing rejected by, 217
and Joséphine’s death, 128–29, 311n–12n
lazaretto crisis and, 97–98, 307n–8n
Maxwell’s meeting with, 140–41
military forces of, 77, 79–82, 304n
as obsessed with details, 56, 110
Old Guard battalion expected by, 73–74, 76
and Old Guard’s arrival, 77, 79–80
and Pauline’s first visit, 90–91
Pianosa “conquered” by, 72–73
and Pianosa resettlement, 110–11
and plans to bring Marie Louise to Elba, 132, 138
Portoferraio town hall as temporary residence of, 37, 40–41, 48
relentless activity of, 54, 56, 65, 109–10, 111, 301n
at San Cristino feast, 88–89
as tourist attraction, 139
in visit to Dryade, 77–78
in visit to Monte Orello, 54–55
in visit to Rio mines, 50–53
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, in escape from Elba, 243–45
in departure from Portoferraio, 229, 230, 326n
farewell speech to Elbans by, 225
first day of, 230–35
flotilla of, 228–29, 251
France vs. Italy as destination of, 323n
Inconstant boarded by, 228
in last last speech before Golfe-Juan landing, 248
proclamations issued by, 244–45
troops of, 228
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, in march on Paris, 267
“Flight of the Eagle” in, 269
and French capture of Lamouret’s troops, 250–51
Golfe-Juan landing of, 248–51, 259
in Laffrey confrontation, 261–62, 269, 329n
rallying of French soldiers to, 262
Napoleon II, King of Rome, 3, 46, 104, 119, 130, 131, 162, 176, 181–82, 260, 267, 271–72
death of, 272
and Napoleon’s abdication, 286n–87n
Napoleonic wars:
cost to Great Britain of, 289n, 305n
death toll from, xix, 284n
Need for Roots, The (Weil), 267
Neipperg, Adam von, 161, 260
death of, 271
in defeat of Murat, 270
Marie Louise’s affair with, 161–62
as Marie Louise’s escort, 120–21, 130–31, 132, 138
Marie Louise’s marriage to, 271
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 258
Ney, Michel, xix, 254, 273
Nile, battle of the, 218
Oil Merchant (code name), 214, 216
in attempt to leave Elba, 226–27
in departure from Elba, 252
as French spy on Elba, 170–72, 195, 206, 252, 318n
heightened atmosphere on Elba noted by, 206–7
Napoleon’s escape reported by, 252
Old Guard, 16, 19, 73–74, 76, 106–7
as core of Napoleon’s Elban army, 77, 79–80, 81, 206
in escape from Elba, 228
loyalty to Napoleon of, 101
in march to Paris, 249
see also Imperial Guard
O’Meara, Barry, 287n
Orange, France, 22–23
Ossian, 15, 291n
Ovid, 290n
Palmaiola Island, 199, 202, 209, 214, 222, 224, 321n
Paris:
in 1814 capitulation to allies, xvii–xix, 284n
English visitors to, 143
Louis XVIII’s entry into, 61–63
Louis XVIII’s flight from, 255
Napoleon’s entry into, 264
Napoleon’s march on, see Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, in march on Paris
Place de Concorde in, 287n
reaction to Napoleon’s escape in, 254–55
return to normalcy in, 83
royalist émigrés’ return to, 143
Paris, Treaty of (1814), 84–86, 163, 260, 305n
Paris National Guard, xvii, 283n
Parma, 117, 271–72
Marie Louise as Duchess of, 17, 46, 163–64, 270, 271–72
Partridge, HMS, 108, 195, 202–3, 204, 213–14, 217, 221–22, 224, 229, 231, 253, 263
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 236, 240–41, 246–47
Paul I, Tsar of Russia, xix
Pauline, Princess of Borghese, 23, 76, 89, 103, 104, 129, 173, 185–86, 196, 204, 209, 219, 239, 308n
Campbell’s meeting with, 238–39
Elba cultural and social events organized by, 195, 213
in first trip to Elba, 90–91
health problems of, 157, 316n
in move to Elba, 156–59
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 227
Napoleon’s relationship with, 157–58
at San Martino villa, 158
Pelard (Napoleon’s valet), 3
Petition to the King in July 1814 (Carnot), 191–92
Peyrusse, Guillaume, 20, 27, 33, 39, 125, 152, 158, 187, 188, 216, 243
in escape from Elba, 227, 228, 234, 243–44
in march to Paris, 250
named Napoleon’s treasurer, 66
and Napoleon’s plans for escape from Elba, 197, 212–13
Pianosa Island, 101, 107, 153, 199, 206, 224
lancers’ horses recalled from, 209–10
Napoleon’s “conquest” of, 72–73
resettlement of, 110–11
Piombino, Italy, 103, 125, 139, 216
Pius VII, Pope, 18
Campbell’s meeting with, 114
Place de Concorde, 287n
Polish lancers, 209–10, 264
in Napoleon’s Elba forces, 77, 79–80, 81, 206
Pons de l’Hérault, André, 58, 66, 90, 98, 103, 124, 125, 135, 158, 196, 213, 225, 299n, 305n
background of, 33
on Bertrand’s relationship with Napoleon, 160
as chief administrator of mines, 33, 50, 53
in escape from Elba, 227, 245