Founding Gardeners

by Andrea Wulf

  Ellis, Joseph J. American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007.

  ———. American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Vintage, 1998.

  ———. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. New York: Vintage, 2002.

  ———. His Excellency George Washington. London: Faber & Faber, 2005.

  ———. Passionate Sage. The Character and Legacy of John Adams. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2001.

  Everly, Elaine C., and Howard H. Wehman. “ ‘Then Let Us to the Woods Repair.’: Moving the Federal Government and Its Records to Washington in 1800.” In Kenneth R. Bowling. Establishing Congress: The Removal to Washington, D.C., and the Election of 1800. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005.

  Ewan, Joseph, and Nesta Dunn Ewan (eds.). Benjamin Smith Barton. Naturalist and Physician in Jeffersonian America. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2007.

  Fallen, Anne-Catherine (ed.). A Botanic Garden for the Nation: The United States Botanic Garden. Washington, D.C.: United States Botanic Garden, 2006.

  Farrand, Max (ed.). The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.

  Fazio, Michael, and Patrick Snadon. “Benjamin Latrobe and Thomas Jefferson Redesign the President’s House.” White House History, no. 8, 2000.

  Ferling, John. John Adams: A Life. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992.

  ———. Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Finch, John. Travels in the United States of America and Canada. London: Longman, 1833.

  Flannery, Tim. The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and its Peoples. London: Penguin Books, 2001.

  Fletcher, Whitcomb Stevenson. The Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 1785–1955. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 1976.

  Ford, Paul Leicester (ed.). The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, 1743–1790. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.

  ——— (ed.). The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892–99.

  Ford, Worthington Chauncey (ed.). Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse. Boston: Little, Brown, 1927.

  Ford, Worthington Chauncey, Gaillard Hunt, John C. Fitzpatrick, and Roscoe R. Hill (eds.). Journals of Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904–37.

  Fortune, Brandon Brame. “Portraits of Virtue and Genius: Pantheons of Worthies and Public Portraiture in the Early American Republic, 1780–1820.” Dissertation, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

  Fothergill, John. Some Account of the late Peter Collinson. London: 1770.

  The Foundation of the Massachusetts Professorship of Natural History. Boston: Russell and Cutler, 1805.

  Freeman, Douglas Southall. George Washington: A Biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948–57.

  Friedenberg, Daniel M. Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Land: The Plunder of Early America. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1992.

  Froncek, Thomas (ed.). An Illustrated History: The City of Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.

  Fry, Joel T. “Archaeological Research at Historic Bartram’s Garden.” Bartram Broadside, 1998.

  ———. “An International Catalogue of North American Trees and Shrubs: The Bartram Broadside, 1783.” Journal of Garden History, vol. 16, no. 1, 1996.

  Furtwanger, Albert. Acts of Discovery: Visions of America in the Lewis and Clark Journals. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.

  Fusonie, Alan, and Donna Jean Fusonie. George Washington: Pioneer Farmer. Mount Vernon: Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 1998.

  Fussell, G. E. The English Rural Labourer: His Home, Furniture, Clothing and Food from Tudor to Victorian Times. London: The Batchworth Press, 1949.

  Gandy, Joseph. Designs for Cottages, Cottage Farms and Other Rural Buildings. London: John Harding, 1805.

  Gawalt, Gerard W. “Jefferson’s Slaves: Crop Accounts at Monticello, 1805–1808.” Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, vol. 13, 1994.

  Gordon-Reed, Annette. Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997.

  Gray, Ralph D. (ed.). “A Tour of Virginia in 1827: Letters of Henry D. Gilpin to His Father.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 73, no. 3, 1968.

  Green, Bryan Clark, and Ann Miller. Building a President’s House: The Construction of James Madison’s Montpelier. Orange, Va.: The Montpelier Foundation, 2007.

  Greenberg, Allan. George Washington, Architect. London: Andreas Papadakis, 1999.

  Griffin, Appleton P. C. A Catalogue of the Washington Collection in the Boston Athenaeum. Cambridge: Boston Athenaeum, 1897.

  Griswold, Mac. Washington’s Gardens at Mount Vernon. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999.

  Hallock, Thomas. From the Fallen Tree: Frontier Narratives, Environmental Politics, and the Roots of a National Pastoral, 1749–1826. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

  Hallock, Thomas, and Nancy Hoffmann (eds.). William Bartram: The Search for Nature’s Design. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010.

  Hamilton, Alexander. Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams. New York: John Lang, 1800.

  Hamilton, John C. History of the Republic of the United States of America. New York: D. Appleton, 1859.

  Handler, Edward. “ ‘Nature Itself is all Arcanum’: The Scientific Outlook of John Adams.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 120, no. 3, 1976.

  Harlan, Richard. “Tour to the Caves in Virginia.” The Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. 1, no. 2, 1831.

  Harper, Francis. “William Bartram and the American Revolution.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 97, no. 5, 1953.

  ——— (ed.). “John Bartram: Diary of a Journey through the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida from July 1, 1765, to April 10, 1766.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, vol. 33, no. 1, 1942.

  ——— (ed.). The Travels of William Bartram: Naturalist’s Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958.

  Harris, C. M. “Jefferson, the Concept of the Modern Capitol, and Republican Nation-Building.” In Kenneth R. Bowling. Establishing Congress: The Removal to Washington, D.C., and the Election of 1800. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005.

  ———. “The Politics of Public Buildings: William Thornton and the President’s Square.” White House History, no. 3, spring 1998.

  ———. “Washington’s Gamble, L’Enfant’s Dream: Politics, Design and the Founding of the National Capital.” William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, vol. 56, no. 3, 1999.

  ——— (ed). The Papers of William Thornton. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995.

  Harris, Wilhelmina. “Historic Furnishings Report: The Birthplaces of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams.” Adams National Historical Park, National Park Service 1966–69.

  Hatch, Peter. “African-American Gardens at Monticello.” Twinleaf, 2001.

  ———. “Bernard McMahon, Pioneer American Gardener.” Twinleaf, 1993.

  ———. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of Monticello. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1998a.

  ———. “McMahon’s Texas Bird Pepper: A Pretty Little Plant.” Twinleaf, 1996.

  ———. “ ‘Public Treasures’: Thomas Jefferson and the Garden Plants of Lewis and Clark.” Twinleaf, 2003.

  ———. “We Abound in the Luxury of Peach.” Twinleaf, 1998b.

  ———. “The Work is very Heavy.” Twinleaf, 2005.

  Haw, John. John and Edward Rutledge. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1997.

  Hayden
, Peter. Russian Parks and Gardens. London: Frances Lincoln, 2005.

  Hayes, Kevin J. The Library of Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2006.

  Hellman, George S. (ed.). Letters of Washington Irving to Henry Brevoort. New York: G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1915.

  Higman, B. W. Jamaica Surveyed: Plantation Maps and Plans of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Barbados: University of West Virginia, 2001.

  Hillard, George S. (ed.). Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876.

  Hiltzheimer, Jacob. “Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer, of Philadelphia, 1769–1798.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 16, no. 2, 1892.

  Hindle, Brooke. The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America 1735–1789. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956.

  Hines, Christian. Early Recollections of Washington City. Washington, D.C.: Junior League of Washington, 1981 (first published 1866).

  Hirschfeld, Fritz. George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1997.

  Hogan, Margaret A., and C. James Taylor (eds.). My Dearest Friend: Letters of Abigail and John Adams. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2007.

  Hosack, David. A Biographical Memoir of Hugh Williamson. New York: New York Historical Society, vol. 3, 1821.

  Howard, Hugh. Dr. Kimball and Mr. Jefferson: Rediscovering the Founding Fathers of American Architecture. New York: Bloomsbury, 2006.

  ———. Thomas Jefferson, Architect: The Built Legacy of Our Third President. New York: Rizzoli, 2003.

  Hunt, Gaillard (ed.). The First Forty Years of Washington Society, Portrayed by the Family Letters of Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1906.

  Hunt-Jones, Conover. Dolley and the “great little Madison.” Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Foundation, 1977.

  Hunter, Clark (ed.). Life and Letters of Alexander Wilson, Clark Hunter. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1983.

  Hutchins, Catherine E. (ed.). Shaping a National Culture. The Philadelphia Experience, 1750–1800. Winterthur: Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1994.

  Huth, Hans. “The American and Nature.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, vol. 13, 1950.

  Hyland, Matthew G. Montpelier and the Madisons. Charleston: History Press, 2007.

  Idzerda, Stanley J. (ed.). Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977–83.

  Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.

  Jackson, Donald. Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.

  ——— (ed.). Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with Related Documents, 1783–1854. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1978.

  Jacobs, James A. “William Hamilton and the Woodlands: A Construction of Refinement in Philadelphia.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 130, no. 2, 2006.

  Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia (edited by William Peden). New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1982.

  Jennings, Paul. “A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison.” White House History, vol. 1, 1983.

  Jillson, Cal. “Fighting for Control of the American Dream: Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, and the Election of 1800.” In Kenneth R. Bowling. Establishing Congress: The Removal to Washington, D.C., and the Election of 1800. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005.

  Judd, Richard W. “A ‘Wonderful Order and Balance’: Natural History and the Beginnings of Forest Conservation in America, 1730–1830.” Environmental History, vol. 11, no. 1, 2006.

  Kelly, Donna, and Lang Baradell (eds.). The Papers of James Iredell. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 2003.

  Kelly, James C., and William M. S. Rasmussen. The Virginia Landscape: A Cultural History. Charlottesville: Howell Press, 2000.

  Kent, Nathaniel. Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property. London: J. Dodsley, 1775.

  Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1990.

  ———. The Madisons at Montpelier: Reflections on the Founding Couple. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009.

  ——— (ed.). “An Unpublished Sketch of James K. Paulding.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 67, 1959.

  Knapp Engle, Corliss. “John Adams, Farmer and Gardener.” Arnoldia, vol. 61, no. 4, 2002.

  Knobloch, Frieda. The Culture of Wilderness: Agriculture as Colonization of the American West. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

  Labaree, Leonard W. “Benjamin Franklin’s British Friendships.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 108, no. 5, 1964.

  Laird, Mark. The Flowering of the Landscape Garden. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

  Langford, Paul. A Polite and Commercial People, England 1727–1783. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

  Langley, Batty. New Principles of Gardening. London: A. Bettesworth and J. Battey, 1728.

  Larkin, Jack. The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790–1840. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

  Larson, Edward J. A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800. New York: Free Press, 2007.

  Lavender, David. The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent. Lincoln, Neb.: Bison Books, 2001.

  Lee, Jean B. Experiencing Mount Vernon: Eyewitness Accounts, 1784–1865. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006.

  Leighton, Ann. American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: For Use or for Delight. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.

  ———. American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century: For Comfort and Affluence. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987.

  Levasseur, Auguste. Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825, Or, Journal of a Voyage to the United States. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829.

  Lewis, W. S. (ed.). Horace Walpole’s Correspondence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1937–61.

  Louis Philippe, King of France. Diary of My Travels in America, 1830–1848. Translated by Stephen Becker. New York: Delacorte Press, 1977.

  Maclay, Edgar S. (ed.). Journal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania 1789–1791. New York: D. Appleton, 1890.

  Madison, James. Letters and Other Writings of James Madison. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1865.

  Magee, Judith. The Art and Science of William Bartram. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.

  Magoon, E. L. “Scenery and Mind.” In Home Book of the Picturesque, or American Scenery, Art and Literature. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1852 (no author).

  Malone, Dumas. Jefferson and His Time. Boston: Little, Brown, 1948–81.

  Manwaring, Elizabeth Wheeler. Italian Landscape in Eighteenth-Century England. London: Frank Cass, 1965.

  Mare, Margaret, and W. H. Quarrell (trans. and eds.). Lichtenberg’s Visits to England as Described in his Letters and Diaries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1938.

  Marsh, Philip M. “The Jefferson-Madison Vacation.” The Pennsylvania Magazine for History and Biography, vol. 71, 1947.

  Marshall, Humphry. Arbustrum Americanum: The American Grove. Philadelphia: J. Crukshank, 1785.

  Martin, Edwin T. Thomas Jefferson: Scientist. New York: Henry Schumann, 1952.

  Martin, Peter. Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1991.

  Martineau, Harriet. Retrospect of Western Travel. London: Saunders and Otley; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1838.

  Marx, Leo. The American Revolution and the American Landscape. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1974.

  ———. The Machine in the Garde
n: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. London: Oxford University Press, 1978.

  Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Centennial Year of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture 1792–1892. Boston, 1892.

  Mattern, David (ed.). James Madison’s “Advice to my Country.” Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997.

  Mattern, David B., and Holly C. Shulman (eds.). Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003.

  Matthewson, Tim. “Jefferson and Haiti.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 61, 1995.

  ———. “Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 140, 1996.

  McCoy, Drew R. The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1980.

  ———. The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy. Cambridge University Press, 1989.

  McCullough, David. John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

  ———. 1776: America and Britain at War. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.

  McDonald, Forrest. The American Presidency: An Intellectual History. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1994.

  McDonald, Travis. “The Private Villa Retreat of Thomas Jefferson.” White House History, no. 18, 2006.

  McDougall, Walter A. Freedom Just Around the Corner: A New American History, 1585–1828. New York: Perennial, 2005.

  McEwan, Barbara. Thomas Jefferson: Farmer. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1991.

  ———. White House Landscapes: Horticultural Achievements of American Presidents. New York: Walker, 1992.

  McLane Hamilton, Allan. The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911.

  McLean, Elizabeth. “Town and Country Gardens in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia.” In Maccubbin, Robert P., and Peter Martin. British and American Gardens. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983.

  McMahon, Bernard. The American Gardener’s Calendar. Philadelphia, 1806.

  Michaelis-Jena, Ruth, and Willy Merson (trans. and eds.). A Lady Travels: Journeys in England and Scotland from the Diaries of Johanna Schopenhauer. London: Routledge, 1988.

  Middleton, Charles. Picturesque and Architectural views for cottages, farmhouses and Country Villas. London, 1795.