Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
Page 91
Nori, Princess, 686
North China Area Army, Japanese, 352, 362, 365, 459
Northeast Administrative Committee, 249
Northern Expedition, 185
Norway, 356
No-War Treaty, see Kellogg-Briand Pact
“Now It Can Be Told” (Shins wa k da) (radio program), 556–57
Nuremberg trials, 596, 600, 607, 608, 611, 615
Obata Toshishir, 244
daira Komatsuchi, 492
Office of Audits of Imperial Accounts, 173
Office of Production Management, 401
Office of Shinto Deities, 384
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 582
gane Masujir, 621
Ogasawara Islands, 649, 651
Ogasawara Naganari, 42–43, 44, 45, 47–48, 63, 77, 85–86, 90, 96, 208–9
Hirohito evaluated by, 85–86
Tg’s relationship with, 101
Ogata Kenichi, 390
Ogata Taketora, 232, 537
Ogawa Heikichi, 161, 210, 216
hira Masayoshi, 673
Oikawa Koshir, 311–12, 400, 423
Oka Asajir, 60
Okabe Makio, 434–35
Okabe Nagakage, 172–74, 176, 177, 207, 217, 237
Okada Keisuke, 208, 256, 286, 288, 290, 292, 295, 296, 297, 300, 303, 373, 418, 430, 465, 487, 488, 597
Okada Tadahiko, 513
Okamura Yasuji, 362, 366, 594–95
kawa Shmei, 98, 102, 593
Okinawa, 476, 487, 510, 671
Battle of, 483, 484–85, 493, 496, 498, 520, 521, 524
debate on future of, 625, 626–27
Hirohito’s 1992
visit to, 687
returned to Japan, 672
U.S. military on, 651
kubo Toshimichi, 97
Okudaira Toshiz, 165
kuma Shigenobu, 93, 146
Okumura Katsuz, 548
Oku Yasukata, Field Marshal, 151
Olympic, Operation, 501–2
Olympic Games of 1964, 671
mori Minoru, 637
motoky, 167–68, 187
nishi Takijir, 451
“Open Door Notes” (Hay), 147
Opium Wars, 149
“organ theory,” 40, 77, 80, 208, 287–95
Origin of Species (Darwin), 60
Osaka World Exposition of 1970, 671
sako Naoharu, 44
Oshikawa Masayoshi, 104
shima Hiroshi, 352, 394
sumi Mineo, 247
Otabe Yji, 300
take Kanichi, 97, 104
ta Yko, 637
Ottoman Empire, 83
Outer Mongolia (Mongolian People’s Republic), 307, 351, 394
“Outline for Carrying Out the National Policies of the Empire,” 414, 420
“Outline for Dealing with Changes in the International Situation,” 367–68
“Outline for Dealing With Disputes Along the Manchuria-Soviet Border,” 352
“Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan,” 428
“Outline of the Empire’s National Policies in View of the Changing Situation,” 395, 397–98
yama Iwao, 23, 37
Pacific Fleet, Japanese, 259
Packenham, Compton, 641
Pact of Paris, see Kellogg-Briand Pact Pak Yol, 160–61, 167, 183
Pal, Radhabinod, 595–96, 611, 613
Palau, 453
Panay, USS, 340–42
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 68, 83, 92, 97, 101, 102, 133, 146, 176
see also Versailles Peace Treaty
Patton, George S., 331
“Peace Negotiations with China and the Tripartite Pact,” 590
Peace Preservation Law of 1925, 158–59, 161, 551
revision of, 187, 206
Pearl Harbor attack, 1, 392, 445, 479, 549, 555, 574, 601, 608
Hirohito’s final go-ahead for, 426
Hirohito’s knowledge of, 421–22, 433
launching of, 436–37
responsibility issue and, 542, 546–47, 558, 567, 585, 590
Peerage Act of 1884, 36
Peers’ School, 36–37, 57, 59, 60, 103, 177, 619
Peleliu, 453
Pescadores Islands, 8
Pétain, Philippe, 109
Peter I (The Great), Czar of Russia, 66
Petrel, HMS, 436
Philippines, 9, 68, 264, 376, 400–402, 445, 447, 449, 451, 453, 470, 476, 481–83, 545, 593, 595, 648, 651
Philippine Sea, Battle of, 481
“Plan for the Fundamental Reorganization of Japan” (Kita), 101
Poland, 354, 355, 356, 476
Port Arthur, Second Battle of, 210
Post and Telecommunications Ministry, Japanese, 669
Potsdam Declaration, 496, 498–503, 506, 508, 522, 524, 526, 528, 541, 542, 544, 545, 553, 581
Article 12 of, 500
issued, 499–500
surrender debate and, 511–12, 514–16
Pravda, 394
Prince of Wales, HMS, 445
prisoner-of-war (POW) issue, 207, 332–34, 359–60, 447–48
privy council, 59, 78, 94, 99, 159, 171, 179, 184, 207, 208, 209, 283, 380, 428
Progressive Reform Party, Japanese, 648
“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 168
Prussia, 76
Pu Yi, emperor of China, 247, 276
Rabe, John, 337
race, racism, 52, 66, 176–77, 195, 197, 274–76, 280, 288, 313–14
emperor theory and, 11, 69–71
and fear of occupiers, 538–39
Hirohito’s beliefs on, 68–69, 148–49
Konoe’s theory of, 266–69
nationalism and, 196, 268–69
Sino-Japanese relations and, 266–67
Sugiura’s theory of, 68–69
in U.S., 264
war crimes trial and, 589–90
Ranke, Leopold von, 70
Reagan, Ronald, 681
“Record of the Emperor’s Conversations” (Seidan haichroku), 6, 589, 678
Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA), 538
“Reject the Anglo-American Standard of Pacifism” (Ei-Bei hon’i no heiwashugi o haisu) (Konoe), 268–69
Report Concerning the Thought and Actions of Returning Troops, 153
Reports of General MacArthur, The, 514
Repulse, HMS, 445
Rescript of 1889, 39
“Rescript to Promote the National Destiny,” 560–61
“Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors,” 529–30
Rhee, Syngman, 663
Ridgway, Matthew B., 634, 643, 647
Rikken Seiykai (Friends of Constitutional Government), see Seiykai Party
Rling, B. V. A., 610–11
Rommel, Erwin, 453
Rninkai, 99
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 264, 340, 353, 355, 376, 381, 385, 395–96, 402, 404–5, 408, 416, 427, 432, 436, 600, 602, 617
and economic sanctions against Japan, 400–401
MacArthur appointed by, 400–401
Panay note of, 341–42
unconditional surrender policy and, 496–98
Roosevelt administration, 353, 378, 379, 383, 418, 427
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 67
Royal Family, British, 118–19
rule theory, 77
Rumania, 380, 465–66
Russia, Imperial, 9, 33, 74, 209
Romanov dynasty of, 76, 83
Russian Revolution, 45, 52, 76, 116, 177
Russo-Japanese War, 9, 23, 25, 26, 33, 36, 46, 47, 51, 74, 147, 151, 155, 201, 209, 244, 277, 381, 414, 420, 432, 476, 522
commemoration of, 209–10
Ryukyu Islands, 479, 626, 627, 636, 649
Sadako, see Teimei Kg, Dowager Empress
Sagamiwan sango erarui zufu (Pictorial specimens of marine life in Sagami Bay), 61
Sagoya Tomeo, 210, 226
Saigo Takamori, 131
Saionji Hachir, 113,
130
Saionji Kinmochi, Prince, 99, 102, 121, 122, 123, 144, 145, 149, 158–59, 171–72, 174–76, 184, 208, 212–13, 216, 217, 228, 229–30, 236, 237, 241, 246, 253, 254, 269, 286–87, 289, 301, 351, 355, 370
Saipan, 453, 475–76, 477
Sait Makoto, 190, 254, 255–56, 259–60, 263, 297, 298–99, 370, 465
Sakai Kji, 510–11
Sakhalin Island, 9, 457, 510
Hirohito’s 1925 tour of, 156
Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact and, 393
Sakomizu Hisatsune, 514, 518, 525, 559, 583
Sakuradamon incident, 248
Samoa, 450, 454
Sanada Hiroo, 61
Sand Mainichi, 61
San Francisco Peace Treaty, 634–35, 644, 647
Sanj Sanetomi, 131
Sank (Burn All, Kill All, Steal All), 657
Sasagawa Ryichi, 540, 634
Sat Eisaku, 670–71, 672, 674
Sat Naotake, 505, 507–8, 522
Sat Tadao, 61
Sat Tetsutar, 45
Satsuma, 100
Savo Island, 455
Sawada Renz, 113
Sawada Shigeru, 376, 377–78
Sawa Keitar, 642
Sawamoto Yorio, 402
Sea of Japan, Battle of, 45, 47
Sebald, William J., 627
“Secret” telegram, 567–68
Seiyoshi Kwa (Lectures on Western history), 76
Seiy Hont Party, 161, 183
Seiykai Party, 28, 97, 100, 122, 160, 161, 167, 175, 183, 185–86, 208–10, 212–13, 215, 218–19, 220, 222, 225, 229, 231, 245, 247, 252, 283, 289
Sekai, 564
“Sekai no genj o kaiz seyo” (Reform the world’s status quo) (Konoe), 266–67
Sekai taisenshi (History of the great world war) (Mizukuri), 76
Sekiya Teizabur, 102, 122, 164, 172–73, 174, 176, 187, 292, 542
Self-Defense Force Agency, 655, 673
Self-Defense Forces, Japanese, 655, 660, 662, 673
Senate, U.S., 544
Foreign Relations Committee of, 250
senjinkun (Field Service Code), 281, 435
“Sequence of Administrative Procedures to be Taken Regarding the Declaration of War,” 430
Shanghai, Battle of, 323, 332, 333–34
Shanghai Expeditionary Force, 323, 332, 333
Shanghai Incident, 247, 250–52, 273, 590
Shantung Province, China, 83–84, 152, 187, 214, 215
Shidehara Kijr, 106, 147–48, 158, 184, 219, 224, 231, 241, 243, 492, 546, 551, 552, 556, 560, 561, 563, 570, 571, 584, 599
constitution revision and, 572–74
war responsibility statement of, 558–59
Shigemitsu Mamoru, 336, 410, 474, 490, 505, 508, 513, 521, 541, 581–82, 593, 610, 611, 652, 656–57
Shikoku, 136
Shimada Shigetar, 431, 457, 472, 476, 584, 602
Shimanaka Hji, 665–66
Shimizu Tru, 62, 77–81, 130, 131, 149, 179, 295
on constitutional interpretation, 77–79
suicide of, 576
Shimmin no michi (The Way of the subject), 315
Shimomura Kainan, 503, 508
Shinano Mainichi shinbun, 43
Shinkaron kwa (Lectures on evolution) (Oka), 60
Shinohara Hatsue, 134
Shinran (Buddhist saint), 562
Shins, 565–66, 642
Shinto, 2, 11, 27, 30–31, 38, 58, 65, 85, 121, 122, 144, 163, 167, 186, 187, 197, 275, 283, 442–43, 517–18, 560, 660, 661, 687
Shinto Directive, 560
Shiobara Tokisabur, 586
Shiozawa Kichi, 250
Shirakawa Yoshinori, 216–17, 250–51
Shirani Takeshi, 97
Shiratori Kurakichi, 62, 70–76, 77, 80, 85, 87
on Japanese-Korean relationship, 74–75
kokutai as viewed by, 70–71
national history textbook of, 70–73
Shiratori Toshio, 352
Shirer, William L., 497–98
Shizuoka shinbun, 658
Shda Michiko, see Michiko, empress of Japan
Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan), 39
Shsang war plan, 494
Shotwell, James T., 134
Shwa emperor, see Hirohito, emperor of Japan
Siam, 68
Siberia, 152–53
Siberian Expedition, 45, 51
Sicily, 465
Singapore, 107, 110, 376, 434, 436, 446
Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, 33, 70, 74, 210, 280, 432
Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45, 317–57, 439, 448–49, 470, 480, 485, 492–93, 528
advance south policy and, 375–79
Anglo-Japanese relations and, 352–54, 367, 368, 373, 374, 376, 378, 380–81, 383–84, 385
annihilation campaigns in, 365–67
anti-guerrilla campaign in, 346–47, 365–67
biological weapons used in, 351, 362–64, 367
bombing campaign in, 346–47
casualties in, 332, 346–47, 367
Chang Ku-feng Incident in, 348
chemical weapons used in, 349, 361–62, 376, 616–17
China’s currency problem and, 352–53
deadlocked, 347, 351, 357, 392–93, 396
escalation of, 320–21, 323, 367–68
German alliance issue and, 350, 351, 352–53, 356, 357
German-Soviet pact and, 354, 357, 368–69
Germany’s war successes and, 355–57, 367–68, 369
Gg Operation in, 449, 460
Hirohito as supreme commander in, 327, 329–31
Hirohito’s involvement and support for, 318–19, 321, 322–26, 338–39, 344–46, 348, 356, 359–60, 367, 368, 371–72
Hirohito’s role in expansion of, 376–79
as holy war, 326–27
“Hundred Regiments” campaign in, 365–66
Ichig offensive in, 474, 487
imperial conferences device in, 328–29
imperial way and, 326
informal briefings (nais) in, 331–32
international situation and expansion of, 367–68
Japanese High Command structure in, 327–30
Japanese war aims in, 325–26, 349–50
Kido-Hirohito relationship and, 371
Konoe’s three principles and, 349–50
liaison conferences device and, 327–28
Marco Polo Bridge incident in, 317–20
media and, 320–21, 335–36, 337, 340, 349
Mikasa mission and, 474
Nanking “rape” in, 333–36, 340–41, 367
“New Order” declaration and, 347–50
Panay incident in, 340–42
peace negotiations and, 343–45, 372, 492–93
prisoners of war maltreated in, 332–34, 359–60
Shanghai Incident in, 323
Soviet-Japanese border clashes and, 318–19, 320, 321, 351
strategic bombing campaign in, 364–65
Trautmann peace mediation in, 343–45
Tripartite Pact and, 380–84
Tungchow massacre in, 322
turning of tide in, 487–88
U.S.-Japanese relations and, 353–55, 357, 364, 367, 368, 373–74, 375, 376, 377–81, 383, 385, 424–25, 428
Wang regime and, 347–48, 350, 372, 404, 429, 473–74
war crimes and atrocities in, 332–36, 340–41, 360–61, 614, 616–17
Wuhan offensive in, 348–49, 361
Smith, Bradley, 555
Smythe, Lewis, 337
Socialist Party, Japanese, 633, 667, 679, 682
Society for Political Education, 62
Society of Masterless Samurai (Roninkai), 98
Shy labor federation, 661
Solomon Islands, 446, 450, 455, 457–62, 466, 471–72, 477
Southern Army, Chinese, 215
South Manchurian Railway Company, 95, 207, 235, 242, 244, 266, 318, 492
Southwest Pacific Command, U.S., 582
Soviet Union, 13, 13
5, 141, 146, 150, 151, 169, 265, 267, 272, 307, 308, 309, 311, 320, 321, 325, 344, 348, 356, 368, 369, 377, 381, 397–98, 426, 444, 453, 474, 476, 497, 503, 511, 520, 521, 588, 600–601, 616, 639, 648, 656–57, 681–82, 684, 686
Far Eastern Army of, 259, 265
first atomic bomb test of, 636
German invasion of, 394–95, 410
Germany’s nonaggression pact with, 354, 393, 396
in Japanese peace plans, 480, 493–94, 501, 505–8, 510, 522
in Japanese war plans, 397–98, 408, 489–90
Japan’s border clashes with, 318–19, 351, 649
Japan’s neutrality pact with, 393–94, 399, 402, 490, 521, 523
Manchuria conflict and, 242, 248–49, 259
Tokyo trials and, 584, 593, 640
U.S. Cold War rivalry with, 624, 627
war against Japan declared by, 496, 502, 509, 525, 527, 529, 530
Spanish-American War, 9
spirit of Japan (Yamato damashii), 52, 483
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 107, 454
Stahmer, Heinrich, 393–94
Stalin, Joseph, 249, 354, 357, 369, 393, 394, 395, 497, 505, 506, 508, 522, 524, 593, 598, 607, 640
Stark, Harold, 385
State Department, U.S., 374, 401, 498, 543–44, 611, 626, 640, 651
surrender decision and, 498–500
Statement Concerning the Guidance of