Inventing Iron Man

by E. Paul Zehr

  Iron Man: Iron Manual (graphic novel)

  Secret Invasion (graphic novel)

  War Machine (graphic novel)

  2009

  Invincible Iron Man #8: “World’s Most Wanted, Part 1: Shipbreaking”

  Invincible Iron Man #9: “World’s Most Wanted, Part 2: Godspeed”

  Invincible Iron Man #13: “World’s Most Wanted, Part 6: Some King of the World”

  Invincible Iron Man #14: “World’s Most Wanted, Part 7: The Shape of the World These Days” sometimes parts have separate names and sometimes not

  Iron Man Armor Wars #1: “Down and Out in Beverly Hills”

  Iron Man Armor Wars #2: “The Big Red Machine”

  Iron Man Armor Wars #3: “How I Learned to Love the Bomb”

  Iron Man: Requiem (graphic novel)

  2010

  Iron Man Armor Wars #4: “The Golden Avenger Strikes Back”

  Iron Man: The End (graphic novel)

  MOTION PICTURES AND TELEVISION PROGRAMS CITED

  Avatar (2009, 20th Century Fox)

  Doctor Who (1963–1989, 2005–present; BBC TV series)

  Iron Man (2008, Marvel Studios)

  Iron Man 2 (2010, Marvel Studios)

  The Six Million Dollar Man (1974–78; ABC TV series)

  Surrogates (2009, Touchstone)

  The Terminator (1984, MGM)

  BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES

  Preface

  Mangels, A. (2008) Iron Man: Beneath the armor. Del Ray Books, New York.

  Chapter 1. Origins of the Iron Knight: Bionics, Robotic Armor, and Anthropomorphic Suits

  de La Hire, J. (2009) Enter the Nyctalope, translated by Brian Stableford. Hollywood Comics, Encino, CA.

  Mangels, A. (2008) Iron Man: Beneath the armor. Del Ray Books, New York.

  Marvel. (2008) The official handbook of the Marvel Universe, vol. 2., master edition. Marvel Publishing Inc., New York.

  Chapter 2. Building the Body with Biology: When the Man of Metal Needs to Muscle In

  Biddiss, EA, and Chau, TT. (2007) Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: A survey of the last 25 years. Prosthetics and Orthotics International 31(3): 236–57.

  Burkett, B. (2010) Technology in Paralympic sport: Performance enhancement or essential for performance? British Journal of Sports Medicine 44(3): 215–20.

  Camporesi, S. (2008) Oscar Pistorius, enhancement and post-humans. Journal of Medical Ethics 34(9): 639.

  Childress, DS. (2002) Development of rehabilitation engineering over the years: As I see it. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 39(6 Suppl): 1–10.

  Clower, WT. (1998) The transition from animal spirits to animal electricity: A neuroscience paradigm shift. Journal of the History of Neuroscience. 7(3): 201–18.

  Ferris, DP, Bohra, ZA, et al. (2006) Neuromechanical adaptation to hopping with an elastic ankle-foot orthosis. Journal of Applied Physiology 100(1): 163–70.

  Ferris, DP, Louie, M., et al. (1998) Running in the real world: Adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Section B, Biologicial Science). 265: 989–94.

  Grabowski, AM, and Herr, HM. (2009) Leg exoskeleton reduces the metabolic cost of human hopping. Journal of Applied Physiology 107(3): 670–78.

  Herschbach, L. (1997) Prosthetic reconstructions: Making the industry, remaking the body, modelling the nation. History Workshop Journal (44): 23–57.

  Hobson, DA. (2002) Reflections on rehabilitation engineering history: Are there lessons to be learned? Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 39(6 Suppl): 17–22.

  Marvel. (2008) The official handbook of the Marvel Universe, vol. 2, master edition. Marvel Publishing Inc., New York.

  Michaelis, V. (2010) Runner lives life without limitations. USA Today, April 26, 2010, 2.

  Moritz, CT. (2009) A spring in your step: Some is good, more is not always better. Journal of Applied Physiology 107(3): 643–44.

  Muri, A. (2007) The enlightenment cyborg: A history of communication and control in the human machine. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.

  Noth, J. (1992) Motor units. In Strength and power in sport, edited by PV Komi, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.

  Parsons, P. (2010) The science of Doctor Who. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

  Thurston, AJ. (2007) Paré and prosthetics: The early history of artificial limbs. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 77(12): 1114–19.

  Vogel, S. (2001) Prime mover: A natural history of muscle. Norton, New York.

  Warwick, K. (2002) I, cyborg. University of Illinois Press, Champaign.

  Weyand, PG, Bundle, MW, et al. (2009a) The fastest runner on artificial legs: Different limbs, similar function? Journal of Applied Physiology 107(3): 903–11.

  Weyand, PG, Bundle, MW, et al. (2009b) Point: Counterpoint: Artificial limbs do / do not make artificial running speeds possible. Journal of Applied Physiology 108: 1111–12.

  Chapter 3. Accessing the Brain of the Armored Avenger: Can We Connect the Cranium to a Computer?

  Allison, BZ, Wolpaw, EW, et al. (2007) Brain-computer interface systems: Progress and prospects. Expert Review of Medical Devices 4(4): 463–74.

  Andersen, RA, and Cui, H. (2009) Intention, action planning, and decision making in parietal-frontal circuits. Neuron 63(5): 568–83.

  Andersen, RA, Hwang, EJ, et al. (2010) Cognitive neural prosthetics. Annual Review of Psychology 61(1): 169–90.

  Buschman, TJ, and Miller, EK. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 315(5820): 1860–62.

  Fernandez, E, Pelayo, F, et al. (2005) Development of a cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind: The relevance of neuroplasticity. Journal of Neural Engineering 2(4): R1–R12.

  Hochberg, LR, Serruya, MD, Friehs, GM, et al. (2010) Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature 442: 164–71.

  Hwang, EJ, and Andersen, RA. (2009) Brain control of movement execution onset using local field potentials in posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 29(45): 14363–70.

  Leach, JB, Achyuta, AKH, et al. (2009) Bridging the divide between neuroprosthetic design, tissue engineering and neurobiology. Frontiers in Neuroengineering 2.

  Millett, D. (2001) Hans Berger: From psychic energy to the EEG. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44(4): 522–42.

  Nicolelis, M. (2011) Beyond boundaries: The new neuroscience of connecting brains with machines—and how it will change our lives. Times Books, New York.

  Normann, RA, Greger, B, et al. (2009) Toward the development of a cortically based visual neuroprosthesis. Journal of Neural Engineering 6(3): 035001.

  Patil, PG, and Turner, DA. (2008) The development of brain-machine interface neuroprosthetic devices. Neurotherapeutics 5(1): 137–46.

  Penfield, W, and Rasmussen, T. (1950) The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function. Macmillan, New York.

  Pfurtscheller, G, Allison, BZ, et al. The hybrid BCI. Frontiers in Neuroprosthetics, 2:3. Published electronically April 10, 2010. doi: 10.3389/fnpro.2010.00003.

  Prochazka, A, Gauthier, M, et al. (1997) The bionic glove: An electrical stimulator garment that provides controlled grasp and hand opening in quadriplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 78:608–614.

  Rosler, F. (2005) From single-channel recordings to brain-mapping devices: The impact of electroencephalography on experimental psychology. History of Psychology 8(1): 95–117.

  Schalk, G. (2008) Brain-computer symbiosis. Journal of Neural Engineering 5(1): 1–15.

  Stanslaski, S, Cong, P, et al. (2009) An implantable bi-directional brain-machine interface system for chronic neuroprosthesis research. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Annual International Conference of the IEEE.

  Stein, RB, Everaert, DG, et al. (2010) Long-term therapeutic and orthotic effects of a foot drop stimulator on walking perfor
mance in progressive and non-progressive neurological disorders. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 24(2): 152–67.

  Chapter 4. Multitasking and the Metal Man: How Much Can Iron Man’s Mind Manage?

  Almor, A. (2008) Why does language interfere with vision-based tasks? Experimental Psychology 55(4): 260–68.

  Coull, JT. (2004) fMRI studies of temporal attention: Allocating attention within, or towards, time. Cognitive Brain Research 21(2): 216–26.

  Coull, JT, and Nobre, AC. (1998) Where and when to pay attention: The neural systems for directing attention to spatial locations and to time intervals as revealed by both PET and fMRI. Journal of Neuroscience 18: 7426–35.

  De Jong, MJ. (2003) Cellular telephone use while driving: Growing awareness of the danger. Journal of Emergency Nursing 29(6): 578–81.

  Friscolanti, M. (2006) Friendly fire: The untold story of the U.S. bombing that killed four Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

  Hunton, J, and Rose, JM. (2005) Cellular telephones and driving performance: The effects of attentional demands on motor vehicle crash risk. Risk Analysis. 25(4): 855–66.

  Levin, A. (2010) FAA wants no pilot distractions. USA Today, April 25, 2010.

  Nadkarni, NK, Zabjek, K, et al. (2010) Effect of working memory and spatial attention tasks on gait in healthy young and older adults. Motor Control 14(2): 195–210.

  Redelmeier, DA, and Tibshirani, RJ. (1997) Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. The New England Journal of Medicine 336(7): 453–58.

  Schmidt, RA, and Lee, TD. (2005) Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois.

  Watson, JMS, and Strayer, DL. (2010) Supertaskers: Profiles in extraordinary multi-tasking ability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17(4): 479–85.

  Chapter 5. Softening Up a Superhero: Why the Man with a Suit of Iron Could Get a Jelly Belly

  Hidler, J, Nichols, D, et al. (2009) Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the lokomat in sub-acute stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 23(1): 5–13.

  Lam, T, Eng, JJ, et al. (2007) A systematic review of the efficacy of gait rehabilitation strategies for spinal cord injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 13(1): 32–57.

  Lipnicki, D, and Gunga, H-C. (2009) Physical inactivity and cognitive functioning: results from bed rest studies. European Journal of Applied Physiology 105(1): 27–35.

  Lipnicki, DM, Gunga, H-C, Belavý, DL, and Felsenberg, D. (2009) Bed rest and cognition: Effects on executive functioning and reaction time. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 80(12): 1018–24.

  Moseley, AM, Stark, A, et al. (2008) Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1.

  Nash, MS, Jacobs, PL, et al. (2004) Metabolic and cardiac responses to robotic-assisted locomotion in motor-complete tetraplegia: A case report. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 27(1): 78–82.

  Nicholas, SC, Doxey-Gasway, DD, et al. (1998) A link-segment model of upright human posture for analysis of head-trunk coordination. Journal of Vestibular Research 8: 187–200.

  Paloski, W, Harm, DL, et al. (2000) Postural changes following sensory reinterpretation as an analog to spaceflight. Fourth European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space, 175–78.

  Reschke, MF, Bloomberg, JJ, et al. (1998) Posture, locomotion, spatial orientation, and motion sickness as a function of space flight. Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews. 28(1–2): 102–17.

  Stetz, MC, Thomas, ML, et al. (2007) Stress, mental health, and cognition: A brief review of relationships and countermeasures. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 78: B252–B260.

  Williams, D, Kuipers, A, et al. (2009) Acclimation during space flight: Effects on human physiology. Canadian Medical Association Journal 180(13): 1317–23.

  Zehr, EP, and Duysens, J. (2004) Regulation of arm and leg movement during human locomotion. The Neuroscientist 10(4): 347–61.

  Zehr, EP, Hundza, SR, et al. (2009) The quadrupedal nature of human bipedal locomotion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 37(2): 102–8.

  Chapter 6. Brain Drain: Will Tony’s Gray Matter Give Way?

  Cardinali, L, Frassinetti, F, et al. (2009) Tool-use induces morphological updating of the body schema. Current Biology 19(12): R478–R479.

  Ehrsson, HH, Rosen, B, et al. (2008) Upper limb amputees can be induced to experience a rubber hand as their own. Brain 131(12): 3443–52.

  Flor, H, Denke, C, et al. (2001) Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain. Lancet 357(9270): 1763–64.

  Flor, H, Knost, B, et al. (2002) The role of operant conditioning in chronic pain: An experimental investigation. Pain 95(1–2): 111–18.

  Follain, J. (2010) Facing the future. The Sunday Times Magazine. London, England, January 17, 2010, 40–45.

  Ganguly, K, and Carmena, JM. (2009) Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. Public Library of Science (Biology) 7(7): e1000153.

  Mercier, C, Reilly, KT, et al. (2006) Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees. Brain 129(8): 2202–10.

  Ramachandran, VS, and Altschuler, EL. (2009) The use of visual feedback, in particular Miller visual feedback, in fostering brain function. Brain 132: 1643–1710.

  Sedwick, C. (2009) Practice makes perfect: Learning mind control of prosthetics. PLoS Biology 7(7): e1000152.

  Suminski, A, Tkach, DC, et al. (2010) Incorporating feedback from multiple sensory modalities enhances brain-machine interface control. Journal of Neuroscience 30:16777–87.

  Taub, E, Uswatte, G, et al. (2006) The learned nonuse phenomenon: Implications for rehabilitation. Europa Medicophysica. 42(3): 241–56.

  Wolpaw, JR, and Carp, JS. (2006) Plasticity from muscle to brain. Progress in Neurobiology 78(3–5):233–63.

  Chapter 7. Trials and Tribulations of the Tin Man: What Happens When the Human Machine Breaks Down

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  Mangels, A. (2008) Iron Man: Beneath the armor. Del Ray Books, New York.

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