Inventing Iron Man

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Inventing Iron Man Page 22

by E. Paul Zehr


  GABAa receptors, 116

  Galen, 49–50

  Galvani, Luigi, 50

  Ganguly, Karunesh, 102, 103, 105

  genius: creativity and, 132, 133–34, 148, 149, 150–51

  Tony Stark as, 147–48, 151. See also invention and genius

  Golden Avenger armor, 8–9

  Golgi, Camillo, 150

  “go pills,” 121–23

  Granov, Adi, 14, 146

  gravity, effects of on body, 84, 85–86

  Gross, Charles, 50

  HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) robot suit, 43, 144–47, 145, 146

  Hammer, Justin (character), 130, 153, 179

  hands: neuroprosthetics for, 43, 44, 45

  Prehensor, 142, 143

  hands-free phones, 72, 75

  Hansen, Maya (character), 14, 146–47

  Hatsopoulos, Nicholas, 107

  head injuries: from blast waves, 171–72

  concussions, 166–67, 168, 169–72

  motor control problems after, 48–49

  headset, user interface, 47, 62

  heart: arrhythmia of, 126–28

  atria of, 126–27, 128

  functions of, 126–27

  implantable defibrillator for, 127–28, 128

  origin story of shrapnel lodged in, 126

  ventricles of, 126–27, 128. See also chest plate; implantable cardioverter defibrillator

  Heck, Don, xii, 182

  hip hiking, 40

  hippocampus, 169

  Hire, Jean de la, 5

  Hitzig, Eduard, 51, 52

  Hocama, Inc., 87

  homunculus concept, 52, 53

  Howland, Jonathan, 122

  Hulkbuster armor, 6

  human flight, 135–36, 137, 138–41

  Hunton, James, 73

  Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) robot suit. See HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb) robot suit

  hydraulic actuators, 65

  ICD. See implantable cardioverter defibrillator

  I, Cyborg (Warwick), 38

  IEDs (improvised explosive devices), 124

  i-LIMB hand, 43, 44, 45

  Illuminati, 164

  immune response to implants, 174, 175

  implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), 127–28, 128, 173–74, 175, 176

  improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 124

  inattention blindness, 71–72

  inertial aspects of body, 86

  Infantino, Carmine, 119

  information processing, limits of, 70–75

  injuries from bomb blasts, 124, 126, 171–72

  innervation ratio, 176–77

  insights and force, 150–51

  International Amateur Athletic Association, 29

  International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, 88

  invention and genius: description of, 131–32

  open minds for, 133–34

  patent law and, 151–53

  personality for, 140, 147

  relevant to robotic armor, 134–35

  Tony Stark and, 147–51

  targeting, 133, 140

  inventor, definition of, 152

  Invincible Iron Man comics: #1 (2008), 115, 183

  #2 (2008), 69

  #8 (2009), 97

  #9 (2009), 37, 154

  #10 (2006), 154

  #14 (2009), 110

  #47 (1972), 16, 91, 92, 94

  #70 (1974), 179

  #129 (1979), 16

  #169 (1983), 156–57

  #170 (1983), 156–57, 161–62

  #280 (1992), 12, 13

  #281 (1992), 156

  #282 (1992), 156

  #284 (1992), 78, 156, 182

  #290 (1993), 12, 13, 46, 47, 101, 182

  #291 (1993), 47

  Demon in a Bottle story arc, 119–21

  I, Robot (Asimov), 144

  Iron Man: Batman compared with, xii

  characteristics of, xi

  length of career of, 178–79

  as metaphor, x

  origin story, xiii, 14, 126, 182

  possibility of becoming, 155–57, 158

  as “possible” superhero, 166

  project development phases, 65–66, 111–12

  reinvention of, ix–x

  as without superpowers, xiv–xv. See also armor; Stark, Tony

  Iron Man (movie): action figures, 10, 11

  concussive events in, 171

  description of, 80, 183

  Stark on pilots, 163

  Iron Man: Beneath the Armor (Mangels), xiv, 3, 120

  Iron Man / Captain America: Casualties of War #1 (2007), 115

  Iron Man: Civil War (graphic novel), 148, 163–64, 165

  Iron Man comics: #1–6 (2005–2006), 183

  #13 (2009), 70–71

  #142 (1980), 94

  #144 (1980), 80

  #182 (1984), 120

  #200 (1985), 182

  #218 (1987), 142, 143

  #242 (1989), 87

  #244 (1989), 90

  #245 (1989), 90

  volumes of, 181

  Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.: #31 (2007), 80, 96, 133–34

  #33 (2007), 96

  Iron Man: Extremis (Ellis), 109, 131, 146–47

  Iron Man: Hypervelocity: #1–6 (2007), 183

  #2 (2007), 37

  #5 (2007), 69

  graphic novel, 170

  story arc, 129

  Iron Man: The End (graphic novel), 166, 170

  Iron Man: The Official Index to the Marvel Universe (Marvel Comics), 181

  Iron Man 2 (movie): action figures, 78

  alcohol abuse shown in, 116

  armor in, 79, 107, 151–52, 156–57

  description of, 183

  fighting in, 163

  Jim Rhodes in, 74

  safeguards for control systems in, 130

  Whiplash in, 179

  Iron Monger, 171

  Iron Monger armor, 6, 7, 8

  Irons, John Henry (character), 4

  isometric contractions, 26

  Jackson, John Hughlings, 51

  jet fighter pilot training, 163

  jet-pack flight, 136, 137, 138–41

  Jevons, William, 148

  Kakalios, Jim, xiv

  Kennedy, Sal (character), 147

  Kirby, Jack, xii, 8

  Kubert, Andy, 120

  Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 149

  Lam, Tania, 88

  Layton, Bob, 119

  Leach, Jennie, 174

  Lee, Stan, xii, xiv, 3, 94, 182

  legs, prosthetic, 27, 29

  Lieber, Larry, xii, 182

  Liebnitz, Gottfried, 132

  limbs: amputation of, 98–99, 100, 101–2

  changes in BCI with use of prosthetics, 102–3, 104, 105

  lower, exoskeleton for, 35, 36

  nervous system commands to, 39, 45, 46, 47

  prosthetic, 27, 29

  robotic, sensation from, and brain-machine interface, 107–8

  structure and function of compared with exoskeleton, 19–20

  Lokomat, 87–88, 89, 90, 91

  long-term potentiation (LTP), 117

  Lord of the Rings trilogy, 81–82

  Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS), 56, 68

  lumbar region of spine and spinal cord, 21, 22

  Magma, 157

  Mangels, Andy: Iron Man: Beneath the Armor, xiv, 3, 120

  on serum, 14

  man-machine hybrids, 4–5

  martial arts: empty hand training, 108

  Tony Stark’s training in, 163–65, 165

  Marvel Comics: Iron Man: The Official Index to the Marvel Universe, 181

  Secret Invasion story arc, 129. See also Invincible Iron Man comics; Iron Man comics

  “Masters of Silence,” 156

  Mattel Mind Flex, 58

  Medtronic Neuromodulation Technology Research division, 62

  membrane potential, 20–21

  Michelinie, David, xiv–xv, 119, 120

&n
bsp; microglial activation, 174, 175

  military aspect of caffeine ingestion, 122–23

  military aviation, multitasking in, 75–79

  Miller, Earl, 51

  Miller, Frank, The Dark Knight Returns, 4

  Monroe, Alexander, 50

  Monty Python’s Flying Circus (TV series), 133

  motoneurons: aging and, 176–77

  description of, 21, 23, 23–24

  motor cortex of brain, 21, 52, 54

  motor evoked potentials, 56

  motor maps, 95, 108

  motor units, 23–25

  movement, biological: after injuries to brain, 48–49

  cerebellum and, 117–19, 118

  chain of commands in, 17

  cortex and, 50, 51–53, 53

  effects of alcohol on, 121

  effects of caffeine on, 122

  motor units, 21, 23, 23–24

  multiple tasks and, 70–75

  muscles in, 16–17, 19–20

  planning and coordination of, 54–56, 57, 58

  robotic assistance with, 91

  sensation from, 97

  signals for, 48, 53–54

  timescales for, 162

  walking and running, 31–32, 32

  movement, machine-based, 36

  multitasking: in brain-machine interface, 161

  problems with, 70–75

  training in, 75–79

  muscle cells of heart, 126

  muscle fibers, 23, 23–24, 176–77

  muscles: in biological movement, 16–17, 19–20

  in body weight, 17

  contractions during movement, 26

  force of gravity and, 85–86

  major, 17, 18

  monitoring to make motors move, 39–45

  as motors, 21, 22, 23–26

  underuse of, 82–83, 83

  myelin, 24

  Na-K ATPase (cellular pump), 20

  nanotechnology, 112

  nerves: monitoring to make motors move, 39–45

  in spine and dermatomes, 21, 22

  nervous system: as adaptable and changeable, 90

  commands to limbs from, 39, 45, 46, 47

  damage to from blast waves, 172

  depicted in Ultimate Iron Man graphic novel, 120–21

  effects of alcohol on, 116–19

  electrical nature of, 50

  excitable tissue in, 19–20, 49

  with reduced activity level, 83

  stimulants for, 121–23

  working against normal decline of, 176–78

  neural plasticity/neuroplasticity, 90, 96, 109, 170

  Neuromimetic Telepresence Unit (NTU-150) armor: brain-machine interface and, 61–62, 63, 64

  depictions of, 7, 46

  description of, 11–13

  sensation feeding back into, 62

  neuromuscular junction, 24

  neuronal recordings, 111–12

  neuron doctrine, 150

  neurons: in brain, 48, 51, 52

  central pattern generators, 90–91

  electrical stimulation of, 55–56

  membrane potential, 20–21

  motor, 21, 23, 23–24, 176–77

  as tuned to movement directions, 103

  upper motor, 54, 56

  neuropathy from alcoholism, 117

  neuroprosthetics: bionic glove, 42

  cochlear, 42, 173, 174, 176

  definition of, 38

  general principles for, 38–39

  HAL robot suit, 43, 144–47, 145, 146

  i-LIMB hand, 43, 44, 45

  immune response to, 174, 175

  improvements in, 105

  optical, 62, 63, 64

  Pro-Digits, 44, 45

  types of, 42

  WalkAide, 40–42, 42. See also prosthetics

  neurorobotics, 87–88, 89, 90

  NeuroSky, 58

  neurotransmitters and alcohol, 116–17

  “neuro-web life support system,” 12

  New Avengers: Illuminati comic miniseries (2007), 164

  Newton, Isaac, 132

  Newtsuit, 141–42, 143

  Nichols, David C., 123

  NMDA receptors, 116–17

  Noble-Haeusslein, Linda, 171

  NTU-150 armor. See Neuromimetic Telepresence Unit armor

  nucleus, 23

  Nuytten, Phil, 134, 141–42, 143

  Nyctalope (cyborg), 5

  occipital cortex, 167, 168

  occipital lobe, 49

  O’Neil, Dennis, 119, 120

  open loop control, 62

  optical neuroprosthesis, 62, 63, 64

  Ossur Flex-Foot Cheetah prosthetic, 29, 30

  Palmiero-Winters, Amy, 36

  paradigm shifts, 149

  parietal lobe, 49

  Parkinson’s disease, 62

  patent law, 151–53

  Penfield, Wilder, 52

  perception of time, and attention, 75

  performance and stress, 76–77, 77

  perturbations, 85

  phantom limb and phantom pain syndromes, 98–99, 100, 101–2

  The Physics of Superheroes (Kakalios), xiv

  physiological adaptation to stress, effects of on body, 82

  pilots: multitasking by, 73, 75–79

  training of, 163

  Pistorius, Oscar, 29, 30, 31, 33

  Planck, Max, 149

  planning of movement, 54–56, 57, 58

  Poincaré, Henri, 150

  post-concussion syndrome, 170

  potassium, 20

  Potts, Pepper (character), 110, 152

  powered devices, state of technology in, 26–27

  Prehensor, 142, 143

  premotor area of brain, 55

  pressure waves from explosions, 124, 125, 171–72

  Prochazka, Arthur, 42

  Pro-Digits, 44, 45

  Project Cyborg, 38

  prosthetic motor memory, 105

  prosthetics: changes in BCI with use of, 102–3, 104, 105

  early examples of, 27, 28

  embodiment and, 106–7, 107

  including sensation from, 107–8

  performance enhancement due to, 33, 35–36

  of Pistorius, 29, 30, 31, 33. See also neuroprosthetics

  protection, use of armor for, 123–24, 125, 126, 171

  proteins in muscle fibers, 24

  Quesada, Joe, ix

  Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 99

  reactive gliosis, 174, 175

  recruitment, 24

  Red Barbarian, 156

  Reed, Brian, 164

  Reeve, Christopher, 58–59

  rehabilitation: potential for use of brain-machine interface in, 158

  robots for, 86–88, 89, 90

  robot suit for, 144–47, 145, 146

  of walking, 90–91

  reinnervation, 97–98, 177

  Reissig, Chad, 122

  remote control armor system, 12–13

  retraining of body, 87–88, 89, 90–91

  ReWalk device, 87, 162

  Rhodes, Jim “War Machine” (character): armor given to Air Force by, 152

  battle with, 116

  first use of armor, 78–79, 156–57

  in Iron Man movie, 163

  in Iron Man 2 movie, 130

  on jacking into satellite, 96

  on “Masters of Silence,” 156

  multitasking by, 74, 74

  practice using armor, 161–62

  stimulants and, 122–23

  risks of being Iron Man: to implants, 173–74, 175, 176

  to nervous system, 176–78

  overview of, 166

  whiplash, 166–67, 168, 169–72

  risks taken by inventors, 136, 138

  Ritenour, Amber, 124

  robotic devices: direct connections between nervous system and, 45, 46, 47

  HAL suit, 43, 144–47, 145

  Prehensor, 142, 143

  robot Iron Man. See Neuromimetic Telepresence Unit (NTU-150) armor
r />   Romita, John, Jr., 119

  Rose, Jacob, 73

  Rossy, Yves, 134, 135–36, 137, 138–41

  Rourke, Mickey, 74

  Rousseau, Craig, 155

  rubber hand illusion, 106, 107

  “Runaround” (Asimov), 129–30

  running, 31–33, 32, 34, 35–36. See also walking

  sacral region of spine and spinal cord, 21, 22

  safeguards for control systems of armor, 129–30

  Sankai, Yoshiyuki, 134, 144–47

  satellite, jacking into, 96

  scientific advance and discovery, 147–51

  Scientific Genius (Simonton), 148, 149, 150

  secondary impact syndrome, 170

  Secret Invasion (graphic novel), 129

  senescence, 176–78

  sensors on armor, 107

  sensory adaptation, 94–95

  sensory areas of brain, 52

  sensory input in human flight, 139

  sensory substitution, 101

  shell shock syndrome, 124, 126

  Sherrington, Charles, 24

  Shippam-Brett, Cynthia, 152

  Simek, Art, 182

  Simonton, Dean, Scientific Genius, 148, 149, 150

  The Six Million Dollar Man (TV series), 4

  skeletal muscle, 17

  Skrull, 129, 164

  skyflying, 135–36, 137, 138–41

  slow twitch motor units, 25

  sodium, 20

  sodium channels in axons, 117

  software, problems with, 129

  Sohn, Clem, 138

  somatosensory cortex, 95–96

  somatosensory evoked potentials, 56

  somatosensory maps: changes in, 97–98

  description of, 95–96

  phantom limb and phantom pain syndromes, 98–99, 100, 101–2

  tools and devices and, 108–9

  speech, attention demands of, 71–72

  Spiderman, 115–16

  spinal cord: action potentials, 54

  in ALS, 56

  description of, 21, 22

  injuries to, 58–59, 88

  neurons in, 48, 90–91

  sports and concussions, 166–67, 169

  sports biomechanics, 27

  “spot checks” by police for intoxication, 118

  springlike effect while walking and running, 31–33, 34

  sprouting, 177

  Stableford, Brian, 5

  Stane, Obidiah (character), 6, 7, 8, 77, 77

  Stanslaski, S., 62

  Stark, Howard (Tony’s father), 179

  Stark, Tony (Anthony Edward, character): alcohol use and abuse by, 101–2, 116, 119–21, 157

  chest plate, xiii, xiv, 128

  as genius inventor, 147–48, 151, 152

  health crises of, 87

  height and weight of, 17

  Iron Man origin story, xiii, 14, 126, 182

  as ladies’ man, 8

  nervous system degeneration, 101

  on pilots, 163

  reinvention of, ix–x. See also Iron Man; risks of being Iron Man

  Star Trek: the Next Generation (TV series), 64

  steam pumps, 25

  Stein, Richard, 41

  stimulants, effects of on body, 121–23

  Strayer, David, 74–75

 

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