12.CCC, “The Crisis,” NAWSA reel 59.
13.Robert Booth Fowler, “Carrie Chapman Catt, Strategist,” in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, ed., One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (Troutdale, OR: New Sage Press, 1995). See also Robert Booth Fowler, Carrie Catt: Feminist Politician (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986).
14.Maud Wood Park, Front Door Lobby, ed. Edna Lamprey Stantial (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 16–17; Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 88–90; Catt and Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics, 259–263.
15.Quoted in Christine A. Lunardini and Thomas J. Knock. “Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look,” Political Science Quarterly 95 (Winter 1980–1981): 655–671.
16.Marjorie Julian Spruill, “Race, Reform, and Reaction at the Turn of the Century: Southern Suffragists, the NAWSA, and the ‘Southern Strategy’ in Context,” in Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited, ed. Jean H. Baker (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
17.HHG to Wilson, October 23, 1916, NAWSA collection, reel 32, LOC.
18.Berg, Wilson, 416. Lynda G. Dodd’s analysis credits Paul’s electoral strategy with putting Wilson and the Democrats “on notice.” Dodd, “Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship,” Journal of Law and Politics 24 (2008), 426.
19.“National Suffrage Club, Housewarming Planned,” Evening Star, December 8, 1916, 27; “Open Suffrage Home,” Washington Post, December 10, 1916, 22.
20.Park, Front Door Lobby, 32.
21.Membership listed in HOWS, vol. 5, 515.
22.Park, Front Door Lobby, 21–22.
23.Day’s Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch (ACP) Record, NARA.
24.John Sharp Williams, Congressional Record, March 13, 1914, 4816.
25.Park, Front Door Lobby, 58.
26.JSW to Pomerene, January 16, 1917, Williams Papers, Manuscript Division, LOC.
27.HHG to JSW, January 17, 1917, Williams Papers, LOC.
28.AP to WW, January 1, 1917; WW memo to staff January 4, 1917; AP to Thomas Brahany, January 4, 1917; Memorandum for the President, January 6, 1917; WW memo January 8, 1917, all WW Papers, LOC.
29.Memo re: Abby Scott Baker to Wilson, February 3, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
30.HHG call record, January 9, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
31.CCC to Tumulty, January 17 and 19, 1917; HHG to WW, January 25 and 26, 1917; HHG to Tumulty, January 26, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
32.HHG to CCC, January 25 and 26, 1917, HHG Papers, Woman’s Rights Collection, folder 69, SLRI.
33.Park, Front Door Lobby, 71.
34.HHG to CCC, January 25, 1917; “Congressional Scheme,” spring 1917, NAWSA reel 32.
35.HHG to CCC, January 26, 1917; HHG to CCC, January 31, 1917, HHG Papers (WRC), folder 69, SLRI.
36.HHG to CCC, February 4, 1917, HHG Papers (WRC), folder 69, SLRI; Society, Washington Times, February 10, 1917, 7.
37.HHG to JSW, February 9, 1917, JSW Papers, LOC.
38.Caroline Noble to CCC, [Feb. 1917], HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
39.JSW to HHG, February 8, 1917; HHG to JSW, February 20, 1917; JSW to HHG, March 17, 1917, all JSW Papers, LOC.
40.“Suffs to Adopt Their Congressmen,” Evening Sun (Baltimore), August 8, 1917, 3.
41.MWP to Ruth White, March 27, 1917, NAWSA reel 32; “Cheers Greet Advent of Congresswoman,” Washington Herald, April 3, 1917, 14; Mary Gray Peck, Carrie Chapman Catt: A Biography (New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1944), 270.
42.Day to Secretary of War Newton Baker, April 13, 1917, Day Pension File, NARA.
43.HHG to JSW, April 4, 1917, JSW Papers, LOC.
44.Anna Howard Shaw to WW, March 26, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
45.Congressional Committee, meeting minutes, April 12, 1917, NAWSA reel 32, LOC. Kate Clarke Lemay, “‘Où sont les dames?’: Suffragists and the American Women’s Oversea Hospitals Unit in France during World War I,” in Lemay, ed. Votes for Women! A Portrait of Persistence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), 69–87.
46.“Women Name Leaders,” San Antonio Light, February 27, 1917, 1, widely reprinted; “Women Prepare for War Service If Needed,” Buffalo Commercial, February 27, 1917, 8.
47.CCC, “Ready for Citizenship,” The Public, August 24, 1917, clipping, NAWSA reel 59.
48.HHG to CCC, March 14, 1917, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
49.Address confirmed in Rena B. Smith, unpublished bio, SLRI.
50.Park, Front Door Lobby, 88–89.
51.Maud Wood Park, “Supplementary Notes about Helen Hamilton Gardener,” NAWSA collection, LOC.
52.HHG to Wilson, May 10, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
53.WW to HHG, May 14, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
54.Wilson to Pou, May 14, 1917, WW Papers, LOC; “Suffs Encouraged,” The Sun (New York), May 17, 1917, 6; “Wilson Aids Suffrage Cause,” Washington Post, May 17, 1917, 8.
55.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 256, 260–261, 264. See also Jean H. Baker, “Endgame: Alice Paul and Woodrow Wilson,” in Sisters: The Lives of America’s Suffragists (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005), and Mary Chapman, Making Noise, Making News: Suffrage Print Culture and U.S. Modernism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
56.Quoted in Berg, Wilson, 489.
57.HHG to WW, May 25, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
58.Maud Wood Park memo to state congressional chairmen, May 24, 1917, NAWSA reel 32.
59.CCC to AP, May 24, 1917, NAWSA reel 8.
60.HHG to WW, May 25, 1917, with enclosure CCC to AP, May 24, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
61.HHG to WW, June 10, 1917; WW to Heflin, June 13, 1917; Heflin to Wilson, June 28, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
62.AP fundraising letter, June 14, 1917, copy in WW, LOC.
63.HOWS, vol. 5, 526–527; Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy, 93. See also Joan Marie Johnson, Funding Feminism: Monied Women, Philanthropy, and the Women’s Movement, 1870–1967 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017).
64.“Report of Special Interviews,” June 23, 1917, NAWSA reel 32.
65.“Report of Special Interviews,” June 28, 1917, NAWSA reel 32.
66.Park, Front Door Lobby, 96.
67.Maud Wood Park, “Report on the Press Situation,” July 5, 1917, NAWSA reel 60; Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 273.
68.HHG to Wilson, July 19, 1917, WW Papers, LOC; Wilson memo, circa July 20, 1917, WW Papers, LOC; HHG to CCC, July 20, 1917, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
69.Ruth White to Mrs. C. W. McClure, August 27, 1917, NAWSA reel 32.
70.Ruth White to Mrs. Charles McClure, September 7, 1917, NAWSA reel 32.
71.HHG to Tumulty, September 20, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
72.“House Committee on Woman Suffrage Established,” NAWSA press release, September 24, 1917, NAWSA reel 60; “House Moves for Woman Suffrage,” New York Times, September 25, 1917, 11.
73.Park, Front Door Lobby, 117.
74.Ethel Smith to Maud Wood Park, October 3, 1917, Maud Wood Park Papers, Women’s Rights Collection, folder 196, SLRI.
75.HHG to Pou, November 3, 1917, copy in WW Papers, LOC.
76.HHG, Fifth Vice President and Vice Chairman of Congressional Committee Report, April 13, 1919, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI and NAWSA reel 37.
77.MWP, Additional Congressional Summary (written to Inez Hayes Irwin), April 28, 1933, NAWSA reel 32.
78.Park, Front Door Lobby, 89.
79.MWP, Additional Congressional Summary, April 28, 1933, written to Inez Haynes Irwin, NAWSA reel 32.
80.AP, NWP mass mailing, October 16, 1917, copy NAWSA reel 24.
81.Zahniser and Fry, chapters 13, 14.
82.CCC to HHG, October 11, 1917, NAWSA reel 8.
83.Tumulty to HHG, October 16, 1917, NAWSA reel 8.
84.WW to CCC, October 13, 1917, NAWSA reel 8; “President Wilson Again Urges Woman Suffrage,” NAWSA press release, October 18, 1917, NAWSA reel 8.
85.Park, Front Door Lobby, 121;
Johanna Neuman, Gilded Suffragists: The New York Socialites Who Fought for Women’s Right to Vote (New York: New York University Press, 2017).
86.CCC, “Address to the Legislatures of the United States,” 1919, Dillon Collection, SLRI; Quoted in Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy, 113.
87.“National Victory Next,” Belvidere Daily Republican (IL), November 7, 1917, 1.
88.Memorandum for the President, November 6, 1917, WW Papers, LOC. Meeting set up via phone with HHG.
89.HHG to Tumulty, November 9, 1917, WW Papers, LOC enclosure with handwritten note on top of NAWSA press release; CCC statement, New York Times, November 10, 1917; “Women Already Wielding Power,” Dayton (OH) Daily News, November 9, 1917, 20; “Suffragists Call on Wilson Today,” Washington Post, November 9, 1917, 7.
90.“Suffrage Leaders Have Conference with President,” Austin (TX) American Statesman, November 10, 1917, 1, 3.
91.HHG to Pou, November 3, 1917, copy in WW Papers, LOC.
92.“National Suffrage Association Renews Federal Amendment Campaign at Washington,” November 19, 1917, NAWSA press release, NAWSA reel 32; “National Association Calls National Convention in Washington to Push Federal Amendment,” NAWSA press release, October 13, 1917, NAWSA reel 60.
93.HOWS, vol. 5, 525.
94.HOWS, vol. 5, 541.
95.Tumulty to WW with enclosure Senate Poll, December 12, 1917; MWP to HHG, November 24, 1917, WW Papers LOC; WW to MWP, November 27, 1917, NAWSA reel 15; Tumulty to WW, December 15, 1917, with enclosure House Poll, WW Papers, LOC.
96.Club membership estimate from Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy, 23. For black women’s suffrage activities, see Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, introduction to the document collection “The Writings of Black Women Suffragists” in the Women and Social Movements Database, plus the hundreds of linked primary sources in Kathryn Kish Sklar and Thomas Dublin, eds., The Black Woman Suffragists Collection (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street, 2016). See also Martha S. Jones, All Bound Up Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007); Terborg-Penn, African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote; and Ann Gordon, ed., African American Women and the Vote.
97.NAWSA executive council minutes, Dec. 19, 1917, NAWSA reel 60, LOC.
15. Twenty-Two Favors
1.Liette Gidlow, “The Sequel: The Fifteenth Amendment, the Nineteenth Amendment, and Southern Black Women’s Struggle to Vote,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17 (July 2018): 436.
2.Maud Wood Park, Front Door Lobby, ed. Edna Lamprey Stantial (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 177; House Woman Suffrage Committee Report, Sixty-Fifth Congress, report no. 234, January 8, 1918, copy WW Papers, LOC.
3.Gidlow, 438.
4.Mary Church Terrell, “Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment,” The Crisis 10 (August 1915): 191.
5.For example, CCC testimony, Committee on Woman Suffrage, U.S. Senate, April 20, 1917, Washington Government Printing Office, NAWSA reel 60. Catt’s book, Woman Suffrage by Federal Constitutional Amendment (New York: National Woman Suffrage Publishing Company, 1917), includes statistics in chap. VI showing that white majorities would be increased by women voting. This is also the strategy that helped build the Southern suffrage movement in the 1890s: see Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
6.Spruill Wheeler, New Women of the New South, 120–132.
7.Notes taken by Edna Stantial when Mrs. Park was talking to Sue Ainslee Clark for Boston Post article, Edna Stantial Collection, box 5, folder 15, SLRI.
8.HHG to Tumulty, November 14, 1917, WW Papers, LOC.
9.Thomas Jablonsky, “Female Opposition: The Anti-Suffrage Campaign,” in Jean H. Baker, ed., Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Manuela Turner, “‘Better Citizens without the Ballot’: American Anti-Suffrage women and their Rationale during the Progressive Era,” in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, ed., One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (Troutdale, OR: New Sage Press, 1995).
10.Catt, “States Rights or Justice,” testimony, House Committee on Woman Suffrage, January 3, 1918, NAWSA pamphlet, copy in Borah Collection, LOC.
11.Park, Front Door Lobby, 125, 130.
12.Quoted in John Milton Cooper, Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 413.
13.Tumulty to WW, January 9, 1918, WW Papers, LOC. “Suffrage” Handwritten note, box 50, folder 14, Tumulty Papers, LOC.
14.HHG to Tumulty, January 10, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
15.Described in Park, Front Door Lobby, 137–151.
16.HOWS, vol. 5, 635–637; Park, Front Door Lobby, 151; Zahniser and Fry [Alice Paul: Claiming Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 302–303] credit Paul’s campaign against Democrats for increasing the number of “yes” votes.
17.HHG to John Sharp Williams, January 20, 1918, John Sharp Williams Papers, LOC.
18.John Sharp Williams to HHG, January 21, 1918, JSW Papers, LOC.
19.HHG to Tumulty, January 20, 1918, plus enclosure, WW Papers, LOC.
20.For example, HHG to Pou, November 3, 1917, copy WW Papers, LOC.
21.HHG to “My Dear Judge” [Walter M. Clarke], January 1, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
22.For an analysis of the party affiliations of suffragists, see Rebecca Edwards, chapter 2, “Suffragists, Prohibitionists, and Republicans,” in Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
23.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 192–195.
24.CCC to MWP, June 20, 1919, NAWSA reel 15.
25.Rena B. Smith, unpublished biography of HHG, 67, Stantial Collection, SLRI.
26.For example, HHG brought NAWSA polls to White House twice in December; Tumulty to WW, December 15, 1917, WW reel 93, LOC; Tumulty to WW, enclosure, December 17, 1917, WW Papers, reel 93, LOC.
27.Regarding the meeting with Senators Fletcher and Trammel, The secretary to WW, March 12, 1918, Tumulty Papers, box 48, folder 10, LOC; WW to Tumulty, no date, WW Papers, reel 210, LOC; Tumulty to WW, March 14, 1918, Tumulty Papers, box 48, folder 10, LOC.
28.HHG call record, April 30, 1918; WW to HHG, May 2, 1918; HHG call record, May 3, 1918; HHG to Brahany, no date, attachment to May 3, 1918, letter, WW Papers, LOC.
29.CCC to Tumulty, May 14, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; WW to CCC, June 7, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; Memorandum for the President, June 10, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; CCC to WW, June 11, 1918, NAWSA reel 21, LOC; WW to CCC, June 13, 1918 [revised], NAWSA reel 8, LOC; Tumulty to HHG, June 14, 1918, NAWSA reel 8, enclosed the revised copy of WW letter to CCC; NAWSA press release, June 13, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; HHG to WW, June 17, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; MWP recollection, December 1944, NAWSA reel 8, LOC. For a comparative study, see Dawn Langan Teele, Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women’s Vote (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
30.HHG to Tumulty, June 17, 1918, WW Papers.
31.Tumulty to HHG, November 25, 1918, HHG Papers (WRC), folder 71, SLRI.
32.CCC to MWP, Sunday a.m., November 1918. MWP, CCC folder, LOC.
33.Park, Front Door Lobby, 92–93.
34.HHG, Fifth Vice President and Vice Chairman of Congressional Committee Report, April 13, 1919, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
35.Isabella Aniba to WW, May 24, 1918; Memorandum to WW, May 24, 1918; WW to Tumulty in reply, WW Papers, LOC.
36.WW to HHG, June 24, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; For example, WW to Sen. John Shields, June 26, 1918; WW to Sen. Ollie James, June 24, 1918, WW Papers, LOC. Copies of other WW letters to senators are in NAWSA reels 8 and 21—Tumulty gave copies to HHG.
37.HHG to Forster, July 9, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
38.HHG to Forster, July 4, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
39.HHG to WW, June 23, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
40.HHG to Forster, July 30, 1918; Tumulty to WW, July 31, 1918; HHG to Forster, August 2, 1918; HHG to Tumulty, August 3, 1918, all WW Papers, LOC; HHG to MWP, July 23, 1918, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI; HHG to MWP, July 30, 1918, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI. Press coverage of these letters “The War and Votes for Women,” New Republic, August 10, 1918.
41.HHG to WW, August 16, 1918, WW Papers, LOC; WW to HHG, August 21, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
42.HHG to Carrie Chapman Catt, August 24, 1918, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI; HHG thanks Tumulty for flowers, August 24, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
43.CCC to MWP, September 4, 1918, MWP, CCC folder, LOC; Christine Smith to CCC, September 7, 1918, WW Papers, reel 210, LOC.
44.MWP to Mary Garrett Hay, September 6, 1918, Mary Garrett Hay Series, WRC, SRLI.
45.CCC to WW, September 29, 1918, copy NAWSA reel 21, LOC.
46.WW to CCC, September 30, 1918, NAWSA reel 21, LOC.
47.WW Address to the Senate on the Nineteenth Amendment, September 30, 1918, digital copy at www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
48.Park, Front Door Lobby, 212.
49.MWP to Congressional Chairmen, October 5, 1918, NAWSA reel 49.
50.Blanche Ames, “The Congressional Situation,” clipping; Non-Partisan Suffrage Committee mass mailing, October 21, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
51.CCC statement on federal amendment, 1919, NAWSA reel 32.
52.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 309.
53.HHG to WW, November 13, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
54.WW to HHG, November 18, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
55.HHG to WW, November 27, 1918, Ray Stannard Baker Papers, Manuscript Division, LOC.
56.HHG to Tumulty, November 26, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
57.Tumulty to HHG, November 29, 1918, Ray Stannard Baker Papers, LOC; WW to Tumulty, November 27, 1918, WW Papers, LOC.
58.Selden Allen Day Pension File, NARA.
59.HHG to Paul Kester, January 2, 1919, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL.
60.HHG to Commissioner, U.S. Bureau of Pensions, March 24, 1919, Selden Allen Day Pension File, NARA.
61.CCC to MWP, Sunday a.m., November 1918, MWP Papers, CCC folder, LOC.
62.CCC to MWP, no date, handwritten, NAWSA reel 55.
63.CCC to MWP, February 9, 1919, MWP Papers, LOC.
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