64.CCC to MWP, November 18, 1918, NAWSA reel 15.
65.Tumulty to WW in Paris, January 10, 1919, and again Jan. 23, Tumulty Papers, LOC.
66.WW telegram to JSW, no date [in pencil says January 19?], JSW Papers, Special Correspondence, LOC.
67.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 307–308.
68.HHG to JSW, February 9, 1919, JSW Papers, LOC.
69.HHG to Paul Kester, January 3, 1920, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL.
70.CCC to Mrs. H.W. Stone, January 22, 1918, Borah Papers, LOC.
71.CCC to Borah, January 15, 1918; Borah to CCC, February 23, 1918, Borah Papers, LOC.
72.CCC to MWP, November 1918, MWP Papers, LOC.
73.Roosevelt to Borah, April 26, 1918, Borah Collection, LOC; Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Penguin, 2007).
74.“Thousands and thousands,” Borah to S. D. Taylor, May 27, 1918; “Thousands,” Borah to Mrs. Turner, February 7, 1918, Borah Papers LOC.
75.Borah to Callaway, December 4, 1917, Borah Papers, LOC.
76.Mrs. J. B. Evans to Borah, December 9, 1917, Borah Papers, LOC.
77.Borah to S. D. Taylor, May 27 and 29, 1918, Borah Papers, LOC; “Senator Borah’s Letter,” Georgia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, NARA RG 46, box 128.
78.Tumulty cablegram to Wilson, April 30, 1919, Tumulty box 49, folder 6, LOC; Tumulty cablegram to Wilson, May 2, 1919, Tumulty box 49, folder 6, LOC.
79.WW to Tumulty, May 13, 1919, Tumulty box 49, folder 7, LOC; Tumulty to WW, in code, May 9, 1919, Tumulty box 49, folder 10, LOC; Cooper, Wilson, 499.
80.MWP to CCC, May 11, 1919, copy NAWSA reel 32; Park, Front Door Lobby, 242–245.
81.Jeannette Rankin did not run for the House in 1918, so the chamber was again all male.
82.Tumlty to Wilson, May 2, 1919, Tumulty Papers, LOC; Cooper, Wilson, 414; MWP to congressional chairmen, May 23, 1919, NAWSA reel 32; Park, Front Door Lobby, 244–257.
83.“Women Who Figure in the Day’s News,” Pittsburg Press, May 27, 1919, 1, widely reprinted; MWP scrapbook 1 SLRI.
84.Descriptions and quotes from Park, Front Door Lobby, 259–263.
85.“Ratification by 36 States Now Needed,” New York Tribune, June 5, 1919, 1, 11.
86.“Suffrage Passes Senate 56 to 25, Goes to States,” News Journal (Wilmington, DE), June 5, 1919, 2.
87.“Ratification by 36 States Now Needed,” 1, 11.
88.“Women Who Engineered Suffrage Congress Victory,” Washington Times, June 5, 1919, 2; “Story of the Signing of the Amendment,” Woman Citizen, clipping, Stantial Collection, SLRI; Caroline Reilly to Dear Ladee [Anna Howard Shaw], June 11, 1919, copy MWP Papers, LOC; “victory pen,” clippings, Rochester Herald, June 8 and Woman Citizen, June 14, MWP scrapbook 1, SLRI.
89.HHG, Fifth Vice President and Vice Chairman of Congressional Committee Report, April 13, 1919, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
90.HHG, Fifth Vice President and Vice Chairman of Congressional Committee Report, April 13, 1919.
91.Park, Front Door Lobby, 269; see also MWP, Supplementary Notes about Helen Gardener, HHG Papers, WRC, SLRI.
92.MWP, “Remember the Ladies,” 78, MWP Papers, box 15, LOC; MWP, notes for more “Rampant Women,” 13, NAWSA, reel 37. See also Park eulogy, HHG funeral booklet, 16–17, SLRI; “Four Factors” in Maud Wood Park, “Hasty Summary of Congressional Work written in reply to Mrs. Inez Hayes Irwin’s inquiry,” copy, NAWSA reel 37, LOC.
93.Alice Paul, Transcript of Oral History with Amelia Fry, 82–83, 132.
16. Our Heroic Dead
1.Party description from Caroline Reilly to Dear Ladee [Anna Howard Shaw], June 11, 1919, MWP Papers, LOC; Washington Post, June 8, 1919, 9.
2.CCC to MWP, June 20, 1919, NAWSA reel 15.
3.Theodore Belote to William Holmes, February 9, 1918, accession file 64601, Smithsonian Institution (SI).
4.William Holmes to William Ravenel, June 12, 1919, accession file 64601, SI. Rudolph Forster called Ravenel and sent along a card introducing HHG.
5.Their relationship is described in Trisha Franzen, Anna Howard Shaw: The Work of Woman Suffrage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014).
6.List of items “Received of Mrs. Helen H. Gardener” and delivered to Theodore Belote, History Curator, June 25, 1919, accession 64601, SI.
7.Lucy Anthony to HHG, June 19, 1919, copy, 64601, SI.
8.Described in Rena B. Smith, unpublished biography of HHG, Stantial Collection, SLRI.
9.HHG, “An Important Epoch in American History,” Woman Citizen, March 13, 1920, 977.
10.HHG to William Ravenel, July 4, 1919, accession file 64601, SI.
11.HHG to Lucy Anthony, cc to William Ravenel, May 5, 1922, accession file 64601, SI.
12.Lisa Tetrault, The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1848–1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014).
13.HHG to MWP, October 6, 1919, NAWSA reel 8.
14.HOWS, vol. 5, 263. See also Ellen Carol DuBois, “Making Women’s History: Historian-Activists of Women’s Rights, 1880–1940,” in Dubois, Woman Suffrage and Women’s Rights (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
15.HHG to Lucy Anthony, July 21, 1919, Ida Husted Harper Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations (NYPL).
16.HHG to PK, August 19, 1919, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL.
17.For example, HHG to Forster, August 22, 1919, WW Papers, LOC; telegram to Tumulty re: Oklahoma, September 25, 1919, WW Papers, LOC.
18.HHG to “My Dear Little Boss-Lady” [MWP], September 29, 1919, NAWSA reel 8.
19.HHG to Tumulty, October 22, 1919, WW Papers, reel 375.
20.A. Scott Berg, Wilson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013), 643–644; John Milton Cooper, Jr., Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 537–560; Kristie Miller, Ellen and Edith: Woodrow Wilson’s First Ladies (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2010), 188–207.
21.HHG to PK, December 18, 1919, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL.
22.Biographical sketch of HHG, dated June 18, 1923, NAWSA reel 36.
23.HHG, “Miss Anthony—A Historical Recognition,” HOWS, vol. 5, 616; condensed minutes NAWSA Victory Convention + First Congress League of Women Voters, February 12–18, 1920, Chicago, MWP Papers (WRC), SLRI, 30; HHG, “An Important Epoch in American History,” Woman Citizen, March 13, 1920.
24.Condensed minutes NAWSA Victory Convention + First Congress League of Women Voters, Feb 12–18, 1920, Chicago.
25.Stoner described, HOWS, vol. 5, 672–673. Stoner had been lobbying for the position for several months; for example, Edith Owen Stoner to Tumulty, June 30, 1919, WW Papers, LOC.
26.HHG to Mrs. Wilson, March 27, 1922, WW Papers, LOC.
27.HHG twice telegrammed Tumulty, February 16, 1920, WW Papers, LOC.
28.Berg, Wilson, 308–313; Eric S. Yellin, Racism in the Nation’s Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson’s America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013).
29.HHG to Tumulty, no date [at her six-month anniversary] 1920, WW Papers, LOC.
30.“The Right Woman Honored,” Woman Citizen, March 27, 1920, 1038.
31.“Names Woman for Civil Service Board,” New York Times, March 23, 1920, 1; “Women in Government,” Atlanta Constitution, March 25, 1920, 8; “First Woman Civil Service Commissioner,” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 24, 1920, 10; Hannah Mitchell, “A Woman Occupies Col. Roosevelt’s Seat,” New York Tribune, August 1, 1920, E7; “Welcome Lady Commissioner,” The Federal Employee 5, no. 24 (June 1920): 8.
32.HHG to WW, March 21, 1920, WW Papers, LOC.
33.HHG to Paul Kester, March 26, 1920; HHG to PK, April 3, 1920, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL.
34.HHG to Tumulty, March 24, 1920, copied in Rena B. Smith unpublished biography, 58, Stantial Collection, SLRI.
35.HHG to Forster, July 19 and July 30, 1920, WW Papers, LOC; Edith Wi
lson to HHG, July 21, 1920, HHG Papers, SLRI; Tumulty to HHG, July 22, 1920, HHG Papers, SLRI; HHG to Forster, July 30, 1920, WW reel 161, LOC.
36.Maud Wood Park, Front Door Lobby, ed. Edna Lamprey Stantial (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 274–275; “What’s the Matter with Tennessee,” Woman Citizen, July 3, 1920, 1; Cooper, Wilson, 414 (though he writes that Catt enlisted Wilson’s help).
37.Described in unpublished Rena B. Smith biography of HHG, 54, Stantial Collection, SLRI.
38.Elaine Weiss, The Woman’s Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote (New York: Viking, 2018), 320.
39.HHG to Julia Husbands, July 19, 1920, WW Papers, LOC.
40.Described in Park, Front Door Lobby, 276–277; Mary Gray Peck, Carrie Chapman Catt: A Biography (New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1944), 340.
41.HHG profile, June 18, 1923, NAWSA reel 36.
42.HHG to PK, April 16, 1920, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL.
43.HHG to MWP, December 6, 1920, Stantial Collection, box 8, folder 27, SLRI; HHG to Paul Kester, September 2, 1922, Paul Kester Papers, NYPL; Lucille Foster McMillin, Women in the Federal Service (Washington, DC: U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1941), 36, copy, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
44.HHG to “My very dearest boss-lady” [MWP], January 19, 1924, Stantial Collection, box 8, folder 27, SLRI.
45.“Women Produce Play; Will Build Capital Theater,” Chicago Tribune, November 8, 1920, 3. HHG references “Lincoln” in letters to Paul Kester.
46.“Mrs. Gardener Is First Vote League Member,” Washington Times, May 25, 1921, 13.
47.Address of Helen H. Gardener, “Women in Government Work,” before State Federation of Women’s Clubs, Raleigh, NC, May 8, 1924, NAWSA box 54, LOC.
48.HHG to Spitzka, February 6, 1909, SLRI.
49.Civil Service Commission, Minutes of Proceedings, 1920–1925, Record Group 146, 3.1, NARA.
50.MWP, Supplementary Notes about HHG, 9, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI.
51.Significance to HHG described in Rena B. Smith unpublished biography, 72; text of Act, “Proceedings of 67th Congress,” March 4, 1923, chapter 265, 1488.
52.“Welcome Lady Commissioner,” Federal Employee, 22.
53.HHG, “What is the real reason?” NAWSA reel 36; “Woman Commissioner Won Postal Service Rights for Sex,” Durham (NC) Morning Herald, December 31, 1921, 5; “Square Deal for Fair Sex,”Nevada State Journal, January 4, 1922, 4; Rena B. Smith, unpublished bio of HHG, 74–78.
54.Martin Morrison and G. R. Wales to Tumulty, October 13, 1920, NAWSA reel 8; Tumulty sent HHG a copy, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI; HHG to Tumulty [six-month anniversary], WW Papers, LOC.
55.HHG to WW, April 13, 1923, WW Papers, LOC.
56.Edith Moriarty, “Mrs. Gardener Typifies Women Who Will Hold Political Office,” Sandusky Star-Journal, December 11, 1920, 8.
57.HHG to Tumulty, December 3 1921, copy Edith Wilson Papers, box 18, LOC.
58.Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Knew Him (New York: Doubleday, Page, and Company, 1924).
59.HHG to Ray Stannard Baker, June 11, 1925, NAWSA reel 8.
60.Historians have mainly focused on Wilson’s disdain for the NWP and his interactions with Paul. The notable exceptions include: David Morgan, Suffragists and Democrats: The Politics of Woman Suffrage in America (E. Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1972); Christine A. Lunardini and Thomas J. Knock, “Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look,” Political Science Quarterly 95 (Winter 1981): 655–671; Victoria Bissell Brown, “Did Wilson’s Gender Politics Matter?” in Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War and Peace, ed. John Milton Cooper, Jr. (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008), 125–164. The two most recent biographies of Wilson by Berg and Cooper devote a few pages each to suffrage.
61.Sandra Weber, The Woman Suffrage Statue: A History of Adelaide Johnson’s Portrait Monument at the United States Capitol (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2016).
62.HHG, “Our Heroic Dead,” copy in Stantial Collection, 5.15, SLRI; “Looking Backward,” Woman Citizen, April 19, 1925, 1.
63.HHG to Minnie Fisher Cunningham, July 7, 1925, HHG Papers (WRC), SLRI. She favored Minnie Fisher Cunningham, a NAWSA leader from Texas, but it went to Jessie Dell, an NWP member and War Department employee.
64.Catt remarks, HHG funeral booklet, HHG Papers, SLRI.
65.Quoted in Mary Gray Peck, Carrie Chapman Catt, 418.
66.HHG probate record, no. 33, 551, District of Columbia, copy on ancestry.com; HHG will, HHG Papers, SLRI.
67.They are in lots 97 and 98, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. See also Jorge Duany, “Portraying the Other: Puerto Rican Images in Two American Photographic Collections,” Discourse 23, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 119–153.
68.HHG 1925 will, p. 4, SLRI.
69.Helen Hamilton Gardener, Last Will and Testament, also reprinted in a funeral booklet, 27–28, HHG Collection, SLRI. For another analysis of Gardener’s brain donation, see Kathi Kern “Gray Matters: Brains, Identities, and Natural Rights,” in The Social and Political Body, ed. Theodore R. Schatzki and Wolfgang Natter (New York: The Guilford Press, 1996): 103–122.
70.HHG to Livingston Farrand, February 20, 1923, Farrand Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library. She had wanted Edward A. Spitzka or Burt Wilder to remove her brain (1919 will), but both predeceased her, so the job went to Dr. Robert Young Sullivan.
71.“Woman Wills Brain for Research Work,” New York Times, August 4, 1925, 1; “Says Brain Bequest Has Been Fulfilled,” New York Times, August 5, 1925, 3; “Woman’s Brain Not Inferior to Men’s,” New York Times, September 29, 1927, 1.
72.James W. Papez, “The Brain of Helen H. Gardener (Alice Chenoweth Day),” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 11 (October 1927): 48.
73.“Woman’s Brain Not Inferior to Men’s,” 1.
74.For counterstudies, see, Rebecca M. Jordan-Young, Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011); Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011); Anne Fausto-Sterling, Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
75.Maud Wood Park, notes for more “Rampant Women,” 13, NAWSA reel 37. Mabel Willard to Edna Stantial regarding Park’s interest in Gardener’s legacy, March 1, 1930, HHG papers (WRC), SLRI. Also see various letters between Rena B. Smith, Maud Wood Park, and Edna Stantial in the 1940s about the completion of HHG biography, MWP Papers, box 5, LOC. Smith wrote a complete draft and sent it to Mary Dillon, who apparently lost much of it. What remains is now in the Edna Lamprey Stantial Collection, SLRI.
Illustration Credits
ivHelen Hamilton Gardener, 1913. Library of Congress, image 72979.
11Alice Chenoweth age two. National American Woman Suffrage Association, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
22Alice Chenoweth, age sixteen, from Cora Rigby, “The Diplomatic Corps,” Woman Citizen, May 2, 1925, 12–13. National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
39Alice Chenoweth as a school teacher, from Cora Rigby, “The Diplomatic Corps,” Woman Citizen, May 2, 1925, 12–13. National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
66Frontispiece, Helen Hamilton Gardener, Men, Women and Gods (1885).
71Robert Ingersoll, “the Great Agnostic.” Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-05181.
91Helen Hamilton Gardener, December 1890, The Arena. Courtesy of the Boston Athenaeum.
101Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-28195.
107Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s brain bequest form. Burt Wilder Collection, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
12
1Frontispiece, Helen Hamilton Gardener, Pray You Sir, Whose Daughter? (1892). Courtesy of Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
165Selden A. Day in military dress uniform, 1898. Courtesy of the Archives Research Center, Sandusky Library, Sandusky, Ohio.
168“On the Road,” Gardener in Washington, D.C., 1902. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Lot 98, A9.
178“The Nile at Last,” Gardener in Egypt, 1905. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, item 04019800.
180Gardener with Chief Iron Tail, Dr. Leonce Pierre Manouvrier, and others at “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show, Paris, 1905. Helen H. Gardener Papers, 1902–1909. A/G218b Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
185Gardener at Joan of Arc statue, Paris, ca. 1906. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, lot 98, F 10.
187Gardener with parasol, ca. 1907. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
197Gardener with Alice Paul at NAWSA parade headquarters, 1913. Library of Congress, 90317.
200Gardener, Alice Paul, and NAWSA parade volunteers at the 1420 F Street headquarters, 1913. National Woman’s Party Collection, Belmont-Paul Women’s Equality National Monument, Washington, D.C., image number 1921.001.002.1.
205Crowd at the March 1913 suffrage parade. National Woman’s Party Papers, Box 1, 159, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
231Interior of NAWSA “Suffrage House,” 1626 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 5.
247Helen Hamilton Gardener, circa 1919, National American Woman Suffrage Collection, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
261Gardener with NAWSA officers after meeting with President Wilson, June 1918. National Archives, photo no. 165-WW-600A-3.
263Gardener and Carrie Chapman Catt leaving the White House, ca. 1920. National Photo Company Collection, Library of Congress, LC-DIG-npcc 02194.
265Inscribed copy of Carrie Chapman Catt’s speech, from Gardener to President Wilson. Woodrow Wilson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
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