Free Thinker
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Jerry (enslaved person owned by the Chenoweths), 5, 8, 9
Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow segregation, 53, 194
voting rights and, 251, 257–58, 290–91
Joan of Arc, 185, 185
Johnson, Adelaide, 116, 120, 123, 169–71, 297
“gallery of eminent women,” 297, 303
Portrait Monument, 297
Jordan, David Starr, 150
Judy, Aunt (enslaved woman owned by the Chenoweths), 10
June, Jennie (Jane Cunningham Croly), 129–30, 134, 141, 154
Kansas, 15, 137
Keezell, Amanda (Peale), 7–8, 16
Keezell, George Bernard, 16
Keezell, George II, 8
Keezell family, 193. See also specific family members
Kendall, Edward, 92
Kentucky, raising of age of sexual consent in, 139
Kester, Paul, 193, 269, 285–86, 288, 291
kindergarten movement, 145
Kussaka (Japanese friend of HHG), 176
The Ladies’ Repository, 62
LaFayette Square, protests in, 271–72
La Follette, Robert, 215, 231
Laidlaw, Harriet, 211, 236
Lake Erie, 37
Lathrop, Delia, 30, 33
League of American Pen Women, 167, 198, 293
League of Women Voters (LWV), 286, 293
Lecky, W. E. H., History of European Morals, 62
Lee, Fitzhugh, 127
Lee, Robert E., 127
Leland’s Opera House, 79–80
Leslie, Miriam, 241–42
Leslie Bureau of Suffrage Education, 242
Library of Congress, 170, 255, 272
Lilly, Eli, 10, 11
Lincoln, Abraham, 15–16, 17, 127, 193, 204, 248, 252, 296, 298
Lincoln, Robert, 127
Lincoln County, Missouri, Probate Court, 60
Lincoln Memorial, 296, 298
literacy tests, 251
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 267
Los Angeles Herald, 126–27
“Lost Cause,” 167
Lucifer the Light-Bearer, 54, 96, 122–23
Luse, H. Clay, 90
Mack, Alice, 37–38, 39, 42
Mack, Isaac, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46–47, 55, 150
Mack, John, 37–38, 39, 42
MacKaye, Hazel, 199
Macon Daily Telegraph, 272–73
Maine, 275
Malaysia, 178
Maldives, 179
Manhattan Liberal Club, 85–86, 89, 90
Manila, 178
Mann, James, 255, 274, 275
Manouvrier, Léonce Pierre, 179, 180
Mariah (enslaved person owned by the Chenoweths), 5, 9
marital rape, 145
marriage, 140, 144–45, 170
critique of, 143
divorce reform and, 132–33
egalitarian, 54, 123–24
as “legalized prostitution,” 77
patriarchal, 54, 75
traditional, 77
marriage reform, 144
Marshall, Thomas, 276, 277
Mason, William, 169
Massachusetts, 142–43, 259, 266–67
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 129
maternity, 134, 144–46, 148–50
McAdoo, William, 254
McCormick, Ruth Hanna, 217–18, 220
McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers, 12, 30
“melting pot” image of America, 87–88
Melville, Catherine, 37–38, 39, 42, 46, 189
Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage, 199
menstruation, 97
Methodist Church, 6–7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17
Milholland, Inez, 229, 234
Mill, John Stuart, “The Subjection of Women,” 62
Milnor, M. Cleiland, 173–75
Minneapolis Star Tribune, 130
Minor, Francis, 32
Minor, Virginia, 32
misogyny, science and, 96–100
Mississippi, 138, 256–58
Missouri, 20, 21–22, 25, 36, 52, 78, 79, 83
Monaco, 181
Montclair, New Jersey, 184
Moon, John, 255
Moran, Edward, 166, 188
Morton, Oliver, 17
Mott, Lucretia, 296
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), xiii, 31, 132, 189–90, 195–207, 200, 224, 253, 258–59, 264, 268, 286
Advisory Council, 231, 244
African American women and, 195, 201–4, 249, 253
annual convention of 1894, 142
annual convention of 1896, 221
annual convention of 1898, 190
annual convention of 1913, 214, 216
annual convention of 1915, 219
annual convention of 1916, 225, 226–27
annual convention of 1917, 248–49
appropriation of Lincoln’s comments on slavery, 204
bequest from Miriam Leslie, 241–42
celebration of ratification, 291
chapters transition to League of Women Voters (LWV), 286
Civil War and, 195
closes “Suffrage House,” 280–81
Congressional Committee, 190, 196, 209, 211–12, 215–20, 222, 230–32, 236, 238, 243, 245, 248, 253–54, 262, 270, 275–78
Convention Program Committee, 212, 219
credits Gardener for creation of House Committee on Woman’s Suffrage, 244
disavows Woman’s Bible, 140, 143
education committee, 284
final convention in Chicago, 286
focus on ousting Senate opponents in 1918 election, 267
Gardener as NAWSA’s “diplomatic corps” in Washington, D.C., 221–49, 284–85
Gardener’s arguments not welcome in, 132–33
headquarters of, 190–91, 225–26, 227
holds breakfast in Rankin’s honor, 236
internal polls by, 254, 256, 260, 264
“Looking Backward” luncheon, 296–97
map showing increasing power of women voters before passage of Nineteenth Amendment, 271
NWP and, 246, 279
officers leaving White House, 261
original Constitution of, 223
Paul and, 196–207, 208–20, 241, 246
policy of nonpartisanship, 217, 223, 224, 259–60
Press Committee, 198
procession during Wilson’s first inauguration, 196–207, 205
publishes state-by-state population counts, 252
race and, 195, 201–4, 213, 249, 253
signing ceremonies and, 290
Sixty-Fifth Congress and, 248–49, 250, 256–75
in Smithsonian exhibition, 283, 284, 286
Southern suffragists and, 213
suffrage-as-war-measure argument and, 237, 243, 248, 263–64, 266, 267
“Suffrage House,” 227–28, 230–32, 231, 232, 236, 277, 280–81, 281
victory celebration at Suffrage House, 280
Wilson and, 224, 225, 226, 234, 237–40, 242, 243, 247–48
Women’s Overseas Hospital Committee and, 237–38, 260
World War I and, 237
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 203–4
national citizenship, 31–32
National Congress of Mothers, 145–46
National Congress of Women’s Divorce Reform Committee, 144
National Council of Women Voters, 211
National Liberal League, 73, 74–75
National Portrait Gallery, 282
National Press Club, 167
National Woman’s Party (NWP), 209, 234, 240, 241, 242–43, 245–46
commissions Johnson to create bust of Anthony, Stanton, and Mott, 297
contributions to passage of Nineteenth Amendment, 279
excluded from signing ceremony, 278–79
excluded from Smithsonian exhibit, 283
opposes Democrats, 259–60
protests by, 255, 271–72, 29
5
signing ceremonies and, 290
supports two pro-suffrage Democrats, 267
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), 101, 102, 131, 190–91. See also National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Native Americans, 181, 214
“the New Departure,” 32, 48
New Jersey, 229
New York City, 67–68, 81–82, 83–94, 151–54
New York Daily Graphic, 85
New York Herald, 156–57
New York State, 79, 246, 259
New York State Freethinkers Association
Convention in Albany (1885), 79–80
Convention in Cassadaga Lake, 74–75
New York Sun, 73, 86, 129
New York Times, 300, 301
New York Tribune, 275
Nineteenth Amendment. See Susan B. Anthony Amendment
Noble, Caroline Greene, 193, 236
North American Review, 84
North Carolina, 289
North Dakota, 235
Northeastern Federation of Women’s Clubs, 249
Norton, Charles Eliot, 84
Occoquan Workhouse, 245
Ohio, 55–56, 68, 126
Ohio Centennial Commission, 43, 55
Ohio State Legislature, 55
Oklahoma, 235
Olney, Missouri, 24, 52
Opequon Creek, 6
Pacific Woman’s Congress, 148–50
Paine, Thomas, 14, 86, 95–96
The Age of Reason, 14, 61–62
Pall Mall Gazette, 137
Palo Alto, California, 150
Panama, 219
Panic of 1873, 88
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 196
Papez, James, 301
Paris, France, 179–83, 180
Park, Maud Wood, xiii, 220, 228, 230–33, 231, 236, 239–42, 244–45, 248, 251, 262, 266–67, 270, 276, 280, 283, 287, 303
assured by Mann of passage of amendment in House, 274
credits Gardener as key to Congressional passage, 278
Gardener’s bequest to, 299
helps Gardener financially, 285
leads League of Women Voters (LWV), 286
ratification effort and, 290
spends Christmas with Gardener, 285–86
strives to ensure recognition of Gardener, 303
at Suffrage House, 281
tribute to Gardener, 298–99
Paul, Alice, 196–207, 197, 200, 208–20, 222–23, 230, 234, 240
arrest and imprisonment of, 245, 271
Catt’s open letter to, 241
excluded from signing ceremony, 278–79
fundraising letter, 241
opposes Democrats, 259–60
plans demonstration on eve of Wilson’s second inaugural, 240
protests by, 271–72
signing ceremonies and, 290
in Tennessee for ratification session, 290
works with Gardener on 1913 parade, 196–202
See also National Woman’s Party (NWP)
pay equity, 294
Payne, Henry C. (post master general), 294–95
Peace Commission, 268
Peale, Amanda, 7–8, 16
Peale, Bernard, 7, 15
Peale, Catherine Ann, 7. See also Chenoweth, Catherine Ann (Peale)
Peale, Jonathan, 7, 16
Peale family, 7, 9, 16, 21, 193. See also specific family members
Peales Crossroads, 7–8, 9, 16
Peck, Mary Gray, 299
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 79, 188
Phillips, Mary, 134–35, 149, 151–52, 156–58, 164–67, 173–77, 184
photography, 184–85
phrenology, 180
Physicians’ and Surgeons’ Investigator, 100
Piatt, Donn, 110, 113–14, 117–18
Pickett, George (father), 166–67
Pickett, George (son), 168
Pickett, LaSalle Corbell, 166–68, 184
Pittsburg Press, 127
Poli’s Theater, 249, 291
political autonomy, sexual autonomy and, 138, 218–19
poll taxes, 251. See also Jim Crow laws
Pomerene, Atlee, 233
Popular Science Monthly, 40, 44, 92, 98, 99, 104, 111
Portrait Monument, 297
Potomac River, 16
Pou, Edward W., 239–40, 242, 243, 244
poverty, 88–90
Powell, Aaron, 136–37
the press, 74, 130, 242–43, 287–88, 295. See also specific publications
professions, women and, 194
Prohibition, 253, 272
Prohibition Amendment, 253
property laws, 19–20
property restrictions, 251
prostitution, 89, 115, 116, 134, 137, 226–27, 253
Psychic Study Club, 154
“public morals,” 226–27
Puerto Rico, 159, 164–65
purity reformers, 137, 140, 226–27
Putnam, Samuel P., 86
Waifs and Wanderings, 75–76, 86
Putnam County, Indiana, 10–11, 12, 14–15
Probate Court, 20, 21
Quander, Nellie, 202
race and racism, xiii, 129, 228–29, 250–52, 303
Jim Crow laws, 53, 194
NAWSA and, 195, 201–4, 213, 249, 253
race-baiting arguments, 228–29, 256–57
radicalism and, 90
“The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exhibition,” 129
segregation, 53, 287
statutory rape laws and, 138
whiteness and, xiii, 138, 194–95, 251–52, 271–72, 275
white privilege, 229, 251–52, 256–57, 303
white reconciliation and, 193–94, 252
“white slavery” and, 138
white suffragists and, 194–95, 213, 251–52, 255–58, 271–73, 275, 279
white supremacy and, 138, 271–72, 275
Rachel (enslaved person owned by the Peale family), 7, 15
Raker, John, 210, 255
Rankin, Jeannette, 230, 236, 238, 255
rape, 134, 142, 219, 227
marital, 145
statutory rape laws, 138, 142
Ravenel, William, 282, 283
“The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exhibition,” 129
Reconstruction era, 52, 194, 258, 273
end of, 53, 194
Reed, James, 275
Reed, Thomas Bracket, 85
reformism, 6
anti-vice crusaders, 136–37, 140
female reformers, 102, 116, 130, 144–45
purity reformers, 137, 140, 226–27
reform publications, 114, 135–36 (see also specific publications)
Republican National Convention, 52–53, 224
Republican Party, 52–53, 224, 225, 232, 259, 267, 273
The Reverend Griffith Davenport, 151–53
Ridpath, John Clark, 13, 147–48, 154, 165
death of, 158
Rockefeller, John D., 179
Rockingham County, Virginia, 7
Roebling, John, 26
Roehl, Kate Chenoweth. See also Chenoweth, Kate, death of, 150–51
Roessing, Jennie, 220
Roosevelt, Alice, 272
Roosevelt, Theodore, 88, 169, 190, 272
Russell, Lillian, 199–200
Saginaw Courier-Herald, 123–24
Salem, Massachusetts, 118
Sandusky, Ohio, 36–50, 51, 59–60, 63, 78, 189
Sandusky Daily Register, 38, 40, 42–43, 46, 47, 48
San Francisco, California, 148–50
world’s fair in, 219
San Francisco Call, 148–50
Saulsbury, Willard, 267
Scalchi, Sofia, 85
science, 94, 95–100, 104–8, 133, 146, 172, 177, 300–302
brain science, 97–108, 171–72, 177, 179, 180–81, 300–303, 302
critique of, 303
&n
bsp; gender bias in, 96–108, 302, 303
limits of, 108
public opinion and, 104–5
women’s participation in, 105–6
Science Sermons Society, 108
secession, debates about, 15–16
Second Great Awakening, 6, 28
secularism, 73, 86, 96, 132
segregation, 53, 287. See also Jim Crow laws
Selfridge, Harry Gordon, 183
Sewall, May Wright, 125–26, 127, 129
sex differences, 62
brain science and, 97–99, 105–8, 300–302
sexual autonomy, 139–42, 218–19
sexual consent, age of, 142
campaign to raise, 136–40, 142, 143
race and, 138
raised in Britain, 137
sexual double standard, 48–49, 54, 56, 115–16, 134, 137, 139, 145, 226–27, 286
sexuality, 44–45, 132, 134, 145
sexually transmitted disease, 45, 133–34, 137, 140, 145, 146–47
Shafroth Palmer national suffrage amendment, 219
Shaw, Anna Howard, 190, 206, 212–14, 219–20, 234–35, 237–39, 282, 286
Shenandoah Mountains, 293
Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, 16
Shepard, Seth, 168
Sherman, William T., 84
Sims, Thetus, 255
Singapore, 179
Sixteenth Amendment, 43
Stanton’s draft of, 32
slave ownership, 5, 15, 16
slavery, xiii, 54
debates about, 15–16
Slenker, Elmina, 76, 77
Smart, Alice, 56–57, 60, 84, 87, 91–92
moves to New York City, 67–68
See also Chenoweth, Mary Alice
Smart, Charles Selden, 41–50, 62–63, 67–68, 77–78, 84, 87, 89, 116, 150, 170, 183, 278
arrested for fraud, 147, 148
in Atlanta, Georgia, 140–41
as business manager of The Arena, 136, 147
cremation of, 157
death of, 155–57, 172, 269
declining mental faculties of, 153–54
economic struggles, 147
Equitable Life Assurance Society and, 91–94, 118–19, 134–35, 148
fake marriage to Gardener/Chenoweth, 109, 123–25, 134–35, 156–58, 164, 173–75, 269
fictive version of, 123–24
goes to California, 149–50
health issues of, 93, 100, 118–19, 135, 146–47, 153–57, 154–57
honorably discharged of accusations, 148
leaves Equitable Life Assurance Society, 136
leaves Ohio, 56
loses Democratic Party nomination for school commissioner, 55
moves to Boston, Massachusetts, 147
moves to Detroit, Michigan, 56–59
moves to St. Louis, 79
in New York City, 81–82, 151–54
obituary in Free Thought magazine, 158
as Ohio Commissioner of Common Schools, 41, 55
possible forgery of divorce papers, 173–74
possibly hid relationship with Gardener from first wife and family, 174