CHAPTER 18: TO MOSCOW
1. Thatcher to Gorbachev, undated, CAC: THCR 3/1/59. 2. Cartledge telegram 1504, 15 December 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 3. Ibid. 4. Powell to Galsworthy, 16 December 1986. Ibid. 5. Powell to Budd, 28 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Human Rights and the Position of Dissidents in the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 6. Letter from Sakharov to Thatcher, received 6 January 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, The Arrest and Subsequent Sending into Exile of Andrei Sakharov (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 7. Life, October 1987. 8. Powell to Thatcher, ‘Memorandum on seminar on the Soviet system under Gorbachev’, 18 December 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 9. Powell to Thatcher, ‘List of Questions’, 20 February 1987. Ibid. 10. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘Note on Seminar on the Soviet Union’, 1 March 1987. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Interview with Sir Michael Howard. 13. Interview with Archie Brown. 14. Powell to Galsworthy, 28 May 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 15. Interview with Oleg Gordievsky. 16. Powell to Galsworthy, 28 May 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 17. Interview with Oleg Gordievsky. 18. Powell to Galsworthy, 28 May 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 19. Interview with Sir Colin McColl. 20. Ibid. 21. Interview with Oleg Gordievsky. 22. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘PM’s meeting with Mr Gorbachev’, 19 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 23. Ibid. 24. Galsworthy to Powell, 16 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union 28 March–1 April 1987, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 25. Robin Renwick, A Journey with Margaret Thatcher, Biteback, 2013, p. 167. 26. Cartledge telegram 423, 20 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union 28 March–1 April 1987, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 27. Interview with Michael Llewellyn Smith. 28. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 29. Interview with Amanda Ponsonby. 30. Interview with Cynthia Crawford. 31. Interview with Amanda Ponsonby. 32. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 477. 33. ‘President Mitterrand Mon 23 March’, 23 March 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/113. 34. ‘Chancellor Kohl’s comments’, undated, CAC: THCR 1/10/113. 35. Thatcher to Reagan, 25 March 1987, CAC: THCR 3/1/61. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid. 38. Interview with Cynthia Crawford. 39. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 40. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 479. 41. Interview with Amanda Ponsonby. 42. Thatcher Memoirs Materials, CAC: THCR 4/3. 43. Interview with Amanda Ponsonby. 44. Pollock to Powell, 6 April 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/117. 45. Ibid. 46. Written contribution from Tony Bishop. 47. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 48. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 483. 49. Pollock to Powell, 6 April 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/117. 50. Anatoly Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, p. 99. 51. Speech to Conservative Central Council, 21 March 1987 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106769). 52. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 53. Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, p. 99. 54. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid. 59. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 482. 60. Session of CC CPSU Politburo, 16 April 1987, Notes by Anatoly Chernyaev, the Gorbachev Foundation. Kindly provided by Svetlana Savranskaya of the National Security Archive. 61. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 62. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs, Doubleday, 1996, p. 434. 63. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 64. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 65. Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, p. 103. 66. Ibid. 67. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 68. Rodric Braithwaite, ‘Gorbachev and Thatcher’, Journal of European Integration History, vol. 16, no. 1, 2010, p. 36. 69. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 70. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 71. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 72. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 73. Ibid. 74. Ibid. 75. Ibid. 76. Ibid. 77. Cartledge, telegram 537, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 78. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 79. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 80. Speech at Soviet Official Banquet, 30 March 1987 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106776). 81. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 82. Pollock to Powell, 6 April 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/117. 83. Igor Korchilov, Translating History: Thirty Years on the Front Lines of Diplomacy with a Top Russian Interpreter, Scribner, 1997, p. 36. 84. Ibid., p. 37. 85. Parker to Powell, 20 March 1987, CAC: THCR 5/1/5/461. 86. Written contribution from Tony Bishop. 87. Jonathan Aitken, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality, Bloomsbury, 2013, p. 496. 88. Cradock to Powell, 24 June 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 89. Powell to Galsworthy, 31 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 90. Pollock to Powell, 6 April 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/117. 91. Powell to Galsworthy, 31 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 92. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 93. Pollock to Powell, 6 April 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/117. 94. Sir Bryan Cartledge, British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, Churchill College, Cambridge (https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Cartledge.pdf). 95. Powell to Galsworthy, 31 March 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 96. Pollock to Powell, 6 April 1987, CAC: THCR 1/10/117. 97. Session of CC CPSU Politburo, 16 April 1987, Gorbachev Foundation. 98. Cartledge, telegram 537, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 99. Cartledge telegram 538, 1 April 1987. Ibid. 100. ‘Press Digest’, Perks to Thatcher, 1 April 1987, CAC: THCR 3/5/67; Guardian, 1 April 1987. 101. Thatcher to Gorbachev, 2 April 198
7, CAC: THCR 3/1/62. 102. Session of CC CPSU Politburo, 16 April 1987, Gorbachev Foundation. 103. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 104. Session of CC CPSU Politburo, 16 April 1987, Gorbachev Foundation. 105. Cited in Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, p. 104. 106. Interview with George Shultz. 107. Cited in Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, p. 104. 108. Powell to Galsworthy, 8 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 109. Thomas to Powell, 10 April 1987. Ibid. 110. Thatcher to Reagan, 1 April 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, Prime Minister’s Visit to the Soviet Union, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 111. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater.
CHAPTER 19: WHAT THEY SAW IN HER
1. Observer, 7 June 1987. 2. Daily Telegraph, 13 June 1987. 3. Spectator, 22 May 1987. 4. Ibid. 5. Guardian, 30 May 1988. 6. ‘Why Britain’s Eggheads Look Down on Mrs Thatcher’, Sunday Telegraph, 10 January 1988. 7. Graham Turner, interview transcripts (by kind permission of Graham Turner). 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Alan Bennett, Writing Home, Picador, 1994, p. 558. 13. Guardian, 9 April 2013. 14. Interview with Sir David Hare. 15. Anthony Burgess, ‘Thoughts on the Thatcher Decade’ (1989), reprinted in One Man’s Chorus, Carroll & Graf, 1998, p. 148. 16. Guardian, 11 April 2009. 17. Interview with Nicholas Garland. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Colin Seymour-Ure, Prime Ministers and the Media: Issues of Power and Control, Blackwell, 2003, p. 237. 24. Graham Turner, interview transcripts. 25. Guardian, 29 November 1990. 26. Guardian, 8 June 1987. 27. Interview with Ian Curteis. 28. Lester Friedman, Fires Were Started: British Cinema and Thatcherism, University of Minnesota Press, 1993, p. 235. 29. Guardian, 29 March 2014. 30. Sunday Times, 14 February 2010. 31. Ibid. 32. Thatcher to Lynn, 15 June 1983, CAC: THCR 2/4/1/19 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/131132). 33. See Mortimer’s obituary, Daily Telegraph, 17 January 2009. 34. Alice Thomas Ellis, The Birds of the Air, Duckworth, 1980, p. 57. 35. Sue Townsend, The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole, Puffin Books, 1984, entry for Saturday, 6 November. 36. New Statesman, 20 September 1999. 37. Interview with Sir David Hare. 38. Ibid. 39. Philip Hensher, Kitchen Venom, Hamish Hamilton, 1996, p. 90. 40. Ibid., pp. 149–50. 41. Interview with Philip Hensher. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid. 45. Hensher, Kitchen Venom, p. 90. 46. Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty, Picador, 2004, pp. 385, 376. 47. Carol Thatcher, Below the Parapet: The Biography of Denis Thatcher, HarperCollins, 1996, p. 146. 48. Ibid., p. 147. 49. Interview with Lord Deedes of Aldington. 50. Interview with Sebastian Faulks. 51. Sunday Telegraph, 10 January 1988. 52. Turner transcripts. 53. Spectator, 13 April 2013. 54. Sunday Telegraph, 10 January 1988. 55. Ibid. 56. Turner transcripts. 57. Letter from John le Carré to Hugh Thomas, October 1982. 58. Interview with David Cornwell (John le Carré). 59. Interview with Vladimir Bukovsky. 60. Ibid. 61. Charles Moore, contemporary record. 62. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 63. Interview with George Walden. 64. Ibid. 65. Interview with Philip Larkin by Graham Lord, Sunday Express, 8 August 1979. 66. Letter to Robert Conquest, 22 December 1984. 67. James Lees-Milne, Diaries 1984–97, John Murray, 2008, 25 November 1990; James Lees-Milne, Ceaseless Turmoil: Diaries 1988–92, John Murray, 2004. 68. Daily Telegraph, 5 July 2009. 69. Interview with Lord Moser. 70. Richard Osborne, Herbert von Karajan: A Life in Music, Pimlico, 1999, p. 695. 71. Ibid. 72. Interview with Lord Armstrong of Ilminster. 73. Interview with Dr Wendy Baron. 74. Ibid. 75. Ibid. 76. Interview with Lord Luce. 77. Guardian, 14 April 1989. 78. Isaiah Berlin unpublished letter to Arthur Fried, 29 November 1988, Isaiah Berlin Literary Trust Archive, Wolfson College, Oxford, © The Trustees of the Isaiah Berlin Literary Trust 2015. 79. Nature, 29 September 1983. 80. Blake to Thatcher, 2 November 1984, CAC: THCR 6/2/115. 81. Butler to Thatcher, 29 November 1984. Ibid. 82. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 83. Thatcher to Dorey, 17 December 1984, CAC: THCR 6/2/115. 84. Text of Professor Noble’s speech in the possession of Professor Sir Brian Harrison (kindly made available to the author by Sir Brian Harrison). 85. Interview with Professor Peter Pulzer by Brian Harrison, 1991. 86. Ibid. 87. Sunday Telegraph, 3 February 1985. 88. Spectator, 2 February 1985. 89. Ibid. 90. John Vincent, ‘Margaret Thatcher: Her Place in History’, in John Campbell, Martin Holmes and G. W. Jones (eds.), ‘The Thatcher Years’, Contemporary Record, vol. 1, issue 3, 1987, pp. 23–4. 91. Interview with Lady Butler of Brockwell. 92. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 93. Mail on Sunday, 3 February 1985. 94. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 95. Thatcher to Quinton, 26 February 1985, CAC: THCR 2/1/5/121. 96. Thatcher to Park, 1 February 1985, CAC: THCR 3/2/159. 97. Interview with Press Association, 3 May 1989 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107427). 98. See Stephen Robinson, The Remarkable Lives of Bill Deedes, Little, Brown, 2008, p. 320. 99. Deedes to Denis Thatcher, 30 January 1985, CAC: THCR 3/1/15. 100. Interview with Sir Denis Thatcher. 101. Brian Harrison interview with Professor Peter Pulzer, 7 August 1991. 102. Private memoir by John Coles written on leaving Downing Street in 1984, 14 June 1984, CAC: THCR 3/24 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/135761). 103. Ibid. 104. Ibid. 105. Ibid. 106. Ibid. 107. Goodall, unpublished manuscript (kindly made available to the author by Sir David Goodall). 108. Ibid. 109. Ibid. 110. Ibid. 111. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 112. Interview with Lady Powell of Bayswater. 113. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 114. Interview with Lady Powell of Bayswater. 115. Ibid. 116. Ibid. 117. Ibid. 118. Ibid. 119. Ibid. 120. Interview with Lady Ryder of Wensum. 121. Interview with Lady Wakeham. 122. Interview with Amanda Ponsonby. 123. Interview with Dame Patricia Hodgson. 124. Ibid. 125. Flesher to Thatcher, 26 March 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Ministers, Rules Governing Travel by Ministers, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 126. Interview with Lord Hamilton of Epsom. 127. Unpublished handwriting analysis of Margaret Thatcher by Alice Coleman (kindly made available to the author by Alice Coleman). 128. Ibid. 129. Interview with Professor Alice Coleman. 130. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 131. Ibid. 132. Ibid. 133. Ibid. 134. Ibid. 135. Interview with Woman’s Own, 12 October 1985. 136. Interview with Carol Thatcher. 137. Interview with Woman’s Own, 12 October 1985. 138. Gerald Bowden, ‘The Thatchers’ Dulwich Days’, private article (kindly made available to the author by Gerald Bowden). 139. Interview with Sir Denis Thatcher. 140. Bowden, private article. 141. Interview with Carol Thatcher. 142. Interview with Sir Denis Thatcher. 143. Bowden, private article. 144. Interview with Jane Mulvagh. 145. Interview with Lady Powell of Bayswater. 146. Interview with Cynthia Crawford. 147. An Englishwoman’s Wardrobe, BBC2, 18 July 1986 (Christopher Collins, ed., Complete Public Statements of Margaret Thatcher 1945–90 on CD-ROM, Oxford University Press, 1998/2000). 148. Interview with Carol Thatcher. 149. An Englishwoman’s Wardrobe, 18 July 1986. 150. Interview with Eivind Bjerke. 151. An Englishwoman’s Wardrobe, 18 July 1986. 152. Ibid. 153. Interview with Angela Huth. 154. Interview with Lady Thatcher.
Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume 2 Page 102
