Hiero the Tyrant and Other Treatises (Penguin Classics)

by Xenophon

Ammon, 222

  Amphiaraus, 129, 130, 213

  Amyclae, 55, 196, 197

  Anaphlystus, 179

  animals, 20, 56, 78, 111, 125–7, 161 antelope, 126

  bear, 156

  boar, 96, 126–7, 152–6

  deer, 125, 149–52, 217

  dogs, 36, 56, 78

  donkey, 103

  fox, 125, 133, 137, 140, 142

  goat, 157

  hare, 126–7, 133–41, 219

  behaviour of, 136–9, 140

  physiology of, 139–41

  leopard, 156

  lion, 156

  lynx, 156

  mule, 103

  panther, 156

  rabbit, 125

  rat, 210

  sheep, 179, 180

  stag, 126

  wolf, 36, 78 see also horses and hounds

  Antilochus, 129, 130–31, 214

  Aphrodite, 206, 220

  Apollo, 129, 143, 193, 195, 196, 203, 212, 216, 229

  Arcadia, Arcadians, 45, 172, 204

  Archestratus, 185

  Archidamus, 33

  archon, 188, 207

  Argives, Amphilochian, 44, 196

  Argos, Argives (Peloponnese), 41, 42, 43–4, 45, 206

  Ariobarzanes, 46, 197

  Aristodemus, 55, 200

  Aristogeiton, see Tyrannicides

  Aristophanes, ix, xiv, 184, 208

  Aristotle, 4, 65, 165, 166–7, 200, 201, 202, 203, 210, 214, 216, 221

  arms and armour, 12, 13, 27, 37, 68, 70, 71, 111, 118–20, 157, 174 bow, 37, 203

  club, 143, 144

  dagger, 43

  javelin, 37, 68, 70, 71, 73, 81, 111, 119, 149–50, 152, 153, 154, 202, 212

  pike, 152, 154, 155

  sabre, 119

  shield, 43, 195

  spear, 43, 73, 79, 107, 111, 119, 212, 218

  army, 17, 34 – 47, 48, 49, 53, 81–2, 83, 87, 111, 171, 179, 203, 214, 222, 227; see also caution, military; cavalry; and deception, military

  Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), xviii, 127

  Artaxerxes II, x, 195, 197

  Artemis, 37, 125, 126, 129, 143, 213, 214, 216

  Asclepius, 129, 207, 213, 214

  Asia, 9, 34–40, 41 Asian Greeks, 34, 40, 193

  Assus, 46

  Astarte, 222

  Atalanta, 129, 162, 213, 220

  Athenaeus, xviii

  Athens, Attica, Athenians, vii–xiii, xvi, 40, 41, 65, 67–89, 126, 165–83, 185–6, 186, 188, 196, 201–7, 212, 213, 214, 215, 220–29

  Acropolis at, 229

  Agora (city square) at, 73, 186, 202, 203–4, 210, 226

  Assembly of, 228–9

  as centre of world, 170

  climate, 169

  Council of, 68, 69, 74, 75, 176, 182, 202, 212

  imperialism of, 193, 220, 228

  Long Walls, 196

  Panathenaic Games, 94, 219

  productivity, 169–70

  increasing revenue of, 169–83

  Second Sea-League, 165, 220, 223, 228

  Social War, 220, 226–7, 229

  athletics and various sports, 12, 16, 25, 51, 84–5, 154, 199, 218; see also gymnasia

  Autophradates, 46, 197

  Babylonia, 217

  Bacchylides, 4, 184

  barbarians (non-Greeks), 35, 37, 171

  Besa, 179

  birds cock, 96

  eagle, 139, 140

  kite, 78

  Black Sea, xi, 215

  bodyguards, 13, 16, 25–6

  Boeotia, Boeotians, xi, 40, 41, 45, 65, 82, 118, 205, 213; see also Thebes

  Bucephalas, 209

  Callias, 54

  Calydon, 214

  Cantharus, 222

  Caria, 35, 38, 191, 197

  Carthage, 132

  Castor, 129, 130, 132, 198

  Cataloguers (Athenian officials), 202

  caution, military, 41– 2, 43, 45, 60, 75–7, 80, 81, 82–4, 85, 157

  cavalry, ix, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 48, 65–89, 171, 179, 182, 192, 194, 207, 218, 222 as Athenian property-class, viii

  on campaign, 75–7

  displays, 71, 73–5

  equipment, 60, 68, 70–71, 84, 118–20

  formation, 71–2, 73–4, 75–6

  with infantry, 80, 81–2, 86–7, 88, 205

  and metics, 87, 171

  mock battles, 74, 79, 111

  and oligarchy, ix tactics, 75–87, 111

  terrain and, 35, 78

  training, 67–8, 69–71

  Ceos, 3

  Cephalus, 129

  Cephisus, river, 42

  Chaeroneia, battle of, 65

  Chalcidice, 218, 221

  Cheiron, 129–31, 159, 213

  children, 15, 28, 36, 131, 158–9; see also pedagogy

  choregus (impresario), see liturgies

  choruses, choirs, 24, 25, 44, 71, 73, 188, 208

  Cimon, xi

  Cinadon, 199

  Cissus, 156

  climate, weather, 56, 136–7, 142, 146, 148, 155, 169

  Cnidus, 210

  Corcyra (Corfu), xvi

  Core, 204

  Corinth, Corinthians, xii, 43–4, 53, 184, 185, 192 Isthmian Games, 184

  Corinthian Gulf, 195

  Corinthian War, 194, 195

  Coroneia, battle of, xi, 42–3

  Cos, 210

  Cotys, ruler of Odrysians, 46, 197

  Cotys, ruler of Paphlagonians, 48, 197

  courage, 17, 24, 42, 43, 51, 60, 61, 72, 77, 82, 87, 88, 106, 130, 149, 156, 157, 206

  Crannon, 40

  Cratippus, 193

  Creusis, 44

  crime, criminals, 16, 17, 24, 25–6, 36, 159, 186

  Croesus, 4

  Cunaxa, battle of, 10

  currency, see gold, money and silver

  Cynisca, 56

  Cynoscephalae, 45

  Cyreians, x–xi, 42, 195

  Cyrus II, 5, 165

  Cyrus the Younger, x, 195

  Daïlochus, 11

  Dascylium, 192

  decadarch (section leader), 71, 76

  Deceleia, 177, 224, 226

  deception, military, 34–6, 38, 44, 52, 76–7, 78–80, 86–7

  Delos, 216

  Delphi, 39, 181, 182, 184, 193 207, 212, 221, 228, 229 Delphic oracle, x

  Pythian Games, 184, 189

  Demeter, 204

  Demosthenes, 226

  dialogue, 3–4

  Dicaearchus, 200

  Diodorus, 193

  Diomedes, 129, 130, 214

  Dionysius I, 4–5, 184, 185, 224

  Dioscuri, 198, 214; see also Castor and Polydeuces

  discipline, law, order, xvii, 5, 12, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 49–51, 53, 55, 60, 70, 71, 72, 93, 106, 147, 153, 158, 162, 188, 217, 227; see also obedience

  divination, 89, 207; see also Delphic oracle and sacrifice

  divine, the, see gods

  Dodona, 182, 207, 229

  Dorians, 196

  drama (tragedy, choral competitions, etc.), 8, 24, 25, 71, 73, 180, 185, 188, 203

  eating, 9 – 10, 12, 20, 49, 56

  education, see pedagogy

  Egypt, Egyptians, 46–7, 197, 214, 222, 223

  Eleusinian Mysteries, 215

  Eleusinium, 73, 95, 204

  Elis, Eleans, xi, 45, 213

  empire, imperialism, see Athens, imperialism of

  endurance, 49–50, 57, 129, 130, 157, 160, 161; see also courage and discipline

  envy, 19, 28, 33, 126, 131, 158, 161

  Epameinondas, xii, 66

  Ephesus, 35, 37, 191, 192

  Ephors, 40, 190, 193, 194

  Epidaurus, 207, 213

  espionage, 76, 77

  Euagoras, 31, 224

  Euboea, 41, 45, 194

  Euphron, 187

  Eupolia, 200

  Euripides, 94, 125, 214

  Eurypon, 190

  Eurysthenes, 190

  Euthydemus, xv

  fear, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18–19, 21, 25, 26, 27,
46, 47, 48, 52, 58, 68, 82, 87, 99, 106, 139, 140, 217

  festivals, religious, 8, 17, 71, 73, 182, 196, 200, 216; see also drama

  fitness, physical, 37, 68, 71, 82, 98, 131, 157, 161, 218–19; see also endurance

  flattery, 9, 20–21, 184, 193

  flax, 132, 152, 215

  food and drink, see eating

  foreigners, see barbarians and metics

  friends, friendship, xvi, 12, 14–15, 18, 19, 28, 36, 39, 40, 43, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54–5, 57, 58–9, 60, 67, 98, 161, 185, 191–2; see also guest-friendship and enemies, 12, 14, 15, 18–19, 35, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 55, 58, 59, 161

  Gerousia 190, 198, 201

  Gibbon, Edward, xviii

  gods, xiv, 15, 16, 20, 22, 32, 35, 37, 39, 43, 56, 58, 60, 67, 73, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, 103, 111–12, 117, 119, 130, 131, 162, 169, 182–3, 186, 193, 205, 212, 216, 227–8, 229; see also piety, religion and individual gods by name

  gold, 174, 225

  Golding, William, 125

  Gorgias, 214

  groom, 79, 99, 102–6, 204

  Gryllus, 66

  guest-friendship, 45, 46, 54–5

  Gylis, 43

  gymnasia, 37, 180

  Hades, 3

  happiness, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 21, 28, 56, 60

  Harmodius, see Tyrannicides

  Hegesileos, 172, 223

  Helen, 198

  Helicon, mountain, 42

  Hellespont, 40

  Hellespontine Greeks, 35, 42

  Helots, 34, 186, 190–91, 196, 197, 199, 201, 226; see also slaves

  Heracles, 33, 55, 130, 190, 200 Pillars of, 215, 221

  Herippidas, 42, 195

  Herms, 73, 203

  Herodotus, vii, 4, 185, 190, 191, 198, 200, 202, 217

  Hesiod, 225

  Hesione, 130, 213

  Hiero, 3–28, 195

  Hipparch (cavalry commander), 65–89, 93, 117, 120, 208

  Hippocrates, 217

  Hippodameia, 213

  Hippodamus, 222

  Hippodrome, 73, 74–5, 203

  Hippolytus, 129, 130, 214

  Hipponicus, 175, 225–6

  Homer, 214

  honesty, 24, 48–9, 55, 59–60, 158

  hoplites (heavy-armed infantry), 38, 65, 81–2, 170, 191, 192, 194, 195, 204, 207, 212, 218, 219, 221–2

  horses, 12, 19–20, 25, 27, 37, 56–7, 65–89, 93–121, 174, 188 ailments of, 101–2

  ancient compared to modern, 93

  appearance of, 113–18

  breaking, 98–9, 209

  cleaning, 103–5

  cost, 25, 37, 56–7, 68–9, 94, 98, 188, 189, 202, 208, 209

  feeding, 67, 81, 84, 101

  exercising and training, 81, 84, 100, 108–13

  leading, 105

  mounting, 67, 69, 81, 105, 106, 107, 210

  and obedience, 67, 69, 100–101

  points of, 95–8, 116

  purchase of, 99, 110, 112

  sitting on, 107–8

  spurring, 110, 113

  stable, construction of, 101–2

  striking, 110, 113–14, 116

  tack, 84, 105, 113, 114–15

  taking the bit, 99–100, 105–6, 112

  temperament of, 67, 69, 99–101

  toughening feet of, 67, 69, 84, 102, 202

  urging forward, 108

  hounds, 56, 78, 127, 132–56 behaviour when hunting, 133–4, 135, 144–5, 150, 153–4

  breeding, 142, 146

  defects of, 133–4

  equipment, 142

  naming, 147

  physiology of, 134–6

  species, 132–3, 136, 149, 152

  temperament of, 136, 147

  training, 136, 142, 147–8

  houses, 16, 51, 55, 95, 98, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 201, 208, 222 royal, 190

  hunting, 94, 111, 129–62 benefits of (private), 129–31, 157–60

  benefits of (public), 126, 157–60, 161–2

  boar, 127, 152–6

  and climatic conditions, 136–7, 144, 148

  deer, 149–52

  equipment, 143

  etiquette, 141

  hares, 126, 132–41

  nets, 132, 142–3, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152–5

  at night, 158

  traps, 150–52, 156–7, 217

  Hydaspes, river, 209

  Hymettus, mountain, 221

  Icarus, 206

  intelligence, 12–13, 17, 41–2, 51–2, 55, 60, 75–8, 81, 82, 86, 130, 159, 160–61, 204–5; see also deception, military

  Ionia, Ionians, 35, 42, 191

  Iphicrates, 192

  Ischomachus, 3, 66, 225

  Isocrates, 31, 127, 204, 214, 221, 224, 229

  kairos (right time, opportunity), 23, 46, 52, 57, 68, 72, 76, 82, 112, 150, 154, 193

  kingship, 26–7, 33–61 passim, 195

  King’s Peace (Peace of Antalcidas), 54, 194, 197, 199

  Laconia, see Sparta

  Larissa, 40

  Laureium, 221, 224, 226

  Lechaeum, 44, 192, 195–6

  Leocoreum, 204

  Leontini, 214

  Leotychidas, 33, 190

  Leuctra, battle of, xii, xiii, 45, 196–7, 228

  liturgies, 188, 223; see also choregus and tax

  Locrians, 41, 45, 194

  loyalty, 44, 51–2, 72, 81

  Lyceum, 73–4, 203

  Lycurgus, 199, 200

  Lydia, 4, 171, 191

  Lyncestis, 218

  Lysander, 190, 193

  Lysistratus, 172, 223

  Macedonia, 40, 65, 156, 218, 229

  Machaon, 129, 130

  Manea, Norman, 5–6

  Mantinea battle of (418BC), 203

  battle of (362BC), 66

  Mantineans, 45

  marble, 169

  Mausolus, 46, 197

  Maximus of Tyre, 198

  Meander, river, 35, 38

  Megabates, 50

  Megara, 179, 206, 213

  Meilanion, 129, 220

  Meleager, 129, 130, 214

  Menestheus, 129, 130

  mercenaries, ix, x, 19, 23, 25 – 6, 42, 88, 188–9, 192, 218, 222; see also Cyreians and Xenophon, as mercenary

  Messene, Messenia, 46, 191, 197, 215

  metics (Athenian resident aliens), 88–9, 170–71, 178, 221–2, 225; see also tax

  Miletus, 185, 191, 222

  mines, mining, 166, 170, 173– 80

  money, 16–17, 19, 21, 23, 24–5, 26–7, 36, 46–7, 48–9, 52, 55, 59–60, 71, 84, 131, 161, 169–83, 197, 201, 202–3, 223–4, 226; see also horses, cost; mercenaries; and wealth

  moon, 137

  mora (regiment), 24, 188, 195

  morale, confidence, 14, 37, 39, 42, 50, 52, 61, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 194; see also fear

  Mysia, 156

  Naïs, 129

  Napoleon, 194

  Narthacium, mountain, 41

  Naucratis, xviii

  navy, 34, 39, 46, 80, 82, 172, 179, 181, 203, 223

  Nectanebis II, 197

  Nemean Games, 184

  Nemea River, battle of, 199

  Neodamodeis, 190–91

  Nestor, 129, 130, 214

  net-keeper, 131, 142–3, 144, 145, 150

  Niceratus, 175

  Nicias, 175, 225

  Nicocles, 31

  Nysa, mountain, 156

  obedience, 21, 28, 36, 37, 40, 51–2, 67, 68, 70, 80–81, 87, 100, 101, 105, 112, 115, 157, 159, 227

  Odrysians, 110, 197

  Odysseus, 129, 130, 205, 214

  Oeneus, 214

  Old Oligarch, viii, 19

  oligarchy at Athens, ix–x, xiii – xiv

  at Thebes, 196

  Olympia, xi Olympic Games, xi–xii, 5, 94, 184, 194, 200, 206

  Olympus, mountain, 156

  Onesimus, 204

  Orchomenus, Orchomenians, 41, 42, 194, 196

  order, orderliness, see discipline

  Orontes, 224

  Oropus, 213

 
orphans, 88, 171, 207, 222

  othismos, 195

  Ovid, 126

  ‘Oxyrhynchus Historian’, 193, 205

  Pactolus, river, 38

  Palamedes, 129, 130

  Pangaeum, mountain, 156, 218, 221

  Parthenon, 94, 212

  patriotism, 17, 34, 40, 46, 53 – 4, 57

  Pausanias (the periegete), 200

  peace, see war

  pedagogy, xiv-xvii, 126, 129, 131, 159, 160–62, 199, 214, 219, 220

  pederasty, see sex

  Peiraeum, 44

  Peiraeus, x, 173, 196, 203, 207, 221, 222, 223, 226 Emporium, 172

  Peleus, 129, 130

  Pelopidas, xii

  Peloponnesian League, 195

  Peloponnesian War, ix, 65, 192, 193, 206, 224, 227

  Pelops, 213

  peltasts (light infantry), 37, 38, 44, 48, 180, 192

  Pentelicum, mountain, 221

  Periander, 185

  Periboea, 130, 213

  Pericles, 5, 226

  Perioeci, 196, 197

  Persia, Persians, ix, 34–9, 40, 46, 47–8, 53–5, 56, 69, 106, 110, 165, 181, 185, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 217, 225, 227

  Phalerum, 73, 203

  Pharnabazus, 37, 47, 192

  Pharsalus, 40

  Phasis, 132, 215, 221

  Pherae, 5

  Philemonides, 175, 226

  Philip of Macedon, 65, 221, 228

  Philostratus, 198

  Phleious, 32, 44, 194, 207

  Phocis, Phocians, 41, 45, 181, 193, 196, 228

  Phoenicia, Phoenicians, 47, 222; see also Carthage

  Phrygia, 35, 37, 171, 192

  Phthia, 41

  phylarch (Athenian regimental commander), 68, 70–71, 74, 86, 93, 117, 202

  piety, xvi–xvii, 37, 43, 47–8, 57, 58, 60, 81, 89, 159, 162, 201, 220, 229; see also gods

  Pindar, 4, 184, 213

  Pindus, mountain, 156

  pirates, 85

  Plato, vii, ix, xiii, xix, 4, 31, 93, 126, 127, 185, 187, 189, 203, 205, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221

  pleasure, pleasures, 7–28, 49–51, 56, 58, 85, 158–9, 162

  plethron, 42, 195

  Plutarch, 184, 186, 190, 197, 198, 200, 209, 216, 225

  Podaleirius, 129, 130

  polemarch (Spartan military officer), 43, 195

  Poletai (Athenian officials), 226

  politics, vii–viii, ix–x, xi, xiii-xiv, 4–6, 19, 32, 33, 47, 68, 69, 73, 82, 88, 157–62, 165–83

  Polybius, 192

  Polycharmus, 41

  Polycleitus, 208

  Polydeuces, 129, 130, 198

  Polyzalus, 189

  Poseidon, 201 poverty, see wealth

  power, 22–3, 28, 33, 34, 39, 43, 53, 54, 55, 58–9, 180, 193

  praise, encomium, 3, 9, 20, 21, 22, 27, 31–2, 33, 41, 44, 51, 54, 59, 60, 187, 190, 191–2, 196, 201

  Pras, 41

  prestige (glory, status, honour, reputation), 20–21, 26–7, 33, 39, 54, 61, 67, 70, 85, 98, 131, 170, 172, 180, 182, 186, 187, 190, 223