by Steve Coll
Sedney, David, 127–28, 129, 183, 199, 447, 449, 680–81
Senate, U.S.:
Armed Services Committee of, 577–78
Foreign Relations Committee of, 306, 349, 384
Senior Intelligence Service, 59, 83, 85, 90, 158, 176
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 4, 29–35, 50, 59, 68–69, 85, 107, 109, 154, 263, 402, 547, 556, 573, 665
warnings about, 36–40
sexual exploitation of children, 619
shabamah (night letters), 144
Shah, Ijaz, 292
Shah, Zahir, 133, 571
Shah-i-Kot Valley, 119–20, 127
Shahkoor, Hamza, 308–9, 555
Shahzad, Faisal, 450–52, 455, 640, 654
Shapiro, Barry, 148, 151–52
Sharif, Nawaz, 54, 294, 643
Sharif, Raheel, 679
Shelton, Hugh, 80, 331
Sherzai, Gul Agha, 100, 104, 184, 302, 303, 374, 443, 648, 701
C.I.A. backing for, 99
Kandahar ruled by, 136–39, 142, 224
Obama’s meeting with, 314–15
Shining Path, 267
Shinn, Jim, 330, 331, 335
Shinseki, Eric, 149
Shomali Plains airfield, 82–83
Siege, The (film), 17–18
Singh, Manmohan, 222
Singh, Vikram, 452
Skelton, Ike, 368
Skerry, Christa, 330
Smith, Dave, 43–44, 61, 62, 87–88, 147, 149–50, 154, 280–82, 286, 517, 681
Mahmud’s conversations on Islam with, 48–50, 281, 695
Majid’s conversation on September 11 attacks with, 51–52
as snubbed by Mahmud, 48
Smith, Graeme, 228, 302
Snowden, Edward, 635
Somalia, 239, 243, 508, 553
Sons of Iraq, 571
Soros, George, 362
Soufan, Ali H., 171
South Asia, 661
South Korea, 454, 559
South Waziristan, 127, 201, 208, 209, 243, 284, 318, 338, 355–56, 535
Soviet Union, 28, 44, 53, 656
Afghanistan invaded and occupied by, 7, 19, 63, 66, 82, 94–95, 106, 129, 155–56, 228, 254, 329, 351, 372, 401–2, 403, 467, 498, 566, 597, 607, 641–42
collapse of, 2, 642, 663
in withdrawal from Afghanistan, 1–2, 14–15, 17, 138, 147, 573, 668, 675
Spain, 607
Spann, Johnny Michael, 110
Spanta, Rangin, 372, 456, 651–52, 726
Spears, Brian, 475
Special Access Program, 568
Special Activities Division, 47, 96, 116–17
Special Forces, Pakistani, 210
Special Forces, U.S., 98, 99, 103, 105, 117, 136, 142–43, 161, 163, 220, 224, 228, 229, 332, 374–75, 392, 480, 489, 517, 525
Special Operations Command, 110, 205, 319, 332, 441, 444, 525
see also Joint Special Operations Command
Special Operations forces, 209, 311, 318, 332, 335, 340, 368, 488, 489, 515
Special Services Group (S.S.G.), 47, 54, 63, 210, 323, 658
Speenzada, Ibrahim, 645
Spiegel, Der 563
S-rap, 369–70
Sri Lanka, 214
Stanekzai, Masoom, 576–77
Stanikzai, Abbas, 574
State Department, U.S., 31, 32, 128, 137, 168, 172, 276, 277–78, 289, 333, 386, 387, 415, 453, 511, 516–17, 626, 631, 666
Afghan corruption and, 271, 494–95, 497
Afghanistan War assessments of, 297–98, 300, 372, 392, 400–401
budget increases for Aghanistan urged by, 130, 257
Holbrooke and, 361, 380, 399
and Pakistan-U.S. relations, 51, 52, 200, 218, 283, 434, 500
in Taliban negotiations, 438, 498, 565, 579, 585, 638, 639–40
watch lists of, 37–38
WikiLeaks release of cables of, 6, 500
“State of the Taliban 2009, The,” 442–43
Steinberg, James, 400
Steiner, Michael, 504, 562, 574, 576, 582
Stingers, 138, 139
Stone, Captain, 485
Stone, Douglas, 393
Stout, Kyle, 484–85, 486
“Strategy for Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas,” 284–85
“Strategy of the Taliban,” 217
Strickland, Josh, 477–78, 481, 492
suicide bombings, 16, 21, 36, 123, 234, 240, 565, 576–77
in Afghanistan War, 224, 228, 229, 253, 254–55, 256, 301, 329, 371, 388, 457–59, 614, 615, 629, 647, 707
C.I.A. study of, 253–56, 259–61, 263–65
in Pakistan, 201, 261, 291, 292, 346, 542, 553
recruiting for, 261–63
Suleman, Rao Qamar, 545
Sulick, Mike, 207
Sullivan, Jake, 400
Summer Project, 70
Sunni awakening, 488
Sunnis, 324, 487
Supply, USS, 658
Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (S.E.R.E.) program, 169, 170, 173, 174
Swanson, Scott, 71, 74–75, 697
Syed, Abdur Rehman Hashim, 344
Syria, 168, 659, 661, 676
Tablighi, 280
Tactical Humint Teams (THTs), 160–61
Taj, Nadeem, 293, 294, 310, 320, 322
Tajikistan, Tajiks, 12, 21, 22, 90, 160, 194, 373, 604, 649, 650, 682
Taj Mahal Hotel, 343
Talbott, Strobe, 568
Taliban, 50, 134, 188, 230, 242, 285, 352, 392, 439, 581, 667
Afghan Central Bank attacked by, 424, 425–26
in aftermath of withdrawal, 406, 407, 408, 410, 411
Al Qaeda given sanctuary by, 62, 68–69, 75–76
Al Qaeda’s break with, 560
assassination attempts against Massoud by, 21
attempt to create political party from, 141, 143
Bin Laden’s sheltering with, 3, 52, 59, 60
British troops vs., 226
budget of, 393
Bush’s condemnation of, 62
Canada vs., 226–29
cell stations destroyed by, 392
C.I.A.’s recruiting of contacts from, 57–60
Directorate of Intelligence study of, 296
drone strikes against, see drone strikes,
drugs sold by, 266–79, 571
election day attacks of, 382
as expression of Pashtun nationalism, 56–57
failure to replace, 101–2
Grenier’s attempt to bargain with, 59–60
Haqqani fealty to, 156, 508
hunt for, 221, 311
hunting programs run by, 139
I.E.D. attacks by, 329
improved rocket attacks by, 329–30
Iran’s relationship with, 676–77
I.S.I. support for, 89–90, 95, 96, 145–46, 147, 152–53, 202, 218, 233, 336–37, 397–98, 436, 440, 633, 635, 636, 643, 676
Kabul taken by, 19
in Kandahar prison break, 393
Kandahar taken by, 137
Karzai’s battle with, 100
Karzai’s considering return of, 373, 425, 447, 454–55
Karzai’s support for, 95–96
Kunduz taken by, 686
lack of intelligence on Pakistan bases of, 399–400
Mahmud on, 50
Massoud’s war against, 14, 17
as misunderstood by Defense Department, 79
Musharraf’s peace agreement with, 229–30, 232
N.D.S. talks with, 216–17
new strategies for, 334–37, 340–41, 366–67, 393–94, 406
Noorzai’s relationship with, 139
number of, 442
Operation Enduring Freedom massacre of, 111
Pakistan Army casualties caused by, 219
Pakistanis embedded with, 88
Pakistani support for, 45, 47, 52, 53, 55, 57, 64, 89, 145–46, 147, 152–54, 199–200, 202, 218, 233, 268, 289, 336–37, 397–98, 400, 402, 436, 440, 522–23, 633, 635, 636, 643, 676
popular support for, 571–72
potential to retake Kandahar of, 401, 464–93
predictions of return of, 641
recruiting by, 215
in reintegration program, 571
in retreat from Kabul, 93
revival of, 5, 198–99, 202, 212–13, 216–17, 224–26, 229, 277–78, 289, 301–2, 311, 348
roadside bombings by, 224
Saleh on bargaining with, 436–37
Saleh’s prediction of insurgency from, 217
Sherzai’s intelligence gathering on, 99
Special Forces attacks on, 110, 117, 143
spies of, 598
suicide bombings by, 254–55
Tarar’s working with, 63
on threat of U.S. invasion, 69–70
U.S. report on opinions of, 442–43
Taliban, in peace negotiations, 416–18, 436–37, 442, 562–63, 635–36
C.I.A. and, 421, 498, 503, 523, 579
Clinton and, 448, 510, 524, 537, 538, 539, 560, 563, 565, 582, 583
Holbrooke and, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422–23, 438, 447, 448, 449, 498, 499, 503, 504, 508, 538
I.S.A.F. in, 15, 422, 441, 498, 499
I.S.I. and, 421–23, 436–37, 627, 628
Kappes and, 419, 421
Karzai and, 140, 141, 212, 373, 425, 447, 454–55, 502, 524–25, 539–40, 582–85, 626, 627–28, 633–34, 635
Kayani and, 503, 565–66, 577, 627–28, 637–38, 639, 640–41
Lute and, 420, 423, 447, 497–98, 560, 563, 625, 626, 639
Obama and, 419–20, 447, 524–25, 539–40, 564–65, 626, 630, 638
Pasha and, 426, 499, 565–66, 627
Petraeus and, 498–99, 503
prisoner exchange issue in, 505, 506–7, 578, 579–80, 582–84, 628, 629, 632
Rumsfeld and, 101, 140, 143
U.S.’s initial rejection of, 62–63, 89, 101, 140, 143–44
see also Agha, Tayeb
Tamil Tigers, 25
Tarar, Amir (Colonel Imam), 63–64
targeted killing, 70–71, 166
Tarinkot, Afghanistan, 98, 100
Tashkent, 17
Task Force 333, 274
Task Force Dagger, 117, 119–20
Task Force Orange, 209, 211, 246, 707
Task Force Orion, 226–27
Task Force Stryker, 466, 483
Team Echo, 98
Team Foxtrot, 99
Tehrik-i-Taliban, 450, 455, 501, 629, 646
Telegraph, 276
Tenet, George, 28, 39, 50, 59, 70, 77, 78, 90, 107, 121, 149, 167, 191, 568
blamed for bad Iraq War intelligence, 207
Bush administration warned about Al Qaeda by, 36
change in C.T.C. leadership desired by, 171–72
as impressed with Grenier, 91–92
secret prison in Thailand sought by, 170
on September 11, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40
war slide show for Bush by, 79–80
Thailand, 170, 171, 174, 214
Thani, Faisal bin Qassim Al-, 563
Three Cups of Tea (Mortenson), 321
Times Square bombing, 451–52, 453, 455, 459, 461–62, 654
Tora Bora, 102, 103, 104–6, 107, 109, 117, 119, 120, 121, 126, 150, 167, 240, 242
Tora Bora (magazine), 241–42
torture, 159, 166, 167–69, 173–74, 176, 177, 178–81, 249, 664
see also enhanced interrogation
torture memos, 174
Treasury Department, U.S., 496
Trinquier, Robert, 204
Trump, Donald, 678, 681
Tunnell, Harry, 466
Turkey, 56, 538, 563, 581
Turki bin Faisal, Prince of Saudi Arabia, 421
Turner, Stansfield, 567
United Arab Emirates, 139–40, 269, 292, 375, 393, 422, 430, 445, 446, 563
United Front, 123
United Nations, 11, 15, 88, 100, 129, 260–61, 266, 279, 298, 302, 457, 576, 667
Afghanistan troops of, see International Security Assistance Force
United Nations High Commission for Refugees, 645
United States, 496
Afghan civil war ignored by, 3
Afghan troops trained by, 596–97
aid to Pakistan from, 151–52, 209, 328, 403, 559
as alleged obstacle to peace, 441
anger at Pakistan in, 459–60
Bin Laden’s declaration of war against, 3
informed of Massoud’s death, 22
Karzai’s suspicions about, 373–74, 375–76, 383–84, 396–99, 409, 424, 429, 432, 434, 449, 453–54, 497, 537, 542–43
Pakistan’s break with, 511–12, 513–17, 558–59
restraint toward Pakistan of, 65
in “strategic dialogue” with Pakistan, 438–39, 449, 459–60, 461, 532
Taliban negotiations with, see Taliban, in peace negotiations
ultimatums to Pakistan by, 51, 52–56, 61, 313
unpopularity of, in Pakistan, 340
Uruzgan, Afghanistan, 98, 216, 223, 571
U.S.A.I.D., 495
U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, 222, 223, 455
Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 22, 70, 71, 90, 97, 102, 105, 109, 110, 115, 117, 120, 126, 150, 209, 243, 533
Varsity Five, 507, 579, 583
Vélez, Álavaro Uribe, 270
Victim Impact Statements, 671, 672
Vietnam, Vietnam War, 203, 205, 206, 299–300, 364, 417, 430, 432–33, 486, 581, 632, 635
Vietnamization, 430
Vogle, Greg, 96–98, 100, 101, 112, 118, 125, 158, 198, 311, 374, 386, 396, 399, 680
Wall Street Journal, 392, 595
Walters, John, 269, 271
Waltz, Michael, 242, 258
Wana, Pakistan, 535
bombing of, 209–10
Wankel, Doug, 268, 275
Wardak, Rahim, 372
Washington Post, 1, 2–3, 4, 392, 509, 563
Wasiq, Abdul Haq, 507
waterboarding, 169, 174
Waugh, Billy, 81
Waziristan, Wazirs, 202, 209, 229, 240, 285–86, 289, 322, 323, 450, 677
drone strikes in, 210, 211, 340–41, 533–34, 536
war in, 218–21, 310–11, 438
see also North Waziristan; South Waziristan
Weaver, Lieutenant, 490
White Mountains, 71, 102, 116
Whittle, Richard, 697
WikiLeaks, 500, 635
Williams, Brian Glyn, 253–56, 259–61, 263–65, 681
Williams, Robert, 571–72, 641
Wilson, Thomas, 154
Wohlsetter, Albert, 183
Wolfowitz, Paul, 183
Wood, Chris, 57–58, 81, 82, 83, 117, 118, 122, 158, 243, 313, 423, 443, 447, 448, 523, 535, 641, 680
Wood, John, 330
Wood, William, 271, 272–73, 275, 298, 305–6, 384
Woodward, Bob, 500
World Bank, 665
World Trade Center:
1993 attack on, 3, 31, 34
see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
World War II, 574
X Corps, 150
Yazid, Mustafa Abu al-, 317, 318
Yeltsin, Boris, 15
Yemen, 243
Yorktown, USS, 590
Yousef, Ramzi, 31, 34
Zabul, Afghanistan, 143, 216, 598
Zaeef, Abdul Salam, 63, 67, 69, 152, 422, 423, 441, 575, 723
and Soviet invasion, 66
tracking of, 76
Zahir, Haji, 104
Zahner, Richard, 611
Zakheim, Dov, 129, 130
Zakir, Abdul Qayyum, 445, 506
Zardari, Asif, 282, 295, 316, 340, 357, 362, 364, 405, 426–27, 501, 514, 521
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 240, 242
Zawahiri, Ayman Al-, 90, 120, 157, 175, 240, 242, 243, 303, 314, 317, 546, 661
Zelikow, Philip, 333–34
Zulfiqar, PNS, 655, 657–58, 659–60
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Steve Coll is the author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning Ghost Wars and the dean of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, and from 2007 to 2013 was president of the New America Foundation, a public policy institute in Washington, D.C. He is a staff writer for The New Yorker, and previously worked for twenty years at The Washington Post, where he received a Pulitzer Prize for explanatory journalism in 1990. He is the author of seven other books, including his most recent title, Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power.
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