American Warlord
Page 36
6. Ibid., Trial Transcript, March 4, 2010.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Final Report (Monrovia, June 29, 2009), p. 249, http://trcofliberia.org/resources/reports/final/trc-of-liberia-final-report-volume-ii.pdf.
10. Prosecutor vs. Taylor, Trial Transcript, September 8, 2009.
11. David J. Francis, The Politics of Economic Regionalism: Sierra Leone in ECOWAS (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2001), p. 111.
12. U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador in Accra, Ghana, November 2, 1994, U.S. Department of State, Document E13, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
13. Charles McArther Emmanuel to Lynn Henderson, ca. 1994.
14. “Liberia: Demise of an Accord,” Defense Intelligence Agency, June 17, 1994, U.S. Department of State, Document E054, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
15. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 14, 1994, U.S. Department of State, Document E11, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
16. “Liberia: Demise of an Accord,” Defense Intelligence Agency, June 17, 1994.
17. Charles McArther Emmanuel to Lynn Henderson, ca. 1994.
18. Adekeye Adebajo and Ismail Rashid, eds., West Africa’s Security Challenges: Building Peace in a Troubled Region (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), p. 203.
19. Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), p. 206.
20. Chief of mission of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. ambassador in Ougadougou, Burkina Faso, June 9, 1995, U.S. Department of State, Document E1, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
21. Cindor Reeves, interview by author, March 28, 2009.
22. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 30, 1995, U.S. Department of State, Document E38, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
23. Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
24. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 29, 1996, U.S. Department of State, Document E38, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
25. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. liaison officer in Abuja, Nigeria, September 14, 1990, U.S. Department of State, Document E6, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
26. “Liberian Stories: A Population Caught in a Cycle of Violence and Displacement,” Médecins sans frontières, July 2003.
27. Prosecutor vs. Taylor, Trial Transcript, September 8, 2009.
28. Ibid., Trial Transcript, July 23, 2009.
29. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 3, 1996, U.S. Department of State, Document E4, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
30. College of West Africa school officials, interview by author, June 18, 2009.
31. Samuel Nimley to author, July 20, 2010.
32. Henderson interviews.
33. College of West Africa school officials interview.
34. Henderson interviews.
35. Ibid.
36. Prosecutor vs. Taylor, Trial Transcript, May 14, 2008.
37. Gary Craig, “Boley Ordered Killings, Witness Says,” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, September 29, 2010.
38. Cindor Reeves, interview by author, March 28, 2009.
39. Henderson interviews.
40. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E5, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
41. U.S. Institute for Peace, “Abuja Agreement to Supplement the Cotonou and Akosombo Agreements as Subsequently Clarified by the Accra Agreement,” http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/liberia_08191995.pdf.
42. David Harris, “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections,” Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 3 (1999): 438.
43. Ibid.
44. Mary H. Moran, Liberia: The Violence of Democracy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), p. 121.
45. Harris, “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President,” p. 451.
46. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 25, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E42, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
47. Henderson interviews.
48. President Taylor’s First Hundred Days in Office (2 August 1997–10 November 1997) (Monrovia: Department of Public Affairs, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism), p. 9.
49. Courtenay Griffiths, interview by author, June 11, 2014.
50. Henderson interviews.
51. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 4, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E59, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
52. Ibid.
53. Prosecutor vs. Taylor, Trial Transcript, May 14, 2008.
CHAPTER 6 Gbatala
1. U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to Liberia, May 2, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E114, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
2. U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to Liberia, January 17, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E92, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
3. Ibid.
4. James G. Antal and R. John Vanden Berghe, On Mamba Station: U.S. Marines in West Africa, 1990–2003 (Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 2004), p. 107.
5. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. Information Agency, April 29, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E113, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
6. Christopher Menephar, interviews by author, June 18–19, 2009; August 2010; December 12, 2010.
7. Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, February 11, 2008.
8. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, March 17, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E108, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
9. Menephar interviews.
10. Anonymous, interview by author, June 17, 2009.
11. UN Security Council, Resolution 788 (1992), November 19, 1992, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/788(1992).
12. Menephar interviews.
13. Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
14. UN Security Council, Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf.
15. Republic of Liberia, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Final Report (Monrovia, June 29, 2009), p. 341, http://trcofliberia.org/resources/reports/final/trc-of-liberia-final-report-volume-ii.pdf.
16. Andrew Feinstein, The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), p. 103.
17. Henderson interviews.
18. Hamza Abdul Aziz (aka Chucky Taylor) to author, November 14, 2009.
19. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, January 16, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E91, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
20. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 31, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E136, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
21. Stephen Ellis, The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War (New York: New York University P
ress, 1999), p. 253.
22. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 10, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E82, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
23. Kenneth Noble, “The United States, Libya and the Liberian Civil War,” 1997, Alicia Patterson Foundation, http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/united-states-libya-and-liberian-civil-war.
24. UN Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1521 (2003) Concerning Liberia, “Travel Ban List,” April 3, 2014, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1521/tblist.shtml.
25. Robert Ferguson, interviews by author, June 10–11, 2010.
26. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 12, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E60, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
27. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 10, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E82, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
28. Prosecutor vs. Taylor, Trial Transcript, March 14, 2008.
29. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 10, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E82, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
30. Menephar interviews.
31. Ibid.
32. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 5, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E17, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
33. Henderson interviews.
34. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 19, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E15, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
35. U.S. mission to United Nations to U.S. secretary of state, March 4, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E107, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
36. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 19, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E15, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
37. U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to France, September 29, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E140, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
38. Ibid.
39. “Liberian Aided by U.S. Is Accepted by Ghana,” New York Times, September 27, 1998.
40. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, November 5, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E9, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
41. “U.S.S. Firebolt (PC 10) Command History 1998,” U.S. Navy, http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/f/pc-10/1998.pdf.
42. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, November 5, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E9, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
43. “Grand Gedeh Association Welcomes Release of Prisoners,” Perspective, March 15, 2002, http://www.theperspective.org/ggedehassociation.html.
44. Menephar interviews.
CHAPTER 7 Uprising
1. Jackson Mulbah, interview by author, June 6, 2007.
2. Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
3. Christopher Menephar, interviews by author, June 18–19, 2009; August 2010; December 12, 2010.
4. “Biographies,” Blackpool Security and Risk Management Liberia, http://www.blackpoolsecurityservices.com/#!biographies/ctzx (accessed June 21, 2014).
5. Eeben Barlow, Executive Outcomes: Against All Odds (Alberton, South Africa: Galago Books, 2007).
6. UN Security Council, Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1306(2000), Paragraph 19, in Relation to Sierra Leone, December 2000, S/2000/1306, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1132/pdf/sclet11951e.pdf.
7. Ibid.
8. James Brabazon, My Friend the Mercenary (New York: Grove Press, 2011).
9. Republic of South Africa, Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act, Government Gazette (Cape Town), May 20, 1998, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/Law/SouthAfrica6.pdf.
10. UN Security Council, Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1306(2000), Paragraph 19, in Relation to Sierra Leone, December 2000, S/2000/1306, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1132/pdf/sclet11951e.pdf.
11. Menephar interviews.
12. Mulbah interview.
13. Ibid.
14. Anonymous, interview by author, June 17, 2009.
15. Fred Rindel to author, April 5, 2010.
16. Fred Rindel to Charles Taylor Jr., June 10, 1999.
17. Fred Rindel to Charles Taylor Jr., May 21, 1999.
18. Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, February 15, 2010.
19. John Tarnue, interview by author, June 2007.
20. Ibid.
21. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, February 26, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E40. Author’s collection.
22. David Harris, “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections,” Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 3 (1999): 431–55.
23. Prosecutor vs. Taylor, Trial Transcript, February 18, 2010.
24. Fred Rindel to Charles Taylor Jr., May 21, 1999.
25. Fred Rindel to author, April 5, 2010.
26. Menephar interviews.
27. Ibid.
28. Anonymous interview.
29. Menephar interviews.
30. Anonymous interview.
31. United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr., U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 2, 2008.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., October 1, 2008.
35. Ibid., October 2, 2008.
36. UN Security Council, Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf.
37. John-Peter Pham, Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State (New York: Reed Press, 2004), p. 151.
38. U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador in Conakry, Guinea, July 26, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document E346, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
39. U.S. secretary of state to Economic Organization of West African States collective, August 7, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E219, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
40. U.K. Home Office, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Country Information & Policy Unit, “Country Assessment—Liberia,” October 2004, http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/country/uk_entry_assess/oct2004/liberia.pdf.
41. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 30, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E191, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
42. Chargé d’affaires of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to State Department headquarters, April 30, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E191, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
43. Administrative section of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to State Department headquarters, June 29, 1999, Cable code PTQ1236, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
44. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 30, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E191, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
45. U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador in Pretoria, April 28, 1999, Cable code PTQ2830, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
46. United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr., U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami
Division, Trial Transcript, October 2, 2008.
47. Ibid., October 1, 2008.
48. Ibid., October 2, 2008.
49. Ibid., October 1, 2008.
50. Ibid., October 2, 2008.
51. Jeff Crisp, “Africa’s Refugees: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges,” Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, UN Human Rights Commission, August 2000, http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6a0c78.html.
52. United States vs. Belfast, Trial Transcript, October 2, 2008.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Anonymous interview.
56. Henderson interviews.
57. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
58. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), loc.11766, online.
59. Henderson interviews.
60. Chargé d’affaires of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. secretary of state, June 11, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E4, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
61. Ibid.
CHAPTER 8 Danger
1. Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
2. Roy Belfast (aka Chucky Taylor), interview by author, April 15, 2012.
3. Henderson interviews.
4. Ibid.
5. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, August 25, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E223, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
6. Chargé d’affaires of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. secretary of state, June 11, 1999, Cable code PTO9213, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
7. U.S. Department of State, “Bismarck Myrick,” http://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bios/m/8829.htm.
8. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E5, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
9. United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr., U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 16, 2008.
10. U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 29, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E6, National Security Archive, George Washington University.